Chapter 19 Managing Information for the Evaluation of Transportation Systems

Transcription

1 Transportation Decision Making Principles of Project Evaluation and Programming Image source: Chapter 19 Managing Information for the Evaluation of Transportation Systems Kumares C. Sinha and Samuel Labi The most successful person is that who has the best information. Benjamin Disraeli ( ) 1

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7 Our talk today What is Data/Information Management Scope of Information Management Needs Discussion of the IM Steps Data for IM Hardware for IM Software for IM 7

8 What is Information Management? 8

9 Data vs. Information In everyday language: Data is a synonym for information In the exact sciences: Data: a measurement of a property of a system, often is disorganized or raw Information: The result when raw data is processed into a usable form. Information (definitions) knowledge communicated/received concerning particular facts or circumstances knowledge gained through study, communication, research, instruction, etc knowledge obtained from investigation, study, or instruction intelligence, news a quantitative measure of the content of information 9

10 What is Information Management? Definition: handling of information to ensure efficient access to intended end users. Steps: Data Collection Data Collation Data Storage Data Retrieval Data Analysis Data Archival Importance: Inaccurate data poor prediction of future systems attributes incorrect assessment of costs and benefits wrong identification of best alternative inappropriate decisions waste of tax payers dollars, poor accountability, poor system performance, etc. 10

11 Scope of Information Management Needs 11

12 Scope of the Need for Information Management IM required at all phases of Transportation Program Development Network-level Planning Development of Individual Projects Network-level Programming Network-level Budgeting Network-level Financial Planning IM required at all phases of the project development process (PDP) Evaluation of Alternative System Plans and Policies Evaluation of Alternative Location Plans Evaluation of Alternative System Designs Evaluation of Alternative Construction Practices Evaluation of Alternative Operation Policies and Regulations Evaluation of Alternative Preservation Practices 1. Review of Network-level Plan 2. Project Development 3. Mitigation 4. ROW Studies 4. System Design 5. Construction 6. System 7. System Operation Preservation 12

13 Scope of IM Need (continued) IM required for each performance measure and related data items Travel Time (travel time, wage rates, travel speeds, etc.) Safety (crash rates, crash costs, roadway safety features, etc.) Vehicle Operating Costs (prices of fuel, oil, tires, etc., vehicle life span, etc.) Economic Efficiency (interest rates, etc.) Economic Development (Business sales, nr. of jobs, nr. of new businesses, etc.) Air Quality (speed, traffic volumes, air temperature and humidity, emission rates, etc.) Noise (speeds, traffic volumes, REMEL values, etc.) Ecology and Wetlands (Facility locations, traffic volumes, existing ecological assets, etc.) Water Resources (Facility locations, traffic volumes, existing ecological assets, etc.) Energy (energy efficiencies, traffic volumes and distributions, etc.) Land-use (Facility locations, traffic volumes, existing land-use patterns, etc.) Visual (Facility locations, existing visual inventories, etc) Socio-culture (Facility locations, traffic volumes, existing SC capital, etc.) 13

14 Scope of IM Need (continued) IM required for each performance measure and related data items Travel Time (travel time, wage rates, travel speeds, etc.) Safety (crash rates, crash costs, roadway safety features, etc.) Vehicle Operating Costs (prices of fuel, oil, tires, etc., vehicle life span, etc.) Economic Efficiency (interest rates, etc.) Economic Development (Business sales, nr. of jobs, nr. of new businesses, etc.) Air Quality (speed, traffic volumes, air temperature and humidity, emission rates, etc.) Noise (speeds, traffic volumes, REMEL values, etc.) Ecology and Wetlands (Facility locations, traffic volumes, existing ecological assets, etc.) Water Resources (Facility locations, traffic volumes, existing ecological assets, etc.) Energy-use (energy efficiencies, traffic volumes and distributions, etc.) Land-use (Facility locations, traffic volumes, existing land-use patterns, etc.) Visual Quality (Facility locations, existing visual inventories, etc) Socio-culture (Facility locations, traffic volumes, existing SC capital, etc.) 14

