Approaches to managing freight in metropolitan areas

Transcription

1 Approaches to managing freight in metropolitan areas City Logistics Research: A Trans-Atlantic Perspective EU-US Transportation Research Symposium No. 1 May 2013 Genevieve Giuliano University of Southern California Laetitia Dablanc IFSTTAR, University of Paris-Est

2 Introduction Cities around the world grappling with the urban freight problem Freight works, system is effective, flexible...but at a cost for cities Many strategies, experiments But strikingly little systematic research Our purpose: Consider effectiveness, applicability in US and the EU Identify opportunities for collaborative research

3 Presentation outline The urban freight problem Possible solutions and assessment Metro core Environmental mitigation Metropolitan flows Freight hubs Future research

4 The urban freight problem 1 More freight flows in cities Population and employment growth Globalization, distributed production Increased variety of products, less stock in stores Decentralization of logistics facilities More e-shopping and home deliveries Congestion, parking, circulation Limited road capacity, parking, loading facilities Competition with passenger flows Time and route restrictions

5 Urban freight problem 2 Larger and more concentrated impacts Scale economies and logistics clusters, freight hubs Conflicts with smart growth, sustainable cities practices Truck demand vs reducing road capacity, parking Car/truck free zones Mixed use development

6 Urban freight problem 3 Limited local control Freight has no borders Fragmented jurisdictional authority Complexity, flexibility of supply chains Air pollution and energy consumption Fuel efficiency and emissions improvements for trucks lag behind cars Use of older vehicles in urban deliveries, drayage Rail and ships Noise, livability, safety

7 Effectiveness Assessment criteria Were intended objectives achieved? What were the costs, and who paid? Any unintended consequences? Any evidence of net benefits? Applicability Could be implemented and have an effect in the short to medium term? Transferable to other metro areas? Consistent with US or EU regulatory policy and authority? Could be scaled to broad implementation?

8 Metro core: last mile/first mile Deliveries and pickups, commercial and residential The last (first) link in the supply chain Inefficiencies Vendor to establishment many small deliveries Restrictions on routes, times Home deliveries dispersed destinations, risk of failed deliveries Scarcity of parking/loading cruising, double parking Greatest problems in dense city cores

9 Results summary metro core Strategy Effectiveness Applicability US Applicability EU Traffic and parking regulations Medium High High Local planning policy High High High Off-hours deliveries High Medium Medium Negotiated programs High High High City logistics and consolidation Low Low Medium

10 Environmental impacts Variation in pollution sources US: Trucks account for 80 to 95% of all NOX from freight transport; 50 95% of all PM10 (depends on presence of ocean vessels) Freight accounts for 29% of transport sector GHGs, trucks account for 68% of freight emissions EU: Freight transport accounts for 25% of GHGs, 50% of PM10 from urban traffic Trucks account for nearly all freight transport emissions Disproportionate exposure to cancer risk around hot spots Urban highways, ports, intermodal facilities, logistics clusters

11 Results summary environment Strategy Effectiveness Applicability US Applicability EU Truck fuel efficiency, emissions stds High High High Low emission zones (LEZs) High Low High Alternative fuels and vehicles Low Medium Medium Alternative modes Low Low Low Community environmental mitigation Medium High Medium

12 Metropolitan Flows Truck traffic affects the entire metropolitan transport system Trucks contribute disproportionately to road congestion Heavy truck operating characteristics Delays associated with truck incidents Freight rail contributes to congestion by blocking at-grade rail/road intersections

13 Results summary metro flows Strategy Effectiveness Applicability US Applicability EU Intelligent transportation systems Medium Medium Medium Road pricing High Low Medium Dedicated truck lanes Low Low Low Mitigating rail impacts High Medium Medium

14 Scale economies Intermodal facilities Freight hubs Warehousing/distribution clusters Who should pay for mitigation? Trade hubs, gateways, border crossing Concentration of international trade NY region, LA region, Chicago; Rotterdam, Antwerp, Frankfurt, Paris Impacts of processing, distribution on metro hinterlands

