Cooperative Sustainability of the Military Training Mission

Transcription

1 Cooperative Sustainability of the Military Training Mission Integrated Noise Management 22 CFR 125.4(b)(3) applicable Bulgaria Workshop DEC 09, 22 CFR 125.4(b)(3) applicable 1

2 2 Goals and Objectives Goals Understand US Military s noise management programs Assist Host Nation in establishing an Integrated Noise Management program Objectives Understand the program concept and process Identify government and non-government agencies and resources involved Understand what each of the program components does Understand the planning and development process Understand how to measure results and benefits

3 3 Overview Outline of Discussion Topics Historical Context Definition of Noise Calculation and Tools Metrics for Expressing Noise Effects Impacts of Noise Management Programs and Implementation Conclusions and Guidance Discussion Topics

4 4 Historical Context Origin: Need to protect sustainability of continued aircraft operations Mitchell Field, NY closed because of encroachment 1970s - Lowry, Chanute, Laredo stopped or reduced flying due to encroachment AICUZ program established by Gary Vest AICUZ program starts using Day/Night Average Noise Level (DNL) descriptor per EPA request

5 5 Installation Location, 1930s In the past, military installations were generally located in rural areas away from communities NAS Oceana 1939

6 6 Installation Location, 1940s As military installations are established support facilities are needed NAS Oceana 1943

7 7 Installation Location, 1960s Soon, communities began to sprout in the vicinity of military installations NAS Oceana 1960

8 8 Installation Locations, Today As communities mature and grow, they begin to encroach upon military installations NAS Oceana 2000

9 9 The Sound of Freedom A bi-product of the military missions is noise at bases and ranges stemming from: Aircraft Artillery Demolitions Vehicles Weapons Testing

10 10 Routine Aviation Noise Routine aviation noise can be a problem for surrounding communities

11 11 Public Engagement a Key Element Disclosure and continuous community awareness is key to addressing noise issues with surrounding communities

12 12 Community Concerns Community noise concerns center around: Health Safety Environment Quality of Life Economics

13 13 What is Noise? What is noise anyway and how is it defined? Sound A physical phenomenon Minute vibrations, sensed by the human ear, traveling through a medium such as air or water Noise Unwanted sound that disturbs activities Decibel (db) - The logarithmic unit of measure for sound Addition of Sounds - 70 db + 70 db = 73 db

14 14 Characteristics and Measurement The perception and measurement of sound involves two basic physical characteristics: Intensity How loud A measure of the acoustic energy of the sound vibrations, expressed in terms of sound pressure (Volume) A 10 db increase is a doubling of acoustic energy Frequency Pitch of the sound Number of times per second the air vibrates or oscillates (Pitch) A-Weighting The adjustment of actual decibel level to a scale matching the level perceived by the human ear, abbreviated as db(a)

15 15 Terminology in Noise Science Common terms related to noise management Noise Level The amount of sound energy that can be measured at any given location from a single noise event or from cumulative events over a specified time period using various metrics Noise Impact A term often used to communicate noise level; should only be used when noise effects are adverse Abatement Measures that reduce noise level at the source or the receptor (pertains to operational procedures) Mitigation Measures that reduce the impact of noise at the receptor (pertains to land use procedures)

16 16 How Loud? This provides a reference to compare sound levels from various common sources Expressed in terms of maximum sound level

17 Assessing Noise Levels and Impacts Bulgaria Workshop DEC 09, 22 CFR 125.4(b)(3) applicable 17 How is impact from aviation noise calculated, predicted, and determined and what tools or processes are needed?

18 18 Computer Modeling of Noise Noise effects are calculated by using NOISEMAP and a suite of computer programs from inputs including: Field-measured noise profiles for each aircraft Detailed operational data for each airbase Noise Measurement Database of measured military aircraft noise 96 United States Military aircraft 20 Foreign Military aircraft Noise prediction models Subsonic Supersonic Cumulative exposure Single event

19 19 Noise as a Function of Speed Subsonic NOISEMAP - airbases ROUTEMAP - training routes MR_NMAP - military operating areas, training ranges Single Event Noise Model Supersonic PCBOOM - Single event BOOMMAP - Complex environment

20 20 Computer Model Output Computer models generate maps depicting aviation noise Illustrates noise impact on the installation and surrounding community Noise levels depicted by contour lines Single event contours called Sound Exposure Levels (SEL) Averaged daily levels contours called Day Night Average Sound Level (DNL) DNL Noise Contour

21 21 Sound Exposure Level (SELs) Single Events or Sound Exposure Level (SELs) Primary component Day Night Average Noise Level (DNL) Normalizes the total energy of a noise event to a 1-second duration Enables addition of multi-events and calculation of the average sound level

