Returns to Higher Education in Timor-Leste
|
|
- Marilyn Webb
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Returns to Higher Education in Timor-Leste TAKAO OKAMOTO MASTER STUDENT, KOBE UNIVERSITY OCTOBER 14, 2015
2 2 Outline of the Presentation 1. Background 2. Problem Statement 3. Research Question 4. Objective of the Study 5. Significance 6. Literature Review 7. Methodology 7-1. Hypothesis 7-2. Model 7-3. Data 8. Expected Outcomes 9. Limitation of the Study 10. References
3 3 1. Background After a long period in which the international development community has placed emphasis on primary education, there is now renewed interest in tertiary education (TE). However, the extent and nature of the impact of TE on development remains unclear. This study seeks to address this question in Timor-Leste in terms of low- and lowermiddle income countries Overall, while there is a large body of literature on TE in low- and lower-middle income countries(llmics), the majority of studies focus on the characteristics of TE systems and institutions, or on the short-term effects of interventions (for example, on policy and funding arrangements). Few studies that sought evidence of the broader impact of TE on development in LLMICs.
4 4 1.Background PLACE: Southern East Asia Neighbours: Indonesia and Australia LAND: 14,900 km2
5 5 1.Background POPULATION: About (CENSUS 2010) 60% of the population under 25 years RELIGION: Catholics (90%) MINORITIES : Protestants and Muslims.
6 5 1.Background ECONOMY Lower-Middle Country (WORLD BANK) GDP: 4,190 million US (2014) GDP(EXCEPT PETROLEUM): 1,767 MILLION US (2014) POVERTY 37.4% of the country's population lives below the international poverty line which means living on less than U.S. $1.25 per day KEY INDUSTRY: Offshore Petroleum
7 5 1.Background EDUCATION Gross enrolment rate in 2010 from Census 2010 (%) Primary Pre-Secondary 74.3 Secondary 61.1 Tertiary (University) 17.6 (13.4) Literacy rate (% of persons 15 and over who can speak, read and write) Tetun 56.1 Portuguese 25.2 Indonesian 45.3 English 14.6 Source: Population Distribution by Administrative Areas Vol2. Population and Housing Census 2010, Ministry of Finance, 2010.
8 8 2. Problem Statement Wages Average wages are too high relative to productivity (and skills), limiting labor demand. The benefits of high wages in the formal sector accrue to very few and have not helped to overcome inequality. This clearly indicates that only a small fraction of the working age population in Timor-Leste contributes to the high average wage of USD 174. Thus, the distribution of incomes is highly dispersed. High minimum wages do not adequately protect low-income workers. The government reviewed the minimum wage policy in 2012 and set a new minimum wage of USD 115 per month, to be paid 13 times a year.
9 9 2. Problem Statement Wages High minimum wages would adversely affect employment, with disproportionate consequences for youth and female employment. The high public sector wages and minimum wage are discouraging the development of a strong private sector. The wage and salary bill for civil servants in Timor-Leste is high, relative to other countries in the region; as a percentage of GDP, it is between 25 to 50% higher than countries such as Fiji, Tonga, and Vanuatu; and two to four times higher than countries such as Solomon Islands, Laos and Cambodia. These information raises the question why not all people could pursue higher education if previous studies have shown that higher education provides a higher return.
10 10 3. Research Question To what extent do the economic incentives for investing in education in Timor-Leste? What are the returns to education in such a setting in Timor-Leste?
11 11 4. Objective of the Study The over goal of the study is to measure casual effect of education on wages in Timor-Leste. Corresponding to the above stated research question, this study has two objectives. - To examine the rate of return to higher education in Timor-Leste. - To examine the effect of family factors on wages in Timor-Leste.
12 12 5. Significance of the Study It is important to analyze the education-labor issue through econometric approach Little study has been done on the rate of return to education in Timor-Leste Previous studies on rate of return to education in Timor-Leste including but not and have not shown the relationship between wages and higher education. This study provide empirical evidence on the effects of higher education on wages in Timor-Leste.
13 13 6. Literature Review Rate of Return to education Conventionally, the return on education is estimated using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) adopted from the standard Mincerian equation (Mincer, 1974) as follows: In W i = π 0 X i + β 0 S i + ε i ε i = α i + f i + v i ln W i : Natural logarithm of the wage for individual i S i : Completed years of schooling of individual i X i : Vector of other controls variables ε i : Error term α i : Measure of cognitive ability for individual i f i : Unobserved family-specific wage component v i : Error component reflecting unobserved individual-specific factors and transitory wage shocks.
14 14 6. Literature Review Rate of Return to education Using household-survey data collected between 1985 and 1998, Schultz (2004) finds higher private wage returns for higher education than for primary education in Ghana, Cote d Ivoire and Kenya. In fact, a number of these studies (for example, Duraisamy 2000, Fasih et al. 2012, Glewwe et al. 2002) indicate that ROR on higher education has trended upward in lowerincome countries in recent years. In many contexts, this is likely to be a result of increased access to primary and secondary education, as such expansion leads to a surplus of individuals with lower levels of education in the labor market.
15 15 6. Literature Review Rate of Return to education One area of substantial debate within the literature is the question of whether the relationship between education and earnings is concave (meaning that the marginal returns to education are higher for individuals with lower levels of education) or convex (meaning that the returns are lowest for those with the least education). According to the influential body of evidence presented by Psacharopoulos (1994; et al. 1994; with Patrinos 2004), the earnings function is concave in lower-income countries, meaning that returns are higher for lower levels of education. However, more recent evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa, presented by Teal (2011) and Schultz (2004), indicates higher returns for higher levels of education in Africa. Their analyses suggest that primary education is likely to have little impact on income.
16 16 6. Literature Review Rate of Return to education Most of the reviewed literature indicates that there are high private returns on investment in TE in LLMIC contexts. Using household-survey data collected between 1985 and 1998, Schultz (2004) finds higher private wage returns for higher education than for primary education in Ghana, Cote d Ivoire and Kenya. In fact, a number of these studies (for example, Duraisamy 2000, Fasih et al. 2012) indicate that ROR on higher education has trended upward in lower-income countries in recent years. In many contexts, this is likely to be a result of increased access to primary and secondary education, as such expansion leads to a surplus of individuals with lower levels of education in the labor market.
17 17 6. Literature Review Rate of Return to education Some of the included studies consider the link between TE and earnings within particular sectors of the economy. Teal (2011) notes that the relationship between earnings and education is complicated by the fact that individuals with identical levels of education can earn a wide range of incomes. This concept is further elaborated through other studies, which consider differential returns to TE for males and females, for employees of the formal and informal sector, for urban and rural workers, and for paid-wage workers versus self-employed individuals (Agesa et al. 2013, Al-Samarrai and Reilly 2008, Deolalika 1993, Duraisamy 2000, Dutta 2006, El-Hamidi 2006, Fasih et al. 2012, Kimenyi et al. 2006, Moock et al.2003).
18 18 6. Literature Review Previous Timor-Leste s Study Santos(2014) conducted to assess the rate of returns to education in Timor-Leste in terms of post conflict situation. The results show that 1. Higher than proportional earnings premiums were awarded to those that completed technical and vocational training or a post graduate degree. 2. Those with command of the Portuguese language also seem to have a higher wage, controlling for other factors.
19 19 7. Methodology 7-1. Hypothesis The following hypotheses were formulated based on previous studies, in response to the three research questions. The investment in education is one of forms investments in the long term that will give more advantages (Krueger and Lindahl, 2000). 1. In term of gender, the hypothesis is female has lower wages rather than male or in other words there is discrimination wages between male and female (Deolalikar, 1993). 2. The returns to education hypothesis regarding to area between rural and urban indicated that financial earnings in rural area have been lower rather than in urban areas in Timor-Leste 3. In term of, industrial classification in Timor-Leste, the hypothesis indicated that the highest wages are earned by worker who worked in public sector.
20 20 7. Methodology 7-2. Model The earnings differentials between men and women may be corrected for differences in levels of educational attainment and work experience using the Mincer model. The Mincerian equation is a widely used function to model earnings based on key determining variables. A typical Mincer equation uses sex, age and educational attainment as determining variables, age being a proxy variable for length of work experience and educational attainment a proxy for years of formal education. The Mincer equation is thus specified here by w = β 0 +β 1 sex + β 2 age + β 3 age 2 + β 4 educ + ε where w is the logarithm of earnings or more precisely net income from paid employment per unit of time, sex : a variable with value 0 for men and 1 for women, age : the age variable, educ : the educational attainment (-1 for primary education to 0 and 1 for second and tertiary education, respectively). The last term ε represents a residual variable with conditional expected value equal to zero.
21 21 7. Methodology 7-3. Data This research uses the dataset of the Timor-Leste Labour Force Survey 2010 (TLFS 2010), conducted by the National Statistics Directorate (DNE) in collaboration with the Labour Market Information Department of the Secretariat of State for Vocational Training and Employment (SEFOPE) and with technical support provided by the International Labour Organization (ILO). A representative set of 4,665 households was interviewed, with 252,000 people surveyed, from all districts of Timor-Leste.
22 22 8.Expected Outcomes 1. The sex variable is significant. 2. There will be a statistically significant difference between the earnings of men and women: men receiving on average higher earnings than women. 3. The age variable (age2) will be negative indicating that the relationship between earnings and age was parabolic, i.e. after a certain threshold, the effect of work experience measured in terms of age had diminishing return on earnings.