15 Results summary freight hubs Strategy Effectiveness Applicability US Applicability EU Logistics land uses Medium Medium Medium Port appointment systems Medium High High Port pricing High Low Low Accelerated truck emissions reductions High Medium High Ocean vessel emissions reductions High High High

16 Findings 1 There are many possibilities for better managing urban freight Voluntary programs, consultation Local management of last mile freight Global emissions and fuel standards Pricing (but always difficult) Equipment management Technology solutions more promising for longer term The real world is ahead of the researchers

17 Findings 2 Broad implementation of most effective strategies is a challenge Institutional considerations Limited local, state regulatory authority Fragmented governance structure Multiple stakeholders and interest groups Environmental review process Interstate commerce protections (US) Questions re who should pay, source of public funding Lack of data, analytical tools

18 Future research Document the problem to improve understanding, inform solutions Data on truck/van flows, truck characteristics Data on pickup and delivery characteristics Comparative analyses EU/US Develop analytical tools How to predict outcomes of alternative strategies How to compare policy alternatives Systematically analyze impacts of programs Documentation of program costs, outcomes Information on industry impacts Comparisons across similar programs implemented in different contexts Understand role of institutions, leadership

19 THANK YOU Acknowledgement: Research supported by NCFRP and METRANS Transportation Center Contact:

20 Metro core strategies Strategy Description Examples Negotiated programs Traffic, parking regulations Voluntary program, negotiated between industry and gov t; targets and recognition or special privileges Local regulations to manage or restrict truck traffic and parking Local planning Policies, guidelines, zoning codes for site access, on-site parking and loading City logistics and consolidation Off-hours deliveries Combine pickups and deliveries across shippers, cargo owners; in-town consolidation facilities Allow deliveries and pickups outside of normal business hours London Freight Quality Partnership; Paris Delivery Charter Paris daytime large truck ban; San Francisco dynamic parking charges NYC, Tokyo loading requirements for new commercial development Paris logistics spaces; Bristol, Italian urban consolidation centers; US industry segment consolidation NYC demonstration; LA/LB ports PierPASS, Dutch PIEK program

21 Strategies to reduce environmental impacts Strategy Description Examples Truck fuel efficiency & emissions standards Low emission zones National or state fleet-wide targets Access to given part of city limited to recent trucks California diesel particulate filter standards; EPA 2011 truck standards Milan historic center LEZ; Greater London LEZ Alternative fuels & vehicles Alternative modes Community environmental mitigation Incentives, regulations to promote electric, hybrid, other alt fuel trucks or vans Shift freight from truck to rail or water Strategies to reduce emissions, noise on low income or minority communities London and Milan congestion charge exemption for AFVs USDOT marine highways/short sea shipping grant program; Paris Monoprix rail SCAG Toolkit for goods movement; NYC truck route management study

22 Strategies for Metropolitan Flows Strategy Description Examples ITS Road pricing and dedicated truck lanes Rail enhancements Real-time traffic information; smart truck/road interfaces User fees to manage congestion, other externalities Better accommodation of rail in cities, capacity improvements to increase rail efficiency and reduce impacts US CVISN program; Calif truck parking; Tokyo truck platoon demo Swiss truck fees; proposed pricing on NYC bridges, Atlanta truck lanes, Calif I-710 truck lanes Alameda Corridor, Alameda Corridor East; CREATE

23 Freight hub strategies Strategy Description Examples Logistics land uses Port appointment & pricing Policies, guidelines for logistics center locations; integrating freight in land use plans Strategies to smooth out truck arrivals/departures at ports Toronto area Freight Supportive Land Use Guidelines, European logistics parks (Interporti, GVZ) Vancouver off-peak gate program, LA/LB PierPASS Truck, ocean vessels emissions reductions Equipment management Incentive programs to accelerate reaching fuel efficiency or emissions targets More efficient use of chassis and containers LA/LB Clean Air Action Plan; NY/NJ, Seattle voluntary clean truck program NY/NJ virtual container yards; industry organized chassis pools

24

25