Human Factors Engineering HHP8102

Transcription

1 Human Factors Engineering HHP8102 Professor Mare Teichmann Copyright 2010 Mare Teichmann, Tallinn University of Technology, Institute of Industrial Psychology. All rights reserved The course: Human Factors Engineering COURSE OUTLINE 1 st lecture: INTRODUCTION 2 nd lecture: Mental Processes SENSATION and PERCEPTION 3 rd lecture: Mental Processes ATTENTION and MEMORY 4 th lecture: Mental Processes EMOTIONS and MOTIVATION 5 th lecture: Mental Processes THINKING and INTELLIGENCE 6 th lecture: STRESS and WORKLOAD 7 th lecture: HUMAN-MACHINE/COMPUTER INTERACTION 8 th lecture: SOCIAL FACTORS 1 st seminar: Mental processes (attention, memory, creativity etc.): self-tests and practical exercises 2 nd seminar: Social factors communication exercises and video feedback The course: Human Factors Engineering The whole course (100% lectures) is available via internet as Digital Teaching Tools Each Digital Teaching Tool consists of a video-based lecture the slides shown during the lecture some written material for student reading and student self-tests a MP3 audio version of the lecture The seminars will be organise as ordinary face-to-face seminars at university 1

2 The course: Human Factors Engineering STUDENT READING Phillips, C.A., Human factors Engineering (2005). John Wiley & Sons Inc., 564 p., USA Wickens, C.D., Lee, J.D., Liu Y., Gordon-Baker, S. (2004). Introduction to Human Factors Engineering, 2-nd Ed., Pearson Prentice Hall. EXAMINATION Case study (as your homework) The purpose of the examination is to maximize the critical thinking skills of students and teach them practical problem solving in the field of human factors and decision-making skills The course: Human Factors Engineering Case study (as your homework) Compose one case study from everyday work practice of engineers and analyze the human factor component in particular case e.g. 1) find out a concrete case from engineering practice 2) describe the situation (What? When?) 3) analyze the case with using and highlighting your knowledge from Human Factors Engineering course (Why?) * Please, do not mention the real name of the company and person(s) Max: 2 3 pages (A4 format) The case study should be sent to professor Mare Teichmann INTRODUCTION OUTLINE Human Factors Engineering (HFE) or Engineering Psychology Engineering Psychology Cognitive Psychology Stimulus and Response Cognitive Theory Engineering Human Factors Science or Human Factors Technology Human Factor Human Factors Integration Macro-ergonomics 2

3 INTRODUCTION Human Factors Engineering (HFE) or Engineering Psychology is the discipline of applying what is known about human capabilities and limitations to the design of a) products b) processes c) systems d) work environments Human Factors Engineering (HFE) Human Factors Engineering (HFE) deals with the design of systems that people use at work and in leisure. It ensures that systems, jobs, products, interfaces and environments are designed to match the physical and mental abilities and limitations of their intended users. Human Factors Engineering (HFE) It can be applied to the design of all systems having a human interface, including hardware and software. 3

4 Human Factors Engineering (HFE) Its application to system design improves: a) ease of use b) system performance c) reliability d) user satisfaction e) reducing operational errors f) operator stress g) training requirements h) user fatigue i) product liability Human Factors Engineering (HFE) HFE is the key factor in ensuring the effectiveness, safety, usability, acceptability and success of human - machine/computers - system integrations. Human Factors Engineering (HFE) It is therefore, important for engineers to understand the capabilities and limitations of the users, such that systems are designed to enhance the performance and safety of the users. 4

5 Human Factors Engineering (HFE) HFE is distinctive in being the only discipline that relates humans to technology. Human Factors Engineering (HFE) Human factors engineering focuses on how people interact with tasks, machines (or computers), and the environment with the consideration that humans have limitations and capabilities. Human Factors Engineering (HFE) Human factors engineers evaluate "Human to Human," "Human to Group," "Human to Organization," and "Human to Machine/Computers" interactions to better understand these interactions and to develop a framework for evaluation. 5

6 HFE is an multidisciplinary field of study Engineering Psychology Cognitive Psychology Engineering Human Factors Science or Human Factors Technologies Human Factors Integration Macro- ergonomics Engineering Psychology For reason to focus human capabilities and limits we have to understand human psychology. Engineering Psychology is an interdisciplinary part of HFE and studies the relationships of people to machines, with the intent of improving such relationships. Engineering Psychology Whilst Engineering is concerned with improving equipment from the point of view of mechanical and electrical design and Psychology is concerned with the study of the mind and behavior, Engineering Psychology is concerned with adapting the equipment and environment to people, based upon their psychological capacities and limitations (Blum, 1952) with the objective of improving overall system performance (involving human and machine elements). 6

7 Engineering Psychology As Sanders & McCormick (1987) put it, "... it is easier to bend metal than twist arms", by which they mean that the design of the device to prevent errors is likely to be more successful than telling people not to make errors. According to Wickens (1992) the role of Engineering Psychology is distinct from both Psychology and Engineering in that it arises from the intersection of the two domains. Engineering Psychology He also distinguishes Engineering Psychology from Human Factors or Ergonomics to suggest that "the aim of engineering psychology is not simply to compare two possible designs for a piece of equipment... but to specify the capacities and limitations of the human... from which the choice for a better design should be directly deductible" (Wickens, 1992 cites Poulton, 1966). Engineering Psychology Ergonomics is distinct from Engineering Psychology in that it is multi-disciplinary (incorporating Psychology, Engineering, Physiology, Environmental and Computer Science), but the boundaries are fuzzy and Ergonomics shares the overall goals of Engineering Psychology. 7

8 Engineering Psychology The objectives of Ergonomics (cf. Human Factors) are shared by Engineering Psychology, which are to optimize the effectiveness and efficiency with which human activities iti are conducted d as well as to improve the general quality of life through "increased safety, reduced fatigue and stress, increased comfort...and satisfaction." (Sanders & McCormick, 1992). Demand-Resource Theory in Engineering Psychology Solutions to the problems raised in people interacting with technology come in two main forms: either to reduce demand or to increase resources in situations of work overload or vice versa in situations of work underload. The dual concepts of demands and resources are prevalent in Engineering Psychology and particularly pertinent when considering the capacities and limitations of people in technological environments. Demand-Resource Theory in Engineering Psychology Wickens (1992) proposes a theory of multiple pools of attentional resources in relation to different information processing demands - speech and text utilize a verbal information processing code and draw upon a different pool of atttentional resources to tones and pictures which utilize a spatial processing code. 8

9 Demand-Resource Theory in Engineering Psychology Wickens argues that when the attentional resources assigned to the verbal processing code are exhausted, workload demands may be increased further by using the alternative spatial information processing code through the presentation of tones or pictures (although these pools are not wholly mutually exclusive). Demand-Resource Theory in Engineering Psychology The concept of demands and resources provides a conceptual framework for Engineering Psychology. Demands and resources could come from the task, the device and the user. Demand-Resource Theory in Engineering Psychology For example: user resources (e.g. knowledge, experience and expertise) and demands (e.g. user goals and standards) interact with task demands (e.g. task goals and standards) and task resources (e.g. instruction manuals and training). i This interaction is mediated by demands (e.g. device complexity) and resources (e.g. clarity of the userinterface, which could reduce demands) of the device being operated. This may involve redesigning equipment, changing the way people use machines, or changing the location in which the work takes place. Often, the work of an engineering psychologist is described as making the relationship " fi dl " 9

10 Engineering Psychology Engineering psychology is an applied field of psychology concerned with psychological factors in the design and use of equipment. Human factors is broader than engineering g psychology, which is focused specifically on designing systems that accommodate the information-processing capabilities of the brain. Cognitive Psychology For reason to focus human capabilities and limits we have to understand human psychology. Cognitive psychology is a discipline within psychology that investigates the internal mental processes of thought such as visual processing, memory, thinking, learning, feeling, problem solving and language. Cognitive Psychology Cognition: the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and senses. 10

11 Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychologists use psychophysical and experimental approaches to understand, diagnose, and solve problems, concerning themselves with the mental processes which mediate between stimulus and response. STIMULUS and RESPONSE BLACK BOX? STIMULUS RESPONSE Cognitive Psychology The stimulus and response approach is based on a relatively simplistic engineering model in which some conditions cause certain response if there exists a causal relationship between stimulus and response. 11

12 Cognitive Psychology For example: environmental demands may put people under the pressure, and the strain created by this pressure may yplace people p at risk of experiencing physiological and psychological harm. COGNITIVE THEORY Cognitive theory contends that solutions to problems take the form of ALGORITHMS rules that are not necessarily understood but promise a solution or HEURISTICS rules that are understood but that do not always guarantee solutions. Engineering Engineering is the discipline, art and profession of acquiring and applying technical, scientific, and mathematical knowledge to design and implement materials, structures, machines, devices, systems, and processes that safety realize a desired objective or invention. 12

13 Human Factors Science or Human Factors Technology Human Factors Science or Human Factors Technology is interdisciplinary field incorporating contributions ti from psychology, engineering, industrial design, operations research and anthropometry. Human Factors Science or Human Factors Technology In general, human factor is a physical or cognitive property of an individual or social behavior to humans and influences functioning of technological systems as well as human-environment equilibriums. Human Factors Science or Human Factors Technology In social interaction, the term human factor stresses the social properties unique to or characteristics of humans. 13

14 Human Factors Science or Human Factors Technology The terms human factors and ergonomics have only been widely used in recent times, the field s origin is in the design and use of aircraft during World War II to improve aviation safety. Human Factors Science or Human Factors Technology It was in reference to the psychologists and physiologists working at that time and the work that they were doing that the terms applied psychology and ergonomics. Human Factors Science or Human Factors Technology Human factors are sets of human-specific physical, cognitive, or social properties which either may interact in a critical or dangerous manner with technological systems, the human natural environment, or human organizations, or they can be taken under consideration in the design of humanuser oriented equipment. 14

15 Human Factors Integration Human factors integration include: 1. Training 2. Staffing evaluation 3. Communication 4. Task analyses 5. Functional requirements analyses and allocation 6. Job descriptions and functions Human Factors Integration Human factors integration include: 7. Skills and abilities 8. Organizational culture 9. Human-machine interaction ti 10. Workload on the human 11. Fatigue 12. Situational awareness 13. Usability Human Factors Integration Human factors integration include: 14. User interface 15. Learn ability 16. Attention 17. Vigilance 18. Human performance 19. Human reliability 20. Human-computer interaction 15

16 Human Factors Integration Human factors integration include: 21. Control and display design 22. Stress 23. Visualization of data 24. Individual differences 25. Aging 26. Accessibility 27. Safety Human Factors Integration Human factors integration include: 28. Shift work 29. Work in extreme environments incl. virtual environments 30. Human error 31. Decision making Macro-ergonomics Macro-ergonomics is an approach to ergonomics that emphasizes a broad system view of design, examining organizational environments, culture, history, and work goals. It deals with the physical design of tools and the environment. 16

17 Macro-ergonomics It is the study of the society/technology interface and their consequences for relationships, processes, and institutions. Macro-ergonomics It also deals with the optimization of the designs of organizational and work systems through the consideration of personnel, technological, and environmental variables and their interactions. Macro-ergonomics The goal of macro-ergonomics is a completely efficient work system at both the macro- and micro-ergonomic level which results in improved productivity, and employee satisfaction, health, safety, and commitment. 17

18 Macro-ergonomics It analyzes the whole system, finds how each element should be placed in the system, and considers all aspects for a fully efficient system. A misplaced element in the system can lead to total failure. Summary Robert W. Proctor1 and Kim-Phuong L. Vu (2010) 1. Progress in human factors research is cumulative. From the earliest Annual Review article on engineering psychology to the present, human factors research has produced an ever- increasing understanding of human performance in applied settings. 2. The human information-processing approach is responsible for much of the growth in human factors from its inception to the present. Summary Robert W. Proctor1 and Kim-Phuong L. Vu (2010) 3. Many recent research directions in cognitive psychology and human factors stem from the information-processing perspective. 4. Research on perceptual-motor p performance is important to human factors historically and continues to contribute new insights. 18

19 Summary Robert W. Proctor1 and Kim-Phuong L. Vu (2010) 5. Much research in human factors developed around issues of information overload, how this overload degrades performance, and how the problems associated with overload can be alleviated. Summary Robert W. Proctor1 and Kim-Phuong L. Vu (2010) 6. Issues associated with information overload and awareness are particularly important for introduction of new systems that provide large amounts of dynamic information in real time, such as the Next Generation Airspace Transportation System and the networked battlefield. Summary Robert W. Proctor1 and Kim-Phuong L. Vu (2010) 7. Miniaturization and mobilization of computers have made their presence ubiquitous. Realization of the potential power of computing devices in various contexts depends on human factors research. 19

20 Summary Robert W. Proctor1 and Kim-Phuong L. Vu (2010) 8. Many criticisms of the human informationprocessing approach fail to acknowledge that it allows integration across a) the most basic biological levels to conscious awareness b) perception, cognition, and action c) interactions among persons d ) interactions between persons and machines e) task and work environments in which people perform. * Source: Robert W. Proctor1 and Kim-Phuong L. Vu (2010). Cumulative Knowledge and Progress in Human Factors. Annual Review of Psychology :