Key Elements of Career Guidance

Transcription

1 Key Elements of Career Guidance Career guidance policy and practice training programme 14 June 2016 Gideon Arulmani International Training Centre of the ILO International Training Centre of the ILO 1

2 The Career Discovery Path Four interlocking components

3 The Career Discovery Path Self-Understanding Interests Aptitudes Career Beliefs

4 The Career Discovery Path Interests Patterns of likes, dislikes and indifferences. Activities that draw a person s attention. Evoke curiosity. Things that a person wants to pursue further. Activities that a person considers worthwhile. Activities a person enjoys. Interests

5 The Career Discovery Path Interests Interests Occupational Preference the individual s attraction to a specific occupation. I am interested in: Commercial Art, Medicine, Engineering Occupational Tasks patterns of likes and dislikes, toward the tasks associated with an occupation: I am interested in a career that requires drawing, working with colours and designing 10/06/2016 5

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7 Aptitudes Competency to do a certain kind of work at a certain level. Capabilities. What one would be naturally good at. What one excels in easily. Activities for which a person has a high capability. Activities for which a person has a talent. The Career Discovery Path Aptitudes

8 Interest or Aptitude? Activity Activities that draw a person s attention Activities you are naturally good at Things a person is curious about Matters a person wants to pursue further Affected by external influences Activities for which you have a high capability Activities that you can do well Activities that do not bore a person Activities that you do not find difficult Not affected by external influences Activities a person considers worthwhile Interest or Aptitude? Interest Aptitude Interest Interest Interest Aptitude Aptitude Interest Aptitude Aptitude Interest

9 Interest or Aptitude? Discuss with the person beside you for 2 minutes: Which is more important: Interest or Aptitude?

10 Interest or Aptitude? Two important characteristics of Interests Interests can change. The strength of an interest is closely related to: personal experiences with an activity the belief that one can do well at an activity (selfefficacy) attitudes and preconceived notions held by the individual and significant others in the person s life about an activity

11 Stability of Interest versus Aptitude Test Scores for a group of 15 to 17 year old Indian boys and girls over a period of 24-to-26 months (N = 2487) FACTOR % OF INDIVIDUALS FOR WHOM SCORES CHANGED FROM TIME 1 TO TIME 2 INTEREST APTITUDE Linguistic 52 8 Analytical Logical Spatial Personal Physical Mechanical 66 1 A much larger number showed changes in interests than changes in their aptitudes

12 Interest or Aptitude? Two important characteristics of Interests High interest need not signify high ability. Success in a career is achieved in an environment of intense competition. Merely being interested and motivated, however strong this motivation, does not guarantee that the individual could develop a sufficiently high level of skill to succeed in the face of competition.

13 Changeability of Interests: Possible Reasons It is possible in collectivist cultures that the expressed interest is not the individual s interest but the group s interest or the group's preference. Economic changes have led to massive increases in job opportunities in many of these cultures. Getting a good job is of paramount importance. Increase in financial independence is known to weaken collectivist influences. As the individual grows older and financially independent he/she may feel able to express his/her true interests.

14 Interest Aptitude Overlap Interests Aptitude without Interest Potential Interest without Aptitude Aptitudes

15 Promotion of Self Understanding A theoretical framework is needed, within which to: Promote Self Understanding Classify Occupations

16 Typological Theory of Career Development John Holland

17 John Holland: RIASEC Realistic type Comfortable with activities that are concrete and based on clearly defined systems and norms. Examples: engineers, machine operators mechanics Investigative type Analytical in orientation and enjoys drawing conclusions from systematic and objective observations Examples: researchers, doctors, detectives Artistic type Expressive and original; unconventional and sensitive to personal feelings, thoughts and ideas. Examples: actors, designers, musicians, authors.

18 John Holland: RIASEC Social type Concerned about others; enjoy teamwork, social interaction, relationship building, and improvement of society. Examples: social workers, human resource manager Enterprising type Self-driven; enjoys organising people, objects and resources Examples: sales people, business persons, politicians Conventional type Comfortable in situations that are organised and predictable; routine and repetitive. Examples: accountants, bankers, priests

19 Holland s Typological Theory: Calculus: RIASEC Types are arranged in a hexagon. Sequence based on the nature of relationship between the 6 types. Each type manifests a set of traits to higher and lower degrees. Calculus describes the distance between traits along the hexagon. Realistic personalities and Social personalities are most different from each other. Realistic and Investigative are more similar to each other.

20 Holland s Typological Theory: Relevance and Criticism Assumes that there are only 6 personalities in human society! Circular order model of vocational personality types (hexagon), could not unequivocally be reproduced in most countries outside the USA. Is based on the assumption that knowing one s interests is sufficient to make a reliable career decision. Cross cultural relevance is doubtful.

21 Multiple Potentials Framework Adapted from Gardner s (1983) Theory of Multiple Intelligences

22 L = The Linguistic Potential Fluency of language. Skill to use words. Expressive ability. Sensitivity to the meanings of words. Attractive communication. Examples of Careers: Journalists Lawyers Copywriters Writers Teachers

23 AL = The Analytical-Logical Potential Reasoning skills Application of logic to solve problems. Calculations, analysis and planning. Understand cause-effect relationships. Examples of Careers: Chartered Accountants Detectives Researchers Scientists Actuaries

24 S = The Spatial Potential Skills for visualization. Keen observation. Vivid imagination. Transform observations and imaginations into realities. Work with colours and designs. Manipulation of space. Examples of Careers: Architects Commercial Artists Graphic Designers Fashion Designers Automobile Designers Film Makers

25 P = The Personal Potential Understand human behaviour. Sensitivity to others moods and feelings. Manage and lead people. Help people with their difficulties and promote their well being. Examples of Careers: Nurses Social Workers Hotel Managers Psychologists Medical Doctors

26 PM = The Physical-Mechanical Potential Mastery over the body. Fluency of movement. Strength and stamina. Mechanical skills. Understand machines, equipment and tools. Examples of Careers: Protection services Dancers Engineers Technicians Pilots

27 Gideon Arulmani PhD., Director, The Promise Foundation 10/06/