M.Sc. - (2) - Physics (Old Course) - I. M.A. - (2) - English - I History of Indo Persian - Literature (11412) Advanced Quantum Mechanism (10114)

Transcription

1 M.J.P. ROHILKHAND UNIVERSITY, BAREILLY Examination Schedule M.A., M.Sc., M.Com, (Previous & Final) (Updated as on dated ) Main Exam 2019 Day & Date Time 7.00 a.m. to a.m a.m. to 2.00 p.m p.m. to 6.00 p.m. M.A. - (1&2) - Urdu - I NAT, Marsiaaur QASIDA (11308) M.A(2) Sanskrit - V (11212) fucu/k,o O;kdj.k M.A. - (2) - Hindi - I vk/kqfud fgunh dko; (11117) M.A. - (1) Economics - I Micro Economic Analysis (10809) M.A. - (1) - English - I Prose (11013) M.A. - (2) - Persian - V M.Sc. - (2) - Physics (Old Course) - I M.A. - (2) - English - I History of Indo Persian - Literature (11412) Advanced Quantum Mechanism (10114) Nineteenth Century English Poetry (11017) M.A./M.Sc. - (2) - Mathematics - I - Partial Differential M.Sc. - (2) - Physics (New Course) - I (10195) M.A. - (1) - Sanskrit - I Thursday Equations & Their Numerical Solutions (10521) Advanced Quantum Mechanics osn fu:dr vksj osfnd lkfgr; dk bfrgkl ¼11208½ M.A./M.Sc. - (1) - Statistics - I M.Sc. - (2) - Chemistry - I (10216) Statistical Mathematics (10714) M.A./M.Sc. - (2) - Statistics - IV Multivariate Analysis and Sample Survey (10717) M.A. - (1) - Fashion Designing - I Spectroscopy, Photochemistry and Solid State Chemistry M.Sc. - (2) - Zoology - I Chordata (10314) M.Sc. - (2) - Botany - VI (10415) History of Costumes In India (13778) Taxonomy, Economic Botany & Morphology, Engosp M.Sc. - (2) - Environmental Science I (13014) Friday Saturday M.A. - (2) - Drawing & Painting - I History of Western Painting (11906) M.Sc. - (2) - (Industrial Chemistry) I (10635) Organic Chemistry & Chemical Engineering M.A./M.Sc. - (2) - Defense Studies (Military Studies) - I Insurgency and Counