Transportation Markets Boom with Modular Commercial of the Shelf (COTS) Solutions

Transcription

1 Transportation Markets Boom with Modular Commercial of the Shelf (COTS) Solutions Streamlined Performance, Extended Reliability and Improved Passenger Experience are Driving Factors in Embedded Transportation Design If it s embedded, it s Kontron.

2 Transportation Markets Boom with Modular Commercial of the Shelf (COTS) Solutions Today s transportation markets are gearing up for business, driven by commitments to a greener, faster, safer and more connected transportation experience. Reducing cost and inefficiency is the driving force behind these goals and while the market may be fragmented, these priorities represent common ground in the range of air, sea, land and rail applications facing embedded designers. At the same time, many transportation applications are more demanding than ever, requiring greater bandwidth, networking and performance while operating under intense environmental conditions a market situation likely to evolve even further with growing passenger expectations. Trends are difficult to predict given the vast extent of different applications within this global market, however transportation design is unified in its need for longevity, reliability and high performance grounded in standards-based solutions. This paper will highlight the unique and complex computing demands of various transportation market segments demonstrating the importance of an ongoing manufacturer relationship as a long-term design resource, and illustrating how advanced standards-based options apply effectively to a range of transportation scenarios. CONTENTS Transportation Markets Boom with Modular Commercial of the Shelf (COTS) Solutions Summary Contents Growing Economies, Evolving Designs Speeding to Market with Semi- and Full-Custom COTS-Based Solutions Defining the Market Technical Demands Within a Diverse Market Thermal Management as a Design Driver Extended Deployment Requirements as a Design Driver Applications Illustrate Design Options Computer-on-Modules Modular Rugged Platforms Application-Ready Platforms Offer Streamlined Performance Manufacturer Expertise Supports Design Leadership Summary/Conclusion About Kontron

3 Growing Economies, Evolving Designs Transportation design is largely driven by the need to deal with change reducing air pollution and traffic congestion, and providing safe and easy ways to travel and do business. Innovations here ultimately spur growth with increased focus on improving mobility and renewing infrastructures. Systems must be developed more quickly and cost effectively, and they must consider and protect the environment. Ideally they deliver real-time information to passengers with growing expectations of service and comfort and they do all this while facing the reality that cities around the world are dealing with aging infrastructures. Semi- and full-custom solutions grounded in COTS-based design are essential in supporting designers in this effort; COTS solutions are enabling timely development of the innovative, high performance systems that meet needs today and keep operators poised for next generation developments. Passenger information and broadband internet access systems, remote video surveillance and security, signaling, onboard and wayside control, and tunnel monitoring these are just a few examples of the operational and passenger-facing applications that must perform flawlessly while withstanding the rigors of extended temperature, humidity, vibration, power fluctuations and more. Speeding to Market with Semi- and Full-Custom COTS-Based Solutions No matter what the market segment or application, meeting the unique requirements of transportation systems while addressing cost and inefficiency remains a top priority for OEMs. Designers are finding that proven, standards-based COTS boards and modules with advanced x86 architecture processors offer fast-track development and system solutions economical in terms of development time and cost, and enabling OEMs to get to market quickly with revenue-generating products. While performance demands commonly exceed general operational characteristics of COTS components and systems, these issues can be managed through effective COTS-based customization. As ideal building blocks for both semi- and full-custom designs, COTS products dramatically reduce non-recurring engineering (NRE) costs associated with researching, developing, designing and testing a product. Costs recurring over the system s lifetime are reduced as well, based on high-volume production. This is of particular importance in transportation markets due to the uniquely long life expectations of implemented systems. Defining the Market The common thread among diverse transportation applications is the hostile computing environment defined by the respective sub-markets. Infobox» Rail vehicles (long distance traveling / high speed trains / Intercity / commuter / regional Trains)» Local public transport / suburban traffic (underground / metros / light rail vehicles / automated people movers automated mono rails)» Wayside applications» Busses» Aircraft / Civil Aeronautics / airlines / air carriers / military aircraft technology (AP labs )» Ships / life at the sea» Cargo transportation / fleet logistics» Evolving segments such as mining and agriculture CAPTION: The broad spectrum of transportation environments keep designers on their toes, seeking trends crossing applications and market segments. Systems may perform onboard vehicles or outdoors under high vibration conditions, they function non-stop while meeting high bandwidth and performance demands of sophisticated real-time applications. All these elements combine to characterize even a fragmented market as one that is extremely demanding on its embedded designs. Further, many public transportation systems such as railway applications are expected to perform during extended lifecycles requiring 7/24 operation for 180,000 hours or the equivalent of 20 years. This is based on electrical requirements of the CEI , CEI 60571, EN 50121, EN 50153, EN50155 EN , IEC 563 standards. These standards define all characteristics of electronic equipment implemented on rolling stock, in combination with fire and smoke protection and further environmental rules. Operating conditions, design, construction and testing of electronic equipment, as well as the basic hardware and software requirements, must support fault-free operation in harsh environmental conditions over the entire system lifetime. At the same time, passengers are more sophisticated in their use and understanding of communications technology and have set a new bar for what defines a stellar passenger experience. Passenger information and ticketing systems are already seen as state-of-the-art and internet-on-train, digital signage and video surveillance applications are on the rise. These newer application fields are being developed to further improve comfort and service, driving greater customer satisfaction and loyalty while also increasing safety, security and efficiency. 3

4 Technical Demands Within a Diverse Market Next generation systems will require even greater flexibility, higher bandwidth and more connectivity. Further, many of these new applications stem from Ethernet-based services, and as a result transportation operators are welcoming a uniform Ethernet-based communication infrastructure. Realtime data sharing, automated safety measures, TCN (train control network), classical train management and a range of control systems are benefiting from this homogeneous environment; a major shift is underway and many outdated, proprietary and country-specific systems are being replaced over time by standards-based flexible connectivity. Most importantly, optimal data exchange is being standardized between vehicles, control centers and traffic facilities an essential result of customized solutions developed using COTS products and platforms. Priorities include streamlining systems, either using applicationready platforms to integrate in-vehicle applications or implementing a single, centralized and open embedded computing platform. Modular systems also have an important role, as they can be custom fit to any number of applications while allowing for planned growth and future performance improvements. Overall, COTS solutions are reducing costs related to maintenance and the complexities of network control and also positioning operators to deliver next generation systems with the highest safety levels, greater passenger security and comfort, increased mobility, higher data communication bandwidth and a range of improved performance attributes. Thermal Management as a Design Driver Because each of these systems has an essential role in moving passengers or freight safely, thermal failure is not an option. Even at early morning temperature as low as 40 C, a train control system must start up and operate flawlessly up to 70 C ambient. As a result, transportation systems require attention to thermal management as a particularly critical design element. Fans may be useful in theory but they are impractical in many transportation environments, due to risk of failure as well as airflow insufficient to guarantee performance. This prone-to-failure characteristic prohibits implementation of fans, and permits only passive thermal management technologies as a cooling method. Combined with increases in processor performance requirements and the presence of motors that generate significant heat, designing transportation electronics becomes even more complex, especially in the context of the EN50155 T1, T2, T3 and Tx standard. In addition to anticipating non-stop operation over the system s 20 year lifespan, public transportation systems such as electronic rail applications must withstand extreme environmental conditions such as extended temperature ranges (- 40 C to 85 C), humidity, shock and vibration, and fluctuations in power. Acceptable heat build-up and energy absorption ranges are defined very narrowly, and represent significant power-to-performance design challenges which can only be addressed with passive cooling technologies, supporting thermal radiation and convection. Using a fleet management system as an example, components are interfaced to the high thermal mass of the system enclosure for cooling over a large surface, via radiation and natural air convection or airflow around the system. Heat is transferred directly to the housing which provides sufficient thermal capacity to keep components within rated temperature ranges and maintain system performance under extreme temperatures. Extended Deployment Requirements as a Design Driver Extended lifespan and obsolescence management require commitment to careful supply chain decisions. End of Life (EOL) notices for major parts, such as an SBC, are key events and need immediate attention, especially if long life supplies were not managed earlier in the lifecycle of the existing system. Ten years of support is typical for transportation systems and such long-term supplies require proactive steps to maintain. When these steps are not taken, customers consequently require a redesign to replace an obsolete product, either with a new product or a new product from an alternate vendor always accompanied by expensive and time consuming re-qualification or certification. Manufacturers like Kontron work hand-in-hand with designers to take the necessary steps to offer long term support and extend the availability of certain parts. Where applicable, alternative components are designed-in and certified, enabling a potential change without recertification. After the initial five to seven years typically guaranteed by many embedded roadmaps, Kontron can offer special arrangements to keep stock on hand and ensure long life as required by transportation design guidelines. Lifecycle and obsolescence management is particularly sensitive in transportation system design, given the anticipated long life of systems. Kontron addresses this through enhanced and strategic relationships, offering longterm delivery contracts and end-of-life management. Applications Illustrate Design Options Modular systems and application-ready platforms based on COTS products are proving effective in meeting specific system requirements, reducing time-to-market, and supporting lifecycle and extended availability. Modular systems deliver platforms that can apply to numerous transportation computing environments, and customization readily enables COTS-based solutions to perform to the required levels of long-term operation. 4

5 Computer-on-Modules Computer-on-Modules (COMs) are providing the base for transportation solutions in control and infotainment. Market applications range from passenger-facing systems such as multichannel audio and DVD playback, to operational systems such as navigation and safety. COMs are practically-complete computers mounted directly onto a carrier board, ideal for devices and applications where the design requires a small footprint with high performance, low power consumption, flexibility of design, easy customization, or all of the above. Smaller form factors have recently been added to the standard; COMs are available that measure just 84mm x 55mm, smaller than a credit card. With all soldered components including RMAs, they are highly suited for rugged transportation environments. Using a high performance, centralized system as an example, small form factor COMs are enabling a compact approach that provides a modular framework for ticketing, telematics services, communication and various vehicle interfaces. COMs-based centralized systems combine and unify into one computer system many of the features that were developed as separate systems for public transportation environments. With this type of implementation, network and wireless interfaces allow data exchange between onboard and external devices. Service and fleet management are optimized through a single point of command for tasks such as data collection and distribution, fleet management, routing, ticket printing, and passenger information. Modular Rugged Platforms CompactPCI has established a mainstay role in transportation design fueled by its advantages such as inherent ruggedness, rear I/O and an extensive range of PCI-compatible software. Almost universally recognized as a simple platform to implement, upgrade and maintain, CompactPCI delivers high processing capabilities and huge I/O throughput over a range of interfaces such as Gigabit Ethernet, USB, VGA, DVI, SATA or Compact Flash in a proven small and rugged form factor. Ongoing improvements in space and energy savings are furthering the role of this platform, enabled by advancements such as the Intel 32nm, Atom-based low power processors and multi-core architectures. Today fanless, modular 3U CompactPCI RAID systems are delivering flexible, open system architectures for maximum designability; these systems are highly reliable, and include an integrated network power management controller. Further, low power CompactPCI boards achieve performance-to-power ratios that offer greater options in meeting limitations on power consumption. Designers have ready access to a passive cooling concept for convection cooled and forced airflow applications, ideal for thermally challenged transportation applications. CP305 CAPTION: The Kontron CP305, a low power 3U CompactPCI board, supports the highly efficient Intel Atom N270 combined with the Intel 945GSE Express Chipset and ICH7-M I/O Controller Hub. Its low power characteristics provide designers with a thermal design power value of typically 10 W. In the past, natural convection cooled applications were severely limited by the 12 to 15 Watt threshold. Combined with a heatsink design, the CP305 is viable for transportation systems and applications where additional cooling by fans is not feasible. The CP305 is fully EN50155 compliant and enables extremely rugged design with direct soldered processors and memory. Integrated 32nm processor technology along with multi-core performance benefits mean CompactPCI systems can enable new and more compute-intensive applications such as tunnel surveillance, as well as provide options for upgrading and extending the life of currently deployed systems. These benefits are illustrated through VBTC (Video-Based Traffic Control) Tunnel, an automated tunnel surveillance system developed by Austrian-based Center Communications Systems, Austria s largest supplier of communications systems employed in public and private traffic surveillance. Using CompactPCI as its platform, the system promises to increase safety of road traffic tunnels while also reducing tunnel operating costs overall. VBTC analyzes real-time digital image sequences, intelligently recognizing vehicle type, speed and distance from other vehicles, along with other safety-critical traffic hazards such as pedestrians in the tunnel, smoke or fog, wrong way drivers, freight dropped by vehicles and breakdowns on the hard shoulder. The system measures and forecasts the flow and density of traffic helping to avoid tunnel closures and manage traffic with real-time intelligence and control. VBTC s advanced algorithms provide an unprecedented level of automated precision, including an improved singleframe image processing method and an intelligent alert management system which independently interprets and filters conditions that are detected automatically. Using CompactPCI systems equipped with multi-core CompactPCI boards, VBTC detects traffic status and issues with 99.9 percent precision. Eight analog cameras (superior 5

6 to digital technology due to their greater sensitivity to light) are installed in each of the tunnels to be monitored; each unit features a Kontron CP307 3U CompactPCI board as its primary CPU. Each CPU processes enormous amounts of data, analyzing video images in real time, and simultaneously controlling the alert management system. Compiled data is stored for defined periods of time, and is further protected by either RAID-5 or RAID-10 technology date-, time- and location-stamp to ensure its legal value if necessary in court. CP306 CP307 CAPTION: The Kontron CP307 is a high performance rugged Intel Core Duo SBC with 667 MHz front side bus, DDR2-SDRAM expandable up to 4GB and comprehensive communication interfaces. Another CompactPCI implementation proving highly successful is found on Italy s new high speed/high capacity railway network AV/AC. OEM Ansaldo STS developed two scalable CompactPCI system platforms; these include central post unit for interlocking, alarm and reporting, as well as the operator interface which is the key physical interface between the signaller and the central unit. The system was developed to eliminate the possibility of human error and ensure continuous control over the train s movement. The result is the highest degree of safety at the fastest speeds, enabling a comfortable frequency of trains which often run just minutes apart. CompactPCI was chosen due to its high performance and reliability, coupled with its cost efficiency and scalability. The system incorporates two redundant CompactPCI servers (one online and one backup), each of which are equipped with two Kontron CompactPCI processor boards, several communication boards, (managing the communication to external lines and controlling the data exchange to/from the CPU) and a vital watchdog. The result is an integrated communication-based train control and track management system which provides a new level of safety and efficiency preventing train-to-train collisions, enforcing restrictions on speed and protecting workers and passengers. Newer on the market is VPX, gaining ground in the defense arena and starting to win projects in the broad transportation market as well. As successor of the proven CAPTION: Implemented in Italy s Vital Interlocking Train Control Unit, the Kontron CP-306 is an Intel Pentium M-based CompactPCI processor board offering Intel Pentium M performance up to 1.8 GHz. The board features a maximum of 1 GB DDR SDRAM, an integrated 3D high performance VGA controller, 2x USB 2.0, 1x fast Ethernet and 1x Gigabit Ethernet. Today, fully compatible Intel Atom based CompactPCI boards (Kontron CP305) could be used as an alternative, granting an even higher performance-perwatt ratio. The processor boards are accompanied by rear I/O-modules offering two additional USB 2.0 ports, one fast Ethernet port, two COM ports, a VGA CRT interface and a primary EIDE port. VME computer blade standard, widely used in industrial computing and control applications, the VPX standard offers higher signal bandwidth and data throughput for serial busses such as PCI Express, Gigabit Ethernet, SATA etc. VPX is broadly defined by VITA 46, utilizing the latest switch fabric technologies for 3U and 6U format blades, connected by differential signal technology connectors. All Kontron VPX products are based on the VITA 65 OpenVPX architecture framework for system level VPX interoperability. For applications requiring extensive processing performance, high speed communication and storage, VPX is the futureoriented standard for the next 20 years and beyond. Application-Ready Platforms Offer Streamlined Performance Streamlining operations is an essential trend in improving performance; many operators are approaching this by replacing disparate or outdated systems with a single, centralized and open embedded computing platform. One such example of a centralized system is Venturo C-Box and G-Box, implemented for a public bus operator servicing various related cities and regions. Meeting the operator s high-level functional and technical requirements demands the same EN50155 ratings used in railways, tramways or light rail applications. Committed to using new technology to improve passenger services, this operator includes a broad range of onboard equipment options such as CCTV, an SMS dispatch system, support system operations, 6