22 22 Example of Modeling Animation of Touch and Go SEL by an F-16C, illustrating the propagation of noise from a single event Notice the arrival segment is quieter than the departure segment

23 23 Model Input Data Needs Information required to generate noise exposure include, Types of aircraft in fleet Flight operations data (e.g., number of aircraft operating) Flight tracks (e.g., arrival and departure location, traffic patterns used) Aircraft performance (i.e., thrust, altitude, and airspeed ) Runway and flight track utilization

24 24 Fleet Mix Model Inputs Fleet mix Types of aircraft operating Aircraft Average Daily Operations F-14A 8.17 F-18A/C 34.2 P-3A S-3A&B T-2C T-38A UH60A Total

25 25 Flight Tracks Model Inputs Flight Tracks Flight tracks are derived from: Radar data Field observation Tower interviews Pilot interviews Radar is the best data source Accurate and defensible Standard procedure in today s aviation modeling practice

26 26 Flight Profiles Model Inputs Flight Profile Thrust Altitude Airspeed

27 27 Runway and Flight Tracks Used Model Inputs Runway and Flight Track Utilization Runway % of Total Events

28 28 Now What? Now that we know how to generate noise information what do we do with it?

29 29 Modeling Generates Contour Maps Measurement and depiction of noise effects in DNL Annualized time-average of the total sound energy over a 24-hour period 10-db weighting for nighttime events (10 PM to 7 AM) Uses SEL as the single event dose metric

30 Relationship Between SEL and DNL Bulgaria Workshop DEC 09, 22 CFR 125.4(b)(3) applicable 30 DNL is dominated by loudest events A few louder events are equivalent to many quieter events

31 Measurement and Depiction of Noise Effects in DNL Bulgaria Workshop DEC 09, 22 CFR 125.4(b)(3) applicable 31 Regarded by Federal Interagency Committee on Noise (FICAN) as the best descriptor of long term community noise exposure DNL used to depict the effects of noise Expressed in decibels (db) DoD and FAA implemented DNL in Regulations

32 32 Helicopter Noise is Different Helicopter noise is not symmetric Unique 3-D directivity pattern

33 33 Noise Exposure Levels Moderate Exposure Noise level in areas regarded as not adversely impacted Generally in the range of DNL db Significant Exposure Noise level associated with adverse impacts Defined in FAA regulations and environmental policies Generally in the range of DNL db Severe Exposure Noise level that can only be effectively mitigated by acquisition Generally at or above DNL 75 db

34 34 Environmental Effects of Noise Human response Annoyance Hearing Damage Sleep Disturbance Activity Disruption (National Parks) Animal response Wildlife Domestic animals

35 35 Environmental Effects of Noise Structures Plaster damage Glass breakage Structural assessment tool

36 Noise Land Use Compatibility Matrix Bulgaria Workshop DEC 09, 22 CFR 125.4(b)(3) applicable 36 Land Uses Outdoor Amphitheater Residential Transient Lodging Places of Worship, Schools Commercial Retail Wholesale Manufacturing Agriculture, Public Right of Way DNL < > 75

37 Avoiding or Mitigating Noise Impacts Bulgaria Workshop DEC 09, 22 CFR 125.4(b)(3) applicable 37 How can the impacts from military noise (particularly aviation) be avoided or mitigated? Implement a proactive approach using: Land use planning Disclosure Noise abatement Public outreach

38 Air Installation Compatible Use Zone Bulgaria Workshop DEC 09, 22 CFR 125.4(b)(3) applicable 38 Air Installation Compatible Use Zone (AICUZ) is the primary planning program used by the military to: Assist in protect the health, safety, and welfare of those living near the facility, While ensuring the continuing flight mission of the installation

39 39 The AICUZ Program Established in response to the Noise Control Act of 1972 Promotes an environment free from noise that jeopardizes public health or welfare Provide recommendations to the decision-makers in local communities in managing land use near air installations Factor in determining effective land use controls that municipalities should consider in their planning and zoning processes Encourages communities to adopt land use controls that will ensure compatible development in adjacent areas adversely affected by military operations AICUZ also serves to protect military airfields from encroachment and incompatible land development

40 Service Noise Management Programs Bulgaria Workshop DEC 09, 22 CFR 125.4(b)(3) applicable 40 Air Force Navy Army AICUZ ONMP The Air Installation Compatible Use Zone Program deals with military airfields The Army s Operational Noise Management Program deals with Army bases and ranges and the noise associated with ground-based range operations Marine Corps Navy RAICUZ The Range Air Installation Compatible Use Zone Program is exclusively associated with Navy and Marine Corps test and training ranges