23 23 9. Limitation of the Study Literature Review More literature review is necessary Relationships between Labor market and education Higher education in Timor-Leste Methodology Mincerian equation has many critics. Endogenity (Control for unobserved family background)
24 References Agesa, R. U., Agesa, J. and Dabalen, A. (2013). Sources of the persistent gender wage gap along the unconditional earnings distribution: Findings from Kenya. Oxford Development Studies, 41 (1): Al-Samarrai, S. and Reilly, B. (2008). Education, employment and earnings of secondary school and university leavers in Tanzania: Evidence from a tracer study. The Journal of Development Studies, 44 (2): Becker, G.S. (1962). Investment in human capital: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Political Economy, 70 (Suppl.): Deolalikar, A. B. (1993). Gender differences in the returns to schooling and in school enrollment rates in Indonesia. The Journal of Human Resources, 28 (4): Doan, T. (2011). Labour Market Returns to Higher Education in Vietnam. Duraisamy, P. (2000). Changes in returns to education in India, : By gender, agecohort and location. Economic Growth Center Discussion Paper 815. New Haven, C.T.: Yale University. Dutta, P. V. (2006). Returns to education: New evidence for India, Education Economics, 14 (4): El-Hamidi, F. (2006). General or vocational schooling? Evidence on school choice, returns, and sheepskin effects from Egypt The Journal of Policy Reform, 9 (2):
25 References Fasih, T., Kingdon, G., Patrinos, H. A., Sakellariou, C. and Soderbom, M. (2012). Heterogeneous returns to education in the labor market. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Heckman, J., & Li, X. (2004). Selection bias, comparative advantage and heterogeneous returns to education: Evidence from China in Pacific Economic Review, 9(3), Kimenyi, M. S., Mwabu, G. and Manda, D. K. (2006). Human capital externalities and private returns to education in Kenya. Eastern Economic Journal, 32 (3): Lall, A.. (2008). Returns to Education in Cambodia: Results from the 2007 Socio-Economic Survey. Asia Competitiveness Institute, LKY School of Public Policy. Mincer, J. (1974). Schooling, experience and earnings. : National Bureau of Economic Research. New York. Moock, P. R., Patrinos, H. A. and Venkataraman, M. (2003). Education and earnings in a transition economy: The case of Vietnam. Economics of Education Review, 22 (5): Psacharopoulos, G. and Patrinos, H.A. (2004). Returns to investment in education: A further update. Education Economics, 12(2), pp Sakellariou, C. (2008). Demand for Skills, Supply of Skills and Returns to Schooling in Cambodia., Economic Growth Centre, Working Paper No. 2008/05. Santos,R. (2014). Post-Conflict Returns to Education the Case of Timor-Leste, Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex. Teal, F. (2011). Higher education and economic development in Africa: A review of channels and interactions. Journal of African Economies, 20, pp
Private Returns to Education in Greece: A Review of the Empirical Literature
Ioannis Cholezas Athens University of Economics and Business and CERES and Panos Tsakloglou Athens University of Economics and Business, IMOP and CERES Private Returns to Education in Greece: A Review
More informationDiscrimination, Segmentation and Vulnerability in the Labor Market. Luca Flabbi
Discrimination, Segmentation and Vulnerability in the Labor Market Luca Flabbi Why Market Failures in the Labor Market? Because the good traded in labor markets (Labor: supplied by workers and demanded
More informationINFORMAL EMPLOYMENT AND INEQUALITY IN AFRICA: EXPLORING THE LINKAGES
INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT AND INEQUALITY IN AFRICA: EXPLORING THE LINKAGES Jack Jones Zulu Kalkidan Assefa Saurabh Sinha 1 UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) Global Conference on Prosperity, Equality
More informationQuantitative Economics of Education
MSc Economics Quantitative Economics of Education Winter 2010/2011 Instructor Prof. Süssmuth Time 11.15 12.45 Location SR 7 Day Wed IEW Institute for Empirical Research in Economics #1< 1 Outline: Part
More informationEstimation of the Marginal Rate of Return and Supply Functions for Schooling: The Case of Egypt
Estimation of the Marginal Rate of Return and Supply Functions for Schooling: The Case of Egypt Marwa Biltagy (Assistant Professor of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Department of
More informationJournal of Business & Economics Research Volume 2, Number 11
An Examination Of Occupational Differences In The Returns To Labor Market Experience Paul E. Gabriel, (E-mail: pgabrie@luc.edu), Loyola University Chicago Susanne Schmitz, (E-mail: susans@elmhurst.edu),
More informationSkills for Solomon Islands
Skills for Solomon Islands Opening new opportunities October 2012 1 Solomon Islands needs new sources of growth to open opportunities for its young and rapidly expanding population. Firms report that if
More informationWomen s Economic Empowerment in Africa: Boosting Female Entrepreneurship
Women s Economic Empowerment in Africa: Boosting Female Entrepreneurship Biennium 2016 2017 Expert group meeting 24-25 August 2017, Addis Ababa Aide-memoire I. Background In Africa, majority of women in
More informationMaternal off-farm wage employment and primary school enrolment: Evidence from a natural quasi-experiment in Senegal.
Maternal off-farm wage employment and primary school enrolment: Evidence from a natural quasi-experiment in Senegal. MIET MAERTENS & ELLEN VERHOFSTADT Division of Agricultural and Food Economics, Department
More informationEducation and Skill Mismatches in Maptaphut Industrial Estate, Thailand
Journal of Reviews on Global Economics, 2017, 6, 233-238 233 Education and Skill Mismatches in Maptaphut Industrial Estate, Thailand Duangjan Varakamin * College of Innovative Business and Accountancy,
More informationWhat is the evidence on rural youth livelihoods and effective interventions? Louise Fox Chief Economist USAID
What is the evidence on rural youth livelihoods and effective interventions? Louise Fox Chief Economist USAID Informal is normal until economic transformation takes place Employment Structure 100% 2% 2%
More informationThe Informal Sector and Informal Employment Statistical Measurement, Economic Implications and Public Policies Hanoi, Viet Nam May 6-7, 2010
The Informal Sector and Informal Employment Statistical Measurement, Economic Implications and Public Policies Hanoi, Viet Nam May 6-7, 2010 Paper for session III - 3 Women and men in the informal economy
More informationInvestigation the Effect of Gender, Experience and Education on the Earning of Urban and Rural Employees
Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(7): 200-207, 2011 ISSN 1991-8178 Investigation the Effect of Gender, Experience and Education on the Earning of Urban and Rural Employees 1 Masoumeh
More informationSkills development in the informal sector. Arvil V. Adams
Skills development in the informal sector Arvil V. Adams Initial observations The informal sector plays a predominant role in job and national wealth creation in developing countries worldwide, but particularly
More informationAvailable through a partnership with
The African e-journals Project has digitized full text of articles of eleven social science and humanities journals. This item is from the digital archive maintained by Michigan State University Library.
More informationIDE Research Bulletin
http://www.ide.go.jp IDE Research Bulletin Research Summary based on papers prepared for publication in academic journals with the aim of contributing to the academia Skills Development for Youth in Africa
More informationJobs and Firm Size in Africa: Productivity, wages and the size distribution of firms in Ghana
Jobs and Firm Size in Africa: Productivity, wages and the size distribution of firms in Ghana 1987-23 Francis Teal Centre for the Study of African Economies University of Oxford October 214 Preliminary
More informationEstimating Regional Returns to Education in India: $ A Fresh Look with Pseudo-Panel Data. Prabir Bhattacharya Takahiro Sato ** March 30, 2017
Estimating Regional Returns to Education in India: $ A Fresh Look with Pseudo-Panel Data Prabir Bhattacharya Takahiro Sato ** March 30, 2017 Abstract This study analyzes the effects of socio-economic factors
More informationAppendix (Additional Materials for Electronic Media of the Journal) I. Variable Definition, Means and Standard Deviations
1 Appendix (Additional Materials for Electronic Media of the Journal) I. Variable Definition, Means and Standard Deviations Table A1 provides the definition of variables, and the means and standard deviations
More informationGENDER. Female Top Managers in Malaysia ENTERPRISE SURVEYS ENTERPRISE NOTE SERIES. WORLD BANK GROUP ENTERPRISE NOTE No
ENTERPRISE SURVEYS ENTERPRISE NOTE SERIES GENDER WORLD BANK GROUP ENTERPRISE NOTE No. 36 18 Female Top Managers in Malaysia Mohammad Amin and Amanda Zarka R ecent firm-level survey data collected by the
More informationSOCIALLY-INCLUSIVE AND GENDER-RESPONSIVE TRANSPORT PROJECT
SOCIALLY-INCLUSIVE AND GENDER-RESPONSIVE TRANSPORT PROJECT Case-Study ADB Timor-Leste Road Sector Improvement Project Mainstreaming Gender Equality in Infrastructure Projects Asia Pacific Regional Meeting
More informationWhat is the role of gender in smallholder farming?
What is the role of gender in smallholder farming? Libor Stloukal FAO, Rome, Italy ICRISAT s 40 th Science Symposium Patancheru, 24-25 September 2012 Key messages 1) Significant gender disparities continue
More informationYouth Employment National Action Plan Sri Lanka
Youth Employment National Action Plan Sri Lanka Presented by YEN Secretariat Ministry of Youth Affairs 19/03/2007 Dr. Markus Mayer/ 26.05.2006 Youth Employment Network, Sri Lanka Is a UN Millennium Development
More informationAssessing Poverty in Kenya
Findings reports on ongoing operational, economic and sector work carried out by the World Bank and its member governments in the Africa Region. It is published periodically by the Africa Technical Department
More informationReducing Spatial Inequality In Indonesia: Off-The-Job Training As A Special Treatment For Underdeveloped Regions
SIJDEB, Vol 1(4), 2017, 405-416 p-issn: 2581-2904, e-issn: 2581-2912 SRIWIJAYA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DYNAMIC ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS http://ejournal.unsri.ac.id/index.php/sijdeb Reducing Spatial Inequality
More informationESTIMATING GENDER DIFFERENCES IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY: BIASES DUE TO OMISSION OF GENDER-INFLUENCED VARIABLES AND ENDOGENEITY OF REGRESSORS
ESTIMATING GENDER DIFFERENCES IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY: BIASES DUE TO OMISSION OF GENDER-INFLUENCED VARIABLES AND ENDOGENEITY OF REGRESSORS by Nina Lilja, Thomas F. Randolph and Abrahmane Diallo* Selected
More informationSalary Determinants for Higher Institutions of Learning in Kenya
Salary Determinants for Higher Institutions of Learning in Kenya Bernard Muturi The Catholic University of Eastern Africa, Kenya Email: bmuturi@cuea.edu Philip Ngare University of Nairobi, Kenya Email:
More informationLABLAC LABOR DATABASE FOR LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
This version: March, 2018 A GUIDE TO LABLAC LABOR DATABASE FOR LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN CEDLAS * and The World Bank ** * Centro de Estudios Distributivos, Laborales y Sociales at Universidad Nacional
More informationVolume Title: Schooling, Experience, and Earnings. Volume URL: Chapter URL:
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Schooling, Experience, and Earnings Volume Author/Editor: Jacob A. Mincer Volume Publisher:
More informationAnalysis of Education Wage Premium in Several Provinces of China
Modern Economy, 015, 6, 86-870 Published Online August 015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/me http://dx.doi.org/10.436/me.015.68081 Analysis of Education Wage Premium in Several Provinces of China
More informationEQUITY ACTIVITIES. Courtesy of Tulsa Technology Center, Tulsa,OK
Copyright 2001 by Skills USA VICA EQUITY ACTIVITIES Courtesy of Tulsa Technology Center, Tulsa,OK Developed by: Gender Equity Advisory Committee (GEAC) of the Illinois State Board of Education and Statewide
More informationWRITTEN PRELIMINARY Ph.D. EXAMINATION. Department of Applied Economics. January Consumer Behavior and Household Economics.
WRITTEN PRELIMINARY Ph.D. EXAMINATION Department of Applied Economics January 2007 Consumer Behavior and Household Economics Instructions Identify yourself by your code letter, not your name, on each question.
More informationBOOSTING YOUTH EMPLOYMENT THROUGH PUBLIC WORKS: WHAT WORKS. The Youth Employment Challenge in Africa
BOOSTING YOUTH EMPLOYMENT THROUGH PUBLIC WORKS: WHAT WORKS The Youth Employment Challenge in Africa 29 June 2015 Addis Ababa Oumar Diop, AUC Susana Puerto, ILO Outline The Challenge A call for Action ILO
More informationMainstreaming Sex-Disaggregated Data and Gender Indicators in Agricultural Statistics: FAO Guidelines
Mainstreaming Sex-Disaggregated Data and Gender Indicators in Agricultural Statistics: FAO Guidelines Chiara Brunelli Food Security and Nutrition Officer Gender Focal Point FAO Statistics Division 24 th
More informationTHE IMPACT OF IN-HOUSE TRAINING ON THE DIVERSITY
THE IMPACT OF IN-HOUSE TRAINING ON THE DIVERSITY DIMENSIONS OF EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN WORKPLACE Gerhardus van Zyl* University of Johannesburg Received: May 2016 Accepted: December 2016
More informationEnhancing Skills Training for Access to Decent Work United Nations Conference on the Status of Women rd February 2011
Enhancing Skills Training for Access to Decent Work United Nations Conference on the Status of Women 2011 23rd February 2011 Subhangi M.K.Herath (PhD) Senior lecturer Department of Sociology University
More informationRural Employment and Decent Work: Key to reducing poverty
Master in Applied Labour Economics for Development Module E: Seminars on Contemporary Global Labour Market Challenges ILO-ITC Turin, 4 May 2011 Rural Employment and Decent Work: Key to reducing poverty
More informationExtended Abstract: Inequality and trade in services in the UK
Extended Abstract: Inequality and trade in services in the UK Martina Magli July, 2017 The present study investigates the role of rise in services offshoring on UK local wages inequality for the period
More informationEcon 792. Labor Economics. Lecture 6
Econ 792 Labor Economics Lecture 6 1 "Although it is obvious that people acquire useful skills and knowledge, it is not obvious that these skills and knowledge are a form of capital, that this capital
More informationYouth Unemployment Challenge in Uganda and the Role of Employment Policies in Jobs Creation
1 of 7 6/18/2015 5:32 PM «Previous Next» Gemma Ahaibwe and Swaibu Mbowa August 26, 2014 4:18pm Youth Unemployment Challenge in Uganda and the Role of Employment Policies in Jobs Creation Introduction Youth
More informationDemographic Population Segmentation for Predicting Employability Characteristics of Women
Demographic Population Segmentation for Predicting Employability Characteristics of Women 1 R.Priyatharshini, 2 Sai Prashanthi. S, 3 Shanmathi. A, 4 Sankkavai Lumumba. N.K, 5 Dr.S.Chitrakala 1-4 Information
More informationDisrupting the Agricultural Innovation Cycle in Africa: Rethinking the Gender Divide
Disrupting the Agricultural Innovation Cycle in Africa: Rethinking the Gender Divide Prof Aldo Stroebel, NRF and Cornell University Dorothy Ngila, NRF and OWSD Inertia in the Gender Debate? AU - Year of
More informationOverview & Initial Results. The World Bank
Overview & Initial Results The World Bank 1 Why measure skills? Skills are at the core of improving employment outcomes and increasing productivity and growth. Yet, in many countries education and training
More informationPolicy Brief: the Role of Micro-Small and Medium Enterprises in Achieving SDGs
Policy Brief: the Role of Micro-Small and Medium Enterprises in Achieving SDGs Prepared by Clark Ke Liu 1. Micro-, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and their potential contributions to SDGs While there
More informationAre There Skills Payoffs in Lowand Middle-Income Countries?