7 communication and GPS. Passengers have the ability to receive SMS text messages alerting them to traffic disturbances or delays of individual buses. to 70 C with a rugged-profiled aluminum case. Integrating the 1.6 GHz Intel Atom processor Z530 with 533 MHz FSB, the MPCX28R supports up to 1GB of DDR2 RAM and allows customer-specific extensions though a PCI/104 expansion slot for space-saving PCI/104 expansion cards. MPCX28-R CAPTION: The Venturo Light Rail/Road Vehicle Management System is e1 and EN50155 certified central vehicle management platform for road and railway vehicles. Flexible installation and control is enabled by its various subsystems including its central management device, called C-Box, along with a GSM voice and audio communication system called GBox, display device and ticket called HMI and additional accessories such as RF badge readers and antennas. C-Box is the heart of the system and manages all central computing tasks such as data collection and distribution, fleet management, routing, ticket printing, and passenger information. Its extreme design includes high reliability components and waterproof housing for harsh environments. Venturo incorporates the Kontron nanoetxexpress-sp COM with Intel Atom Z5xx processor is the central server of the C-Box, which manages all in- and out-bound data. Galvanically isolated digital I/O and serial lines (including a higher IP65 environmental protection rating) interface the system to the vehicle, and to the outside world via integrated GSM and WLAN connections. Vehicle localization further enables improved service management, and is supported through a GPS receiver including dead reckoning options. The Venturo HMI connects to the C-Box to provide passengers with fare information and tickets, while providing application-specific software menus to the driver. The G-Box is driven by an ARM9 processor architecture and connects to the C-Box; G-Box extends the standard feature set with audio functionality for passenger announcements or enabling an audio alarm channel to the stationary service department. Other flexible design options, available in a long-life system pre-tested and validated for thermal performance, present an essential advantage to transportation OEMs getting to market with a cost-effective product. The Kontron EN certified and T3 or TX-compliant Railway Box-PC systems for example, readily address uniquely demanding market needs. The Kontron MICROSPACE MPCX28R is passively cooled and designed for the extended temperature range from -25 C CAPTION: The Kontron MICROSPACE MPCX28R is particularly energy efficient, offering a 1.5 kv isolated power supply and robust M12 interface connector for 2x Fast Ethernet, USB 2.0 and power. Front access to drives or flash media makes this Box-PC especially compact and ready to install for passenger infotainment or security applications, as saved media can easily be exchanged simply by swapping out the storage device. Similar to airplanes, modern railway driver consoles and dashboards use intelligent display computers, such as the Kontron HMITR, as digital instruments and information systems for the driver. HMITR CAPTION: The Kontron HMITR is a rugged HMI display computer for transportation applications, such as driver instrumentation or information terminal. Based on the x86 Intel Atom E6xx, the 10.4 inch LED display is certified to UIC and EN50155, is robust with battery and fanless features, and offers a touch panel or 32 hard keys. 7

8 The Kontron HMITR rugged HMI display can be used in one of two versions, either with hard keys or with touch screen. The design meets the requirements for the driver s cab of the International Union of Railways (UIC), which calls for reducing costs through modularization of components, improving operational procedures and assists in generating cost savings in terms of driver training. The Kontron HMITR fulfills these rigid railway cockpit standards including those related to smoke and fire. Its compact design uses a minimum of space, providing a great advantage in the retrofit and modernization of existing trains. The modular layout permits easy, short term and cost-effective customization of features such as GPS, GSM, GSM-R, LTE, WiFi, MVB, WTB and other interfaces. Further, the HMITR design allows integration and realization of SIL security levels. While a high speed/high capacity train cockpit can be equipped with four HMITRs that are needed for multiple applications, the dashboard of a metro train may only require one or two HMITRs. Kontron systems purpose-built for rugged transportation applications offer designers a range of standards-based systems with specific characteristics. The KISS 4U KTC5520, part of the Kontron KISS product series (Kontron Industrial Silent Servers) features an operating temperature range of 0 C to 50 C, an operating humidity range of percent, all-around IP 20 protection (optionally upgradeable to IP 52 at the front), and high shock and vibration protection meeting the needs of transportation applications demanding high computing and graphics performance in a more ruggedized system. Hot-swappable fans, easily accessible from a front tray, allow field maintenance of cooling systems without removal of the server from its rack, and eliminating downtime caused by requiring more extensive access to the top or rear of the system. Manufacturer Expertise Supports Design Leadership Based on the complex set of challenges in this market and the required long-term design approach, designers may significantly benefit their time and development budgets by seeking systems expertise at the manufacturer level. By working closely with manufacturers, transportation OEMs can maintain their core competencies, and better manage their costs and time-to-market advantage. Project management and semi- and full-custom design can add tangible value based on extensive knowledge of compliance requirements and industry certifications that so tightly define design parameters. Kontron s gated development process has everyone working to timeline and specific task, managing qualification and certification data packages and executing pre-compliance qualification testing for prototypes. This management by objective is a key business initiative in which OEMs and ODMs have a single local point of contact for project management. Local research and development ensures quick access to the latest technologies and design techniques, and regional support extends the relationship with production and logistic sites on every continent. Cost savings throughout the value chain start with reduced research and development expenses, and Kontron s global supply chain management provides a secure, cost-effective supply of quality components for OEMs and ODMs. Manufacturing and assembly of boards and systems, as well as software design and validation, is managed based on state-of-the-art industry standards, and encompasses real-world expertise across the range of form factors and platforms. KISS4U KTC5520 CAPTION: The Kontron 4U KTC5520 incorporates the KTC5520- EATX Server Board, single or dual socket with two Intel Xeon CPU options, including the Dual Intel Xeon 6-Core L5638 processor or the Intel Xeon 45nm quad core processor 5500 Series. 8