41 41 AICUZ Programs and Planning AICUZ Programs support planning and proactive measures protecting the community through establishment of: Noise Zones Land Use Compatibility Recommendations APZs (Accident Potential Zones)

42 42 AICUZ Programs Process Map noise contours and accident zones Adjust aircraft operations to minimize adverse effects Provide AICUZ report to public Recommend compatible land uses and identify problem areas Ask community to consider noise and accident risk in land use decisions Work cooperatively with governments to reduce conflicts

43 43 AICUZ Implementation Process AICUZ is advisory Local governments have the authority to control land use Appropriate zoning Developmental regulations Building permits Disclosure requirements

44 44 Process for Land Use Planning The Land Use component should follow the basic process as outlined below: Identification: Determine existing land use relationships and configurations. Identify future land use requirements. Evaluation: Examine possible solutions to meet future requirements given constraints and opportunities on and around the installation. Implementation: Specify land use changes that are needed to accommodate specific policies, programs and projects to meet future needs of the installation.

45 45 Functional Relationship Analysis Assesses the compatibility of land uses and between adjoining land uses Relationship exists when the efficient performance of activities within one land use category depends upon maintaining or enhancing the flows that originate in another category Identify significant discrepancies and incompatibilities Justification for recommendations you make later in the Plan

46 Establishing a Noise Management Program Bulgaria Workshop DEC 09, 22 CFR 125.4(b)(3) applicable 46 Identify surrounding and on-base land uses Determine the location of incompatible land use types, including residential, school, medical facilities, and parks Methods used to include Geographical Information Systems analysis of: Aerial or satellite high resolution photography Parcel outlines, zoning, and related demographic data Real estate tax mapping Local land use and comprehensive plans Actual land use versus zoning

47 47 AICUZ Land Use Compatibility

48 GIS in a Noise Management Program Bulgaria Workshop DEC 09, 22 CFR 125.4(b)(3) applicable 48 GIS is the preferred tool for evaluating land use GIS Generated Land use Mapping Geospatially illustrate land use types Data available for large portions of the world from existing government sources Correlates land use types, zoning, and demographic data

49 49 Identify Various Land Use Types From various sources land use types can be identified GIS Map Commercial Aerial Photography Housing Vacant Parks

50 50 Benefits of AICUZ Program General benefits can be subjective Often described in long term sustainability Frequent implementation Cooperative and complementary relationship between military installations and their neighboring communities so that both may work towards their goals

51 51 Objectives for Public Consensus General AICUZ Objectives for Public Consensus Win approval for a proposed project Enhance long-term success of airport growth initiatives Identify and analyze mitigation measures Optimize noise abatement throughout the entire study area, not just inside DNL 65 db contour Improve/maintain credibility and communication among stakeholders Meet or exceed public expectations Support local noise standards Improve response to noise complaints

52 Objectives for Improving Credibility Bulgaria Workshop DEC 09, 22 CFR 125.4(b)(3) applicable 52 General AICUZ Objectives for Improving Credibility Identify stakeholders Airport and aircraft operators Affected agencies and jurisdictions Community advocacy groups Interested or affected citizens Quantify aircraft noise levels throughout the entire study area using easily understood metrics Perform analysis sufficient to identify/address all viable abatement opportunities within the study area Widely distribute the results to the public via multimedia

53 Objectives for Community Involvement Bulgaria Workshop DEC 09, 22 CFR 125.4(b)(3) applicable 53 General AICUZ Objectives for Improving Community Involvement Critical to noise compatibility studies Should be maintained throughout the study Community feedback helps identify Land-use measures Abatement measures

54 Examples Noise Management and ACUIZ Programs Bulgaria Workshop DEC 09, 22 CFR 125.4(b)(3) applicable 54 Examples of successful and unsuccessful noise management and ACUIZ program implementations exist What are some examples of successes? What is an example of difficulties encountered? What conclusions can be drawn?