15 Scope of IM Need (continued) IM needed for evaluation not only at pre-implementation stage but also at post-implementation stage -pre-implementation: before the transportation project (to justify the project, etc.) Data easier to collect at this stage Required by federal, state, and local legislation - post-implementation: after the transportation project (to ascertain if the project has realized its objectives, etc.) Data more difficult to collect at this stage. Needs stronger legislation and more agency support 15

16 Discussion of the IM Steps 16

17 Information Management Steps (General) 1. Data Collection 2. Data Collation 3. Data Storage 4. Data Retrieval 5. Data Analysis 6. Data Archival 17

18 Information Management Steps (detailed) Collect Manage Manipulate Analyze Display Maps and Imagery (Spatial) Digitized Map Scanned Maps Coordinate Geometry (COGO) Map Outputs Composite Maps Perspective Maps Interpretive Maps Scaled Maps Digital Image Processing DBMS DBMS Tabular Reports Areas Lengths Summaries Existing Digital Files Database of Spatial Features Database of Non-spatial Features Tabular Attribute Data (Non-spatial) Keyboard Entry File Transfer 18

19 1. Data Collection Must be done carefully! Plan well and plan in advance. Many different tools Choice of tool depends on: available time, available resources, type of data being collected Examples of tools Primary data collection - Field equipment (see next slide) - Survey forms (manual or electronic) for field data (collected from experts, affected residents, etc.) Secondary data collection (getting data from established databases) 19

20 Examples of field equipment for data collection Equipment (for traffic attributes: volume, speeds, etc.) Instrumented Vans GPS Enabled Hand-held Mini-Computers Video Cameras Weigh-in-Motion Scales Automatic Traffic Recorders Vehicle Detectors (Infra-red, microwave, laser, radar etc) 20

21 Other technologies for traffic data collection ATR Microwave Radar Radar Laser Infra-red 21 How about the other transportation modes?

22 Collected data may come in one or more of many forms Alphanumeric Data Vector Data Information Systems Satellite Images GIS or Ot Information S Scanned Maps Documents and Photographs Field Survey 22

23 2. Data Collation The process of transferring and/or re-arranging raw data into appropriate form for storage or analysis Example: traffic volume can be collected on site but must be transferred into an AADT for purposes of VMT calculation and other analyses Done manually or using automated means 23

24 3&4. Data Storage and Retrieval Holding of information safely so that it can be accessed at some other time Mediums of data storage: Manual or Electronic Manual data storage devices: DNA strands Surfaces of cave walls, modern-day walls (graffiti) Artist canvas, cloth, wood, etc. Paper Electronic data storage devices Magnetic films Tapes, compact disks, PC cards, memory cards, flash drives, etc. 24

25 What is a Database Management System (DBMS)? A computer software designed for the purpose of managing databases. Typical example: Microsoft Excel What is a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)? Several DBMS put together Linkages between the constituent DBMS Examples: Oracle, DB2, SAP, Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server, PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, FileMaker and Sybase Adaptive Server Enterprise, etc. GIS-based RDBMS Google Earth, Map Quest, ArcView, TransCAD 25

26 What is a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)? 26

27 What is a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)? Crash Location (milepost) Segment code Crash type Crash pattern Primary factor Other factors Driver gender Driver age Vehicle type/size Road Segment Segment code Road width Shoulder width Surface type Straight or curve 27

28 What is a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)? Crash Location (milepost) Segment code Crash type Crash pattern Primary factor Other factors Driver gender Driver age Vehicle type/size Road Segment Segment code Road width Shoulder width Surface type Straight or curve In this case, Segment Code is the FOREIGN KEY in the Crash Database Segment Code is the PRIMARY KEY in the Road Segment Database 28

