INFLUENCES ON EMPLOYEE BEHAVIOR

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1 INFLUENCES ON EMPLOYEE BEHAVIOR Chapter 2 CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 1

2 Learning Objectives - 1 Identify factors that influence employee behavior Describe outcomes resulting from behavior and tell how they influence future behavior State how a supervisor s leadership and expectations for employees can affect their behavior CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 2

3 Learning Objectives - 2 Recognize the impact that coworkers and the organization itself have on employee behavior Define motivation and describe the main approaches to understanding motivation at work Discuss how knowledge, skill, ability, and attitudes influence employee behavior CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 3

4 Goals of HRD To assist employees and organizations in attaining their goals Ultimate objective is to improve organizational performance Major focus of most HRD interventions is an effort to change employee behavior CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 4

5 Model of Employee Behavior Fig. 2-1 Factors in the External Environment Economic Conditions Technological Changes Labor Market Conditions Laws and Regulations Labor Unions Supervision Leadership Performance Expectations Organization Reward Structures Culture Job Design Employee Motivation Attitudes Knowledge, Skill, Ability Behavior Task Performance Organizational Citizenship Behaviors Outcomes Personal Organizational Coworkers Norms Group Dynamics Teamwork Control Over Outcomes CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 5

6 Major Categories of Employee Behavior Individual performance is multidimensional Most HRD focuses on Task Performance Behaviors central to doing one s job Organizational citizenship behaviors Critical to organizational effectiveness Not specific to any one task CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 6

7 Major Categories Affecting Behavior External forces Outside the organization State of economy/employment rate Inside the work environment Leadership Coworkers Outcomes of performance Internal Forces Within employee Motivation KSAs CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 7

8 External Influences General state of economy Government intrusion Global and technology issues In spite of excellent work and production, external influences can result in down-sizing to reduce costs CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 8

9 Workforce Investment Organizations invest a lot of time and money in their workforce They must maintain their investment, even when restructuring or downsizing Re-training survivors to do other work rather than laying them off Coaching and mentoring Individual development Multi-rater feedback CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 9

10 Influences on Employee Behavior Factor Outcomes Supervision Organization Coworkers (Table 2-1) Issues Types Effect on motivation Leadership Performance expectations Reward structure Organizational structure Job design Control of outcomes Norms Group Dynamics Teamwork/Trust/Cohesiveness CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 10

11 Employee Perceptions Drive Expectancy Theory: Behavior Workers will perform behaviors that they perceive will bring valued outcomes Better the outcome, better the work Equity Theory Outcomes are evaluated by comparing them to the outcomes received by others CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 11

12 Supervision and Leadership Immediate supervisor: Delegates tasks and responsibilities Sets expectations Evaluates performance Provides feedback Rewards desirable behavior Provides discipline CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 12

13 Supervisory Influences Self-fulfilling prophecy Supervisor's expectations can influence workers behavior Leadership: Non-coercive influence to direct and coordinate the activities of a group toward accomplishing a goal CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 13

14 Rewards Structure Focuses on: Types of rewards used How rewards are distributed The criteria for rewards distribution Rewards are more than money or plaques They can include recognition and acceptance CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 14

15 The Organizational Culture A set of values, beliefs, norms and patterns of behavior that are shared by organization members, and that guide their behavior CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 15

16 Rewarding Performance Reward Structure Types of rewards used How rewards are distributed The criteria for reward distribution CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 16

17 Job Design The development and alteration of the components of a job to improve productivity and the quality of an a employee s life A job design can affect behavior and attitudes Altering the job may improve performance and attitudes CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 17

18 Influence of Coworkers They control some of the outcomes and therefore some of the behavior They may offer or withhold friendship and recognition Norms set the guidelines for behavior in the group Group dynamics influence the way an employee behaves when interacting with a group CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 18

19 Group Dynamic Characteristics Groupthink -- concerned with unanimity rather than making good decisions Social Loafing -- tendency for individuals to reduce level of effort as group becomes larger Teamwork: Trust Cohesiveness CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 19

20 Motivation One of the basic elements of human behavior Factors that cause the arousal, direction and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal directed CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 20

21 Factors to Consider Work motivation pertains to voluntary behavior Motivation focuses on Energizing The generation or mobilization of effort Direction Applying effort to one behavior over another Persistence Continuing (or ceasing) to perform a behavior CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 21

22 Worker Motivation Based on the individual because of unique Needs Desires Attitudes Goals CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 22

23 The Need-Based Approach Underlying needs, such as the needs for safety or power, drive motivation Theories include: Mazlow s Needs Hierarchy Alderfer s Existence, Relatedness and Growth Theory Herzberg s Two-Factor Theory CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 23

24 Cognitive Process Approach Motivation is a process controlled by conscious thoughts, beliefs and judgments Theories include: Expectancy Theory Goal-Setting Theory Social Learning Theory Equity Theory CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 24

25 Non-Cognitive Approach Motivation is explained as an interaction between behavior and external events without appealing to internal thoughts or needs Theories include: Reinforcement Theory CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 25

26 Needs-Based Approach Needs: deficiency states or imbalances, whether physiological or psychological, that energize and direct behavior Needs drive behavior through need activation and need satisfaction CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 26

27 The Need Activation-Need Satisfaction Process Fig. 2-2 Process Need is activated Example Layoff announced; Need for security is activated Tension is created Tension expressed in fear and worry Search for ways to reduce tension Improve performance? Politics? Job search? Perform behaviors to reduce tension Performance improvement leads management to remove employee's name from layoff list Tension eliminated or significantly reduced? No Fear and worry significantly reduced Yes Need satisfied; Need no longer drives behavior Need for security satisfied CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 27