55 55 Tinker AFB Tinker AFB, in an urban setting in the mid-west U.S., adopted a highly aggressive AICUZ program for noise generated from aircraft (transient and home base) Oklahoma City and Midwest City adopted airport zoning ordinances for Tinker AFB and worked with Tinker AFB to acquire adjacent land to mitigate noise Success of program attributed to community engagement Tinker noise impact around the surrounding community was minimized while maximizing compatible land use Manpower Money Time Community Involvement Low Medium Medium High

56 56 Fort A.P. Hill Fort A.P. Hill, Virginia uses noise measurement technology to assess noise off the installation Noise contours calculated in 1984; updated in 1997 Steps taken by Fort A.P. Hill included: Establish No-Fly Zones around local communities Routed helicopter traffic over the installation instead of over communities and farms Installed continuous noise monitoring system Partnership with county government on zoning and development of comprehensive plans Manpower Money Time Community Involvement Low Low Medium Medium

57 57 NAS Oceana NAS Oceana, Virginia has had on-going issues mitigating and abating noise off the installation 1995 BRAC Commission found that the encroachment issues were having a detrimental effect on the operations and training of the Navy's Atlantic Fleet Strike Fighter Wings Implications at NAS Oceana included: Request to enact state and local legislation and ordinances to establish a program to condemn and purchase all the incompatible use property located within the Accident Potential Zone 1 areas for Naval Air Station Oceana, as depicted in the 1999 AICUZ pamphlet Considerable community friction Ultimately was rejected by the US Secretary of Defense for BRAC realignment in 2005 Manpower Money Time Community Involvement High High High High

58 58 Keys to Success Conclusions drawn to implementing a successful AICUZ program Planning Community Outreach Disclosure Abatement Potential Mitigation

59 59 Planning Conclusions to Planning The Law of Conservation Military Bases Establish Community Planning Liaison Planners influence the decision makers Training Networking

60 60 Outreach Conclusions to Community Outreach Brief Homeowners Associations, Civic Leagues, Realtors, Businesses, Service Organizations, Planning Commissions, City Councils Community Leaders Forum Noise complaints/noise abatement Tours and air shows Partnering

61 61 Disclosure Conclusions to Disclosure Educate real estate professionals Lack AICUZ knowledge Guaranteed loans/financing AICUZ classes Office workshops Newsletters Provide AICUZ brochure

62 62 Abatement Conclusions to Abatement Reduce run noise Analyze and adjust flight tracks and operational procedures Potential Changes: Maintain safety Must not affect mission Must not transfer noise

63 63 Mitigation Conclusions to Mitigation Zoning to prohibit noise sensitive development, such as homes, schools, and hospitals Building codes that require additional sound insulation for noise sensitive buildings Acquisition of non-compatible land so that the property may either be redeveloped for compatible use or may remain vacant for safety reasons Sound insulation programs for homes and schools that are already exposed to unacceptable noise levels

64 64 Additional Elements in Success Additional keys to implementing successful AICUZ It is important that military installations do not operate in a vacuum but are subject to the influences of nearby political bodies. These bodies will follow the courses most expedient to their needs. Applying pressure to change the course of a political body in motion will create friction.

65 65 Additional Elements in Success Additional keys to implementing successful AICUZ The further a body deviates from the prescribed course, the greater the energy required to redirect that body Urban encroachment will slow when a political body assumes your course is most expedient to its needs

66 66 Resources Additional materials are available to assist with AICUZ and Noise Management Risk Communications Primer Guidelines for Sound Insulation of Residences e/aicuz/aicuz.asp

67 67 Resources The following materials are publicly available and accessible for use in development of AICUZ Noise Contours Training materials U.S. Air Force General Plan guidance documents for implementation of AICUZ program - Guidance documents Air Installation Compatible Use Zone Program - and Department of Defense INST Facility Planning Factor Criteria for Navy & Marine Corp Installations - Tools Noise modeling software such as NoiseMap BaseOps, and NMPlot can be obtained from Wasmer Consulting - Technologies Geographic Information System (GIS), ArcGIS software suite can be obtained from ESRI for base mapping, land use, and community impact analysis

68 68 International Requirements Presented information and requirements are those followed in the United States; Host Nation requirements may differ in some areas Host Nation regulations may or may not be more stringent Final requirements are often negotiated between operator and Host Nation Repository of most NATO nation requirements can be found at: hfreport.pdf North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

69 69 International Requirements Geopolitical requirements based on current or potential future social alliances or membership may dictate alternative environmental requirements International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) European Union (EU)

70 70 Integrated Noise Management Questions?

71 71 References Joint Land Use Study, Program Guidance Manual, Office of Economic Development, August 2002 Air Installation Compatible Use Zone Study for Randolph Air Force Base, Texas, December The Military Airport and the Community Next Door, AICUZ/RAICUZ Center of Excellence, Fred Pierson. Air Force Noise Programs, Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence, Bob Lester. Air Installation Compatible Use Zone (AICUZ) Program, Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence, Lt. Col Selstrom. Noise Basics and Concepts, Wyle Aviations Services, Bill Albee, March 2006.