9 Summary/Conclusion The growing importance on sustaining communities through effective mobility means transportation demands are booming like never before. China alone has committed 700 billion RMB annually (about $100 billion U.S.) to the expansion of its rail network; even the U.S. is stepping into high-speed rail with a $40 billion system being developed in California. The range of design opportunities and requirements is growing accordingly applications run the gamut from conductor operations and terminals, automatic piloting, centralized control centers, safety monitoring, real-time passenger information systems and much more. Further, applications are constantly reaching for greater performance and networking, while also requiring the highest levels of ruggedization and reliability. Expectations of service and versatility are generally increasing as well, requiring designs that do much more than just satisfy longevity, low power and extreme processing demands. Wireless interfaces such WiFi, GSM/3G, LTE and GPS warrant highly integrated designs that provide high electromechanical reliability while keeping system cabling to a minimum. This same evolution applies to systems used by police and rescue vehicles, fire brigade, waste management and command trucks, as well as high performance applications such as data gateways for railways, or video security and surveillance in buses or trams. Even new and evolving arenas such as agriculture and mining applications are taking advantage of innovative onboard systems to improve operations, competitive leadership and output. This broad ranging market represents numerous unique applications, however reduced costs and inefficiencies are universal drivers for embedded designers. Illustrated by Kontron s range of proven solutions, the most competitive and technologically-suited options include modular systems and application-ready platforms based on COTS products. This design approach provides an effective means of meeting specific system requirements, reducing time-tomarket, and supporting lifecycle and extended availability. Standards-based products are economical in terms of development time and cost, and also support objectives for reduced long-term costs based on high-volume production. Manufacturing partnerships may be essential to the transportation design community, providing expertise and long-term support that makes the competitive difference today and moving forward. 9

10 About Kontron Kontron is a global leader in embedded computing technology. With more than 30% of its employees in Research and Development, Kontron creates many of the standards that drive the world s embedded computing platforms. Kontron s product longevity, local engineering and support, and value-added services, helps create a sustainable and viable embedded solution for OEMs and system integrators. Kontron works closely with its customers on their embedded application-ready platforms and custom solutions, enabling them to focus on their core competencies. The result is an accelerated time-to-market, reduced total-cost-of-ownership and an improved overall application with leading-edge, highly-reliable embedded technology. Kontron is listed on the German TecDAX stock exchange under the symbol "KBC". For more information, please visit: CORPORATE OFFICES Europe, Middle East & Africa Oskar-von-Miller-Str Eching/Munich Germany Tel.: +49 (0)8165/ Fax: +49 (0)8165/ info@kontron.com North America Stowe Drive Poway, CA USA Tel.: Fax: sales@us.kontron.com Asia Pacific 17 Building,Block #1,ABP. 188 Southern West 4th Ring Road Beijing , P.R.China Tel.: Fax: kcn@kontron.cn #Whitepaper - Transportation - Modular COTS # WMH All data is for information purposes only and not guaranteed for legal purposes. Subject to change without notice. Information in this datasheet has been carefully checked and is believed to be accurate; however, no responsibility is assumed for inaccuracies. All brand or product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. 10