Policy Research Working Paper 7879 WPS7879 Are There Skills Payoffs in Lowand Middle-Income Countries? Empirical Evidence Using STEP Data Alexandria Valerio Maria Laura Sanchez Puerta Namrata Tognatta
More informationThe Gender Gap in Agricultural Productivity in Africa
The Gender Gap in Productivity in Africa The Size of the Gap, its Cost and Possible Avenues for Programming Niklas Buehren Africa Gender Innovation Lab, World Bank Why should we care about women farmers
More informationDeterminants of changes in youth and women agricultural labor participation in. selected African countries. Eugenie W. H. Maiga
Determinants of changes in youth and women agricultural labor participation in selected African countries Eugenie W. H. Maiga Assistant Professor, Université de Koudougou, Burkina Faso eugeniemaiga@gmail.com
More informationGrowth, Employment and Poverty Reduction
Growth, Employment and Poverty Reduction Pierella Paci PRMPR The World Bank Labor Market Policy Core Course: Jobs in a Globalized World Washington, DC March 30, 2010 1 Why the quantity and quality of employment
More informationLabour Market Performance and the Challenges of Creating Employment in India
Labour Market Performance and the Challenges of Creating Employment in India Presentation at the Expert Group Meeting on The Challenges of Building Employment for a Sustainable Recovery International Labour
More informationThe Computer Use Premium and Worker Unobserved Skills: An Empirical Analysis
The Computer Use Premium and Worker Unobserved Skills: An Empirical Analysis Michael D. Steinberger * May, 2005 Abstract: On-the-job computer use is associated with a 10-15% wage premium for US workers.
More informationWOMEN IN THE INFORMAL ECONOMY MDB GENDER AND EMPLOYMENT WORKSHOP 24 TH APRIL, 2012
WOMEN IN THE INFORMAL ECONOMY MDB GENDER AND EMPLOYMENT WORKSHOP 24 TH APRIL, 2012 Official Statistical Definitions Informal Sector = employment and production that takes place in small, unincorporated
More informationThe Skills Road. Skills for Employability in Tajikistan. Mohamed Ihsan Ajwad
The Skills Road Skills for Employability in Tajikistan Mohamed Ihsan Ajwad Main messages of the report Political stability and strong economic growth has contributed to high employment rates among men.
More informationEmily Nix. 360 State Street Department of Economics. New Haven, CT New Haven, CT Telephone: +1 (504)
Emily Nix Home Address: Office Address: 360 State Street Apartment 817 New Haven, CT 06510-3604 -8268 Telephone: +1 (504) 352-4072 E-mail: emily.nix@yale.edu Personal web page: http://emilyenix.com Citizenship:
More informationWages, Human Capital, and the Allocation of Labor across Sectors
Wages, Human Capital, and the Allocation of Labor across Sectors Berthold Herrendorf and Todd Schoellman Arizona State University June 30, 2014 Herrendorf and Schoellman Motivation Structural Transformation
More informationPolicy Note: Multidimensional Poverty in Mozambique and Vietnam 1
Policy Note: Multidimensional Poverty in Mozambique and Vietnam 1 Divergent Poverty Outcomes Economic growth is generally reduces poverty; however, the extent to which this occurs varies across countries.
More informationGender Wage Gap in Morocco : is there any evidence for discrimination?
Gender Wage Gap in Morocco : is there any evidence for discrimination? Mustapha Ziroili Jamal Guennouni High Commission of Planning (HCP), Rabat, Morocco Presented by : Mustapha Ziroili ziroilimustapha@gmail.com
More informationDipartimento di Scienze Economiche Università degli Studi di Firenze
Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche Università degli Studi di Firenze Working Paper Series Does agriculture matter? Revisiting the farm income problem in Italy G. Stefani, B. Rocchi and D. Romano Working
More informationEducation and Labour Productivity in Papua New Guinea's Tuna Processing Industry. H.F. Campbell School of Economics University of Queensland.
Education and Labour Productivity in Papua New Guinea's Tuna Processing Industry H.F. Campbell School of Economics University of Queensland Abstract Wage and personal characteristics data from a sample
More informationPhD Labour Economics Term 2, Singapore Management University
Instructor: Jungho Lee E-mail: jungholee@smu.edu.sg Office: 5089 Office Phone: 6828 0086 Office Hours: Tuesday 13:30-14:30 Course Description PhD Labour Economics Term 2, 2017-2018 Singapore Management
More informationInterventions to Support Young Workers in South, East Asia and the Pacific. Regional Report for the Youth Employment Inventory. Antoneta Stavreska
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Interventions to Support Young Workers in South, East Asia and the Pacific Regional Report
More informationSouth Asian forum on the Sustainable Development Goals - New Delhi India Empowering people and ensuring inclusiveness and equality
South Asian forum on the Sustainable Development Goals - New Delhi India Empowering people and ensuring inclusiveness and equality Thilini Mendis Department of National Planning Ministry of National Policies
More informationSkills for the Future
Background Note for the Special Plenary Debate Skills for the Future This document, which supplements the Report of the Director-General to the 16th Asia- Pacific Regional Meeting (Geneva, 2016), has been
More informationHow Much Effect Does Human Capital Have on Interregional Wage Differentials in Japan?
How Much Effect Does Human Capital Have on Interregional Wage Differentials in Japan? Kyosuke SUZUKI Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University 2-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe,
More informationFP091: South Tarawa Water Supply Project. Kiribati ADB B.21/15
FP091: South Tarawa Water Supply Kiribati ADB B.21/15 10 January 2019 Gender Equity and Social Inclusion Action Plan (GESIAP) Objective: Provide South Tarawa s population with reliable access to a safe
More informationLabour demand enterprise survey (LDES): Objectives, methodology, implementation and preliminary results
Labour demand enterprise survey (LDES): Objectives, methodology, implementation and preliminary results Sara Elder, ILO Youth Employment Programme Cedefop-ILO-ETF expert seminar Thessaloniki, 5 July 2013
More informationThe impact of Human Capital on earnings - a study regarding urban Vietnam
Bachelor thesis The impact of Human Capital on earnings - a study regarding urban Vietnam Authors: Emma Wigren 910614-3523 Linda Nilsson 890114-2763 Supervisor: Håkan Locking Examiner: Dominique Anxo Date:
More informationASEAN-Japan Forum Towards 4th IR"
ASEAN-Japan Forum Towards 4th IR" Panel 2: Photo: Flickr/Somchat Thavornvattanayong Bangkok at dawn March 2019 UNDP s PRESENCE IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC UNDP works in about 170 countries and territories,
More informationDistribution of annual earnings for all adults ages 23-62, by sex and race.
Distribution of annual earnings for all adults ages 23-62, by sex and race. 0 5000 10000 15000 Annual Income 1964 White Male Black Male While Female Black Female 0 50000 100000 150000 Annual Income White
More informationWage Functions and Rates of Return to Education in Italy
Wage Functions and Rates of Return to Education in Italy Davide Fiaschi and Cecilia Gabbriellini 1 University of Pisa June 17, 2013 Abstract We study the return to education in Italy in the period 1995-2010
More informationGender Earnings Differentials in Hong Kong 2006 & Tam Wai Kit. Applied Economics Concentration. Mak Tsz Hong. Applied Economics Concentration
Gender Earnings Differentials in Hong Kong 2006 & 2011 BY Tam Wai Kit 11000163 Applied Economics Concentration Mak Tsz Hong 11000473 Applied Economics Concentration An Honours Degree Project Submitted
More informationManaging Trade: Evidence from China and the US
Managing Trade: Evidence from China and the US Nick Bloom, Stanford Kalina Manova, Stanford and Oxford Stephen Sun, Peking University John Van Reenen, LSE Zhihong Yu, Nottingham SCID / IGC : Trade, Productivity,
More informationStandard analysis model for monitoring compliance with wage equality between women and men in federal procurement (methodology)
Federal Department of Home Affairs FDHA Federal Office for Gender Equality FOGE Standard analysis model for monitoring compliance with wage equality between women and men in federal procurement (methodology)
More informationADB BRIEFS. Toward Adopting a Skills Development Fund for Cambodia NO. 90 KEY POINTS FEBRUARY 2018
NO. 90 FEBRUARY 2018 ADB BRIEFS KEY POINTS Cambodia is endowed with an ample supply of labor, but the labor force is characterized by low levels of education and skills. As technological change and competitiveness
More informationGender Mainstreaming Plan
Gender Mainstreaming Plan Ensuring that both men and women have equal opportunities to participate in and benefit from the GEF project can be achieved through progressive and efficient mainstreaming of
More informationWomen school to work transition in the MENA Region. Jordan, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Lebanon, Egypt
Women school to work transition in the MENA Region Jordan, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Lebanon, Egypt Presentation Plan Executive Summary What the paper aim at Status of the school-to-work transition in
More informationGENDER AND RACE IN THE LABOR MARKET
GENDER AND RACE IN THE ABOR MARKET GENDER AND RACE IN THE ABOR MARKET Sponsored by a Grant TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0041 Course Material Developed by Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences,
More informationEfficiency, Firm-size and Gender: The Case of Informal Firms in Latin America
World Bank From the SelectedWorks of Mohammad Amin December, 2010 Efficiency, Firm-size and Gender: The Case of Informal Firms in Latin America Mohammad Amin Available at: https://works.bepress.com/mohammad_amin/28/
More informationHuman Capital and Efficient Decision Making
Human Capital and Efficient Decision Making Anastasios I. Magoutas* Technological Educational Institute of Chalkis Psachna, Evia 34400 Greece amag@teihal.gr Theodore A. Papadogonas Technological Educational
More informationImpact of Trade in Services on Gender Employment in India
Impact of Trade in Services on Gender Employment in India Presentation by Rashmi Banga UNCTAD-India Trade in Services Pivotal for India s Growth The services sector, which constituted around 49% of the
More informationSmall Businesses a Way Out of Poverty
The advantage of economic growth is not that wealth increases happiness, but that it increases the range of human choice. These words were written in 1955 by Arthur Lewis, a Caribbean scholar and Nobel
More informationInclusive Economies: States of India
Inclusive Economies: States of India Version: August 19, 2017 By Chris Benner with: Gabriela Giusta and Bidisha Chaudhuri Outline Background & Evolution of the Inclusive Economies framework Sub-national
More informationChanging wage structure and education in Vietnam,
Economics of Transition Volume 14(4) 2006, 681 706 Changing wage structure and Blackwell Oxford, ECOT The 0967-0750 if Original Liu known The Economics European UK Article Publishing wage of Bank structure
More informationVietnam s labor productivity: A look at the trend of facts through statistics
Vietnam s labor productivity: A look at the trend of facts through statistics Van Thi Nghiem Department of National Accounts System General Statistics Office of Vietnam 1 Main content 1. GDP, labors and
More informationChapter Ten Wage Structures Across Markets. Learning Objectives. Wage Structure Determinants. Expanded Earnings Function
Chapter Ten Wage Structures Across Markets Prepared by Dr. A. Noordeh York University Assisted by I. Bershad Chapter 10 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. 1 Learning Objectives Why do wages vary across markets?
More informationWhat constrains the demand for labour in firms in Sub-Saharan Africa? Some evidence from Ghana.
What constrains the demand for labour in firms in Sub-Saharan Africa? Some evidence from Ghana. Francis Teal Centre for the Study of African Economies University of Oxford and IZA Bonn. May 2017 Abstract
More informationJobs as a cornerstone of development. SECO s commitment
Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER State Secretariat for Economic Affairs SECO Jobs as a cornerstone of development SECO s commitment Contents Jobs at the heart of development
More informationNATIONAL INDIVIDUAL CONSULTANCY
1 NATIONAL INDIVIDUAL CONSULTANCY National Consultant to develop a Rwanda National Youth Report Job Title: Category: Duty Station: Type of contract: Expected starting date: Duration of assignment: National
More informationAssessment of the Relevance and Impact of Promoting Marketable Skills for the Informal Sector in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. USA, DENVER October, 2017
Assessment of the Relevance and Impact of Promoting Marketable Skills for the Informal Sector in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia By: Yesuneh Gizaw Chernet USA, DENVER October, 2017 INTRODUCTION The problems of employment
More informationTerms of Reference. Senior Researcher / Study Consultant for the Educational Demand and Needs Assessment Study
REPÚBLICA DEMOCRÁTICA DE TIMOR-LESTE MINISTÉRIO DA EDUCAÇÃO Direção Nacional do Ensino Recorrente Rua Vila Verde Dili,Telf. 77304158 / 77012038 / 77012042 Terms of Reference Senior Researcher / for the
More informationINTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION. Terms of Reference
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION Vacancy Notice No.: Organisational Unit/Department: Technical Responsible Unit/ Department: Technical Cooperation Programme Position (Title) Type of contract: Source of
More informationAssessing and Anticipating Skill Needs in Indonesia. by Parapat Gultom
Assessing and Anticipating Skill Needs in Indonesia by Parapat Gultom Outline Labor Force Situation in Indonesia Labor Skill and Competency Labor Force Projection Labor Skill Assessment Development Strategy
More informationInformal Economies & Microenterprise in Developing Countries
Informal Economies & Microenterprise in Developing Countries What are informal economies? The business activities of small entrepreneurs that are not legally regulated where employees are not legally and
More informationREQUEST FOR EXPRESSIONS OF INTEREST AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
REQUEST FOR EXPRESSIONS OF INTEREST AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Gender, Women and Civil Society Department and RDGN E-mail: a.hamza@afdb.org and copy r.ijimbere@afdb and w.chebbi@afdb.org Telephone: +225
More informationEstimating the Impact of Education on Income with Econometric Approach: A Case Study in Universities
Estimating the Impact of Education on Income with Econometric Approach: A Case Study in Universities Javad Mirmohammad Sadeghi Department of Economics, Khomeinishahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan,
More informationCall for concept notes
Government institutions, Non-state Actors and Private Sector Organizations VPA Countries Support to the VPA process Call for concept notes Deadline for submission of concept notes: 15 September 2017, 16:00
More informationIssue paper for Session 1. Employability: Education, skills development and technology. Bridging knowledge gaps
Issue paper for Session 1 Employability: Education, skills development and technology Bridging knowledge gaps Globalization places a high premium on education and skills Globalization has intensified international
More informationThe Effects of Education, Experience and Skill on Individuals Earning: Empirical Evidence from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
International Journal of Advanced and Multidisciplinary Social Science 2016, 2(1): 27-32 DOI: 10.5923/j.jamss.20160201.03 The Effects of Education, Experience and Skill on Individuals Earning: Empirical
More informationThe Gender Pay Gap In International Perspective
The Gender Pay Gap In International Perspective Francine D. Blau Introduction espite considerable progress in narrowing the gender pay gap in recent years, substantial differences in pay between men and
More informationEnhancing decent employment opportunities for women and marginalised groups in growth sectors
Enhancing decent employment opportunities for women and marginalised groups in growth sectors Expert Group Meeting on Strategies for Eradicating Poverty to Achieve Sustainable Development for All Hosted
More informationGLOBAL JOBS PACT POLICY BRIEFS
BRIEF Nº 14 GLOBAL JOBS PACT POLICY BRIEFS 1. Executive summary POLICY OPTIONS TO SUPPORT YOUNG WORKERS DURING ECONOMIC RECOVERY The global jobs crisis has hit young people hard. Of the world s estimated
More information