,PRODUCTION OF BIOGASFROM COW 'DUNG

Transcription

1 ...,PRODUCTION OF BIOGASFROM COW 'DUNG BY JEMISENIA RUTH OLUWAFUNMILAYO 92/2556 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING. AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA, NIGER STATE, NIGERIA. IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE A WARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B. ENG) \ DECEMBER, 1998.

2 . DECLARATION I, Jemisenia R.O. declare that this Project is my original work and it has not been presented elsewhere for award of degree Jemisenia R.O. ". i

3 _,,"TrYT 7i1T r. CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this Project was carried out by JEMISENIA R.O. for the Partial Fulfillment of the award of Bachelor de~ee in chemical Engineering. ~~~~ Project Supervisor. Date Head of Department, ~r,"~,f'" t 1 I r Date External Examiner Date ii

4 DEDICATION To Mr and Mrs lo. Jemisenia, my parents. My Clan J.O. Jemisenia Sons and Daughters My dear friend Uhunmwangho ltua and to my all in all, Jehovah Elshaidai, I dedicate this work. iii \

5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work could not h~ve been without the help of many p~ople. Among them is my family, the lo. Jemisenias, who believed in me and supported me in all measures. I am deeply grateful to the family of Dr. lo. Uhunmwangho, Mr and Mrs segun Akanle, Dr Ajisegiris, for their prayers and concern. The presence of my Head of department, Dr, J. O. Odigure would be greatly treasured for his advice throughtout my stay in the department. The assistance of my supervisor Dr J.F. Aberuagba will not go unnoticed, who within his tight schedule, still took the pains to correct and improve the manuscript. His comments and review of work has been most valuable. I'm greatly indebted to Isaac Ajayi and Bode Thomas whose support, encouragement and. idea saw me throughout the finishing of the work. I also owe a lot of appreciation to my colleagues in my class. I wish to recognise people like Mayomi Alege, Bayo Ogunkoya,Bunmi Adeegbe, Doyin Adebisi and Alhassan.. I'm most indebted to great friends like; Goddie, Lydia, Dorcas, Seye Omodele, Tayo (Bro) Tayo (sis), Mrs Dorthy Baba, Tope, Andrew, Friday, Mathew, Ehosa, Foyeke, Associate, Deji, Jide, Toyin, Yomi, Femi Banigbe. To fuy'lecturers, Mr. Abduraheem, Duncan, Olutoye, Akpan, Mrs Etengho, Dr Ezemoyah iv

6 and the chief technologist, Dr Imeh and to Miss Iyabo Alemide (Animal Production Dept.) Dr E.B Oyetola I say, a big thank you. To my Loved ones, Anna Sheu, Yemi Oyetunji, Perpertual Odigue, Chika Okomokwo, Wale Yusuf, I say I appreciate you. Tope, Dupe, Bukola, Shade, Wumi, Lara, Bola I wish to say thanks. To my clans: Eunice, Kayode, Dupe, Ibukun, John and a brother Adeola Amire, I say I love you all. lowe a debt of gratitude to my pastors, Archiles Edward and brethren at F.C.S., F.D.T. Minna for their prayers. My thanks goes to Dhunmwangho Itua who gave life a new meaning I appreciate you dearly. Finally, I am most grateful to God the father of all, Jesus Christ my Sweet companion and Holy Spirit my guide to whom lowe everything. v

7 ABSTRACT This work is based on the production of biogas from cow dung at room temperature. The operating condition here are PH value 7.27, Temperature 32 c and retention time of 20days. Effect of seeding with bacteria increases the rate of production and mixing is an essential part that also aids the production of biogas. Continous retention of cowdung in digester after 20days is not economical. This work present the design and construction ofbiogas plant to treat 14kg of cowding. The plant is capable of producing O.007m 3 at average working temperature of 32 c. vi f

8 TABLE OF CONTENT 1ritle 1?age ~ I>eclaratioIl i CertificatioIl ii I>edicatioIl iii AckIlowledgemeIlt i\lostract ralole of coilteilt x I-ist of1figllfes )( I-ist of taloles--':' )( iv vi vii Nomenclatllfe }(ii CHAPTER ONE 1.0 BackgroUIld ! 1.1 Biogas productioil Olojective of study SigIlificaIlce of study i\dvailtages of project Vialoility of the proj ect vii

9 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Biomass as energy sollfce ~ 2.1 present de"eloping Biomass technology Need for modemization Application of Biomass energy technology Biogas CHAPTER THREE 3.0 ()rganic matter Biochemical process reqllirement Composition and fuel of Biogas J>llfification of Biogas Conditions for Biogas prodllction CHAPTER FOUR 4. 0 Experimentals viaterials Eqllipments viethodology CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 Flesllits J>1I "allle viii

10 5.2 Analysis of slurry Analysis of results Percentage Analysis Daily Biogas Production Results obtained after seeding and without mixing.-----: CHAPTER SIX 6.0 Design and construction of a biogas plant Design consideration Material balance around the digester Design D ata Material selection Method of construction Plant operration Maintenance and safety Material costing CHAPTER SEVEN 7.0 Discussion of results ~ CHAPTER EIGHT. ' 8.0 Conc I USlon Recommendation , References Appendix ix

11 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table I Main lechinical featurl.!s of fixed done and,flotaling drum biogas plant 17 Table 2 Biogas for cooking and po\\'er gencration in India. 18 Table 3 Typical composition of Uiogas from waste 23 Table 4 Calorific value of differcnt kinds of fuels Table 5.1 Results of PH value Table 5.3 Analysis of Result x.....

12 Table 5.4 Percentage Analysis 34 Table 5.5 Results of Daily Biogas produced 36 Table 5.6 Results of volume and pressure ofbiogas from the effect of seen ding with bacteria and without mixing. 37 Table 6.7 Common problems with Biogas units and their Remedies..50 LIST OF FIGURES Fig 1: Degradation of complex organic substrate under anaerobic condition 22 Fig2: Flow sheet of the process xi

13 NOMENCLATURE RT = Retention time,( days) Methane gas C~ Carbondioxide A = Weight of dish(g) B = Weight of dish + sample (g) before drying C = Weight of dish + sample (g) after drying at 105 C D = Weight odf dish + sample (g) after ashing at e TS = Total solids xii

14 VS Volatile solids MC Moisture Content AC = Ash content = Water Required energy to heat wast to reactor operational temperature. = Operation temperature = Waste temperature S = Specific heat Ms = Mass of sludge V = Volume r = Radius xiii

15 h Height. m = metres Cu.ft = Cubicfeet kg = Kilogram d Diameter 7t = Pie p = density xiv