29 What is a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)? Integrated (Crash and road) database Location (milepost) Segment code Crash type Crash pattern Primary factor Other factors Driver gender Driver age Vehicle type/size Segment code Road width Shoulder width Surface type Straight or curve To have an RDMS, the constituent databases must be linked through their foreign and primary keys. 29

30 5. Data Analysis For each performance measure, CE 561 has discuss how to carry out data analysis Specific analysis format depends on performance measure of interest Data analysis can be done manually or with help of computer Some data storage software can also help in data analysis Example, MS Excel, Access, SPSS, etc. can not only store data but can also help identify relationships between data and other trends. Also, GIS helps identify spatial extent of influence of performance measures compared to each other and compared to existing physical features of the natural or built up environment 30

31 GIS - A special tool for data storage, retrieval and analysis Data are in layers (switching is possible) Each layer for each attribute Spatial Data Vector Data: Points, Lines, Polygons Raster Data: Cells Ortho Images: Aerial Photographs Attribute Data Tables Associated with Each Spatial Feature 31

32 Available Types of GIS Application Tools ArcView/ArcInfo Internet GIS GIS-compatible Video-Log Systems TransCAD Other GIS 32

33 Example of GIS Application Tools: Internet GIS 33

34 Example of GIS Application Tools: Internet GIS Applications For Digitization Simulation Packages for Drawing Highway Network : VISSIM, Synchro & Simtraffic Determining Evaluation Parameters Number of Lanes Mileposts Distances Lane Width / Shoulder width Ramp Location Ramp Length Ramp Storage Capacity Parallel Routes Land Use 34

35 Example of GIS Application Tools: Video-log System 35

36 Video-log vehicle accessories GPS Unit Distance Measuring Instrumentation Pavement and Road Condition Sensors Cameras & Associated Computer Components Applications Determine/confirm roadway condition and features of roadway (Lane Width, Shoulder Width, Pavement Conditions, Geometric Features (Median type etc.) Can be used to monitor physical features of assets for other modes Tracks for rail transportation, Runways for air transportation Berths and docks for water transportation 36

37 GIS Applications in transportation systems evaluation Query, Display and Visualization of Initial Data Buffer Analysis Overlay Analysis Analysis of Transportation Operations Public Input in Transportation System Evaluation Multi-criteria Decision-making 37

38 Available databases where you can collect secondary data for evaluating your transportation system 38

39 Highway Safety Information System (HSIS) A multi-state GIS-compatible safety database Used to study highway safety issues and evaluate the effectiveness of safety countermeasures. Contains data on crashes, traffic volumes, inventory data, and video photo logs for total of 165,000 miles of highways in 8 states Crash File (Crash, Vehicle, Driver & Occupancy Information) Roadway Inventory File (Hourly Traffic Data) Traffic Volume File (Curves, Grade etc.) Commercial Motor Vehicle Crash Files Vehicle Configuration, Past Crash History, Make, Model etc. Emergency Medical Service Files Citation/ Conviction File (Type of Violation, Time, Location, Violator, Enforcement Agency) 39

40 Using HSIS for Analyzing Crash Locations 40

41 Highway Pavement Information Systems Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) Observational data Is a national highway database Has data on physical highway conditions, operational characteristics Data useful for analyzing impacts of safety, air quality, noise, etc. Has data for simulating future investment benefits and costs, for purposes of investigating the consequences of alternative investment levels and strategies Long-term Pavement Performance (LTPP) Experimental data Cover a smaller sample of national highway Has data on weather, physical highway conditions, operational characteristics Data useful for analyzing impacts of pavement investments, primarily 41

42 Highway Bridge Information Systems The National Bridge Inventory (NBI) Is a FHWA database Contains data for bridges crossing rivers (and other water courses), railroads, ravines, other highways Data includes construction year, bridge dimensions, traffic, inspection dates, condition, etc. Data available for bridge elements and features such as deck structure types, scour, and other performance measures. Can incorporating GIS capabilities 42

43 Transit Information Systems National Transit Database (NTD) Is a database, Maintained by FTA Has information on fleet size, performance, operations, accidents, safety, finance, crime, etc. for 400 urban areas. Cover 85,000 transit vehicles, 7,000 miles of rail track, 2,000 rail stations and 1,000 maintenance facilities. Used to generate information for evaluating project-level transit investments. Integrated National Transit Database Analysis System (INTDAS) Is a software Facilitates visualization, retrieval and analysis of data from NTD Can be used to carry out tasks such as identifying transit systems that meet a certain performance threshold. Can generate reports with tables (see next slide), graphs, maps and excel plots for individual transit systems Thus can therefore help identifying areas needing improvements. 43

44 INTDAS Sample screen showing analysis output 44

45 INTDAS Sample GIS output showing multi-layer inventory 45

46 Databases and Information Systems for Air Transportation Databases on Aviation safety and accident data Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) - has data on unsafe occurrences and hazardous situations that are reported by pilots and air traffic controllers Accident/Incident Data System (AIDS) - has data on aircraft incidents since Near Midair Collision System (NMACS) World Aircraft Accident Summary (WAAS) - database provides information about major operational crashes involving air carriers, operating jet, helicopters and turboprop aircrafts The National Transportation Safety Board aviation accident and incident (NTSB AAI) database - contains data on civil aircraft accidents and incidents in the U.S., its territories and in international waters 46

47 Databases and Information Systems for Air Transportation Other databases on Aviation Air Traffic Activity Data System (ATADS) - officially provides information regarding historical air traffic operations. This includes daily, monthly and annual counts either by facility, state, region, or nationally Aviation System Performance Metrics (ASPM) - an integrated database - provides data on air traffic operations, airline schedules, arrival/departure rates, operations and delays, weather information, runway conditions, etc. - Used in analyzing operating performance of National Airspace System (NAS) - Operating performance measures: % on-time arrivals, avg daily capacity, avg daily capacity, airport efficiency rate, etc. 47

48 Databases and Information Systems for Rail Transportation The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) databases Railroad Monthly Operations database - Train-miles traveled, employee hrs, highway-rail crossings, etc. Railroad Crossings database - contains information about approximately 300,000 railroad crossings. - Railroad milepost, crossing street name, warning device type, train speed, nr. of traffic lanes, average daily traffic, and nr. of accidents. - GIS maps show spatial distribution of grade-crossing accidents and for proximity analysis Railroad Accident/incident data for 300 U.S. railroad systems - Accident Database can be used to generate vital performance data useful for safety evaluation of improvements at rail sections. 48

49 Other Multi-modal Databases useful for Transportation Systems Evaluation Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP) 2000 Provides DATA ON travel patterns of 118M household units and 275M persons in the U.S. Data includes housing, population, social/economic characteristics by blocks, block groups, census tracts, counties and metropolitan areas. Also includes HH size and income, vehicles per HH, worker age, gender, occupation, and earnings, transp. mode taken to work, commuting time, etc. Maps, boundary files, and other geographic products are available to assist users locate and identify geographic areas. 49

50 Other Multi-modal Databases useful for Transportation Systems Evaluation National Transportation Atlas Database (NTAD) An assortment of geo-spatial databases for managing information on transportation facilities, networks, and services of national significance Multi-modal, has data on intermodal connectors and terminals, and key transportation structures such as bridges, tunnels. Includes public-use airports and associated runways, highway-rail intermodal freight facilities, Amtrak passenger stations, waterway and marine terminals and highway/rail transfer facilities. Covers capacity, traffic, and inventory. 50

51 Information Management - Recent Developments Information management Knowledge management Knowledge management Transform information into wisdom that helps an agency to realize its goals more efficiently 51

52 GIS Demonstration 52

53 Questions? 53