28 Mazlow s Need Hierarchy In Order of Importance Physiological Safety and security Love Status and Esteem Self-actualization The item(s) above must be satisfied before those below can be satisfied CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 28

29 Alderfer s ERG Theory Existence Relatedness Growth Basically reduces Mazlow s five to three items CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 29

30 Deficiencies of Need-Based Difficult to test and apply Insufficient for explanation of motivation Some programs based on theories have been successful Job enrichment Achievement motivation CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 30

31 Cognitive Process Theories Expectancy theory Assumes that motivation is a conscious choice process Employees believe they can perform successfully (high expectancy), and believe are connected (high instrumentality) to outcomes they desire (high valence) or believe will prevent (negative instrumentality) outcomes they want to avoid (negative valence) CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 31

32 Expectancy Theory and HRD Employees will not attend HRD sessions unless They will learn something It will increase their job performance They will be rewarded for their efforts CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 32

33 Graphical Representation of Expectancy Theory Fig. 2-3 Expectancy Instrumentality Valence Should I exert effort? How likely is it that I will reach my performance goal? Will I receive various outcomes if I reach my performance goal? How desirable or undesirable are these outcomes? CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 33

34 Goal Setting Theory Goals can Mobilize employee effort Direct their attention Increase their persistence Affect strategies used to accomplish a task CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 34

35 Goal Setting Goals that are specific, difficult, and accepted by employees lead to better performance Feedback enhances effectiveness of goal setting Goals must be achievable CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 35

36 Social Learning Theory Outcome and self-efficacy expectations affect individual performance An Outcome Expectation person s belief that performing a given behavior will lead to a given outcome Self Efficacy people s judgments of their capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to attain designated types of performances CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 36

37 Self-Efficacy and Performance Fig. 2-4 Performance history Modeling Persuasion Physiological/ emotional state Analysis of task Attribution of performance history Assessment of constraints Self-efficacy Behavioral outcomes Performance Feedback SOURCE: ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT REVIEW by Gist, M. E., Mitchell, T. R. Copyright 2005 by ACAD OF MGMT. Reproduced with permission of ACAD OF MGMT in the formal Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center. CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 37

38 Major Prediction of Social Learning Theory A person s self-efficacy expectations will determine whether a behavior will be performed, how much effort will be spent, and how long the person will continue to perform the behavior CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 38

39 Equity Theory Motivation is strongly influenced by People s desire to be treated fairly Perceptions about whether they have been treated fairly CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 39

40 Basis of Equity Theory People develop beliefs about what is fair for them to receive in exchange for the contributions that they make to the organization People determine fairness by comparing their relevant returns and contributions to those of others People who believe they have been treated unfairly (called inequity) will experience tension, and they will be motivated to find ways to reduce it CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 40

41 Reducing Feelings of Inequity Cognitively distorting views of contributions or rewards ( She must be smarter than I thought. ) Influencing the perceived rival to change his or her contributions or rewards (e.g., convincing the person to be less productive) Changing one s own contributions or rewards (either working harder or contributing less) Comparing oneself to a different person leaving the situation (requesting a transfer or quitting) CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 41

42 Equity Theory Graphically Fig. 2-5 Outcomes/rewards received by self Outcomes/rewards received by relevant others Inputs of self Inputs of relevant others Social comparison of outcomes to inputs Perceived inequity Perceived equity Motivation to correct or reduce inequity Motivation to maintain present equity relationships CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 42

43 Reinforcement Theory A non-cognitive theory Based on Law of Effect Behavior that is followed by a pleasurable consequence will occur more frequently Process known as reinforcement Behavior that is followed by an adverse consequence will occur less frequently CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 43

44 Behavior Modification Positive reinforcement refers to increasing the frequency of a behavior by following the behavior with a pleasurable consequence Negative reinforcement increases the frequency of a behavior by removing something aversive after the behavior is performed Extinction seeks to decrease the frequency of a behavior by removing the consequence that is reinforcing it Punishment seeks to decrease the frequency of a behavior by introducing an aversive consequence immediately after the behavior CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 44

45 Motivation and Performance Model Fig. 2-6 Expectancy Valence Ability Desire to perform Effort Performance Instrumentality Satisfaction Accuracy of role perceptions Equity of rewards SOURCE: Wagner, J. A., III, and Hollenbeck, J. R. (1995). Management of Organizational Behavior (2nd ed,). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 45

46 Attitudes Second major influence on work behavior Attitude: a person s general feeling of favorableness or unfavorableness toward some stimulus object A combination of attitudes with perceived social pressure to behave in a certain manner influences an individual s behavior CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 46

47 The Behavioral Intentions Model Fig 2-7 Beliefs about behavior/outcome relationships Attitude toward the behavior Perceived situational or internal constraints Intentions Behavior Beliefs about group/society norms Perception of norms SOURCE: From Organizational Behavior 5th edition by Hellriegel/Slocum/Woodman Reprinted with permission of South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning: permissionrequest@cengage.com. Fax CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 47

48 Knowledge, Skills and Abilities (KSAs) If employees lack the KSAs to perform a task or behavior, they will likely fail Abilities general capacities related to the performance of a set of tasks Skills combine abilities with capabilities that are developed as a result of training and experience Knowledge an understanding of factors or principles related to a particular subject CH South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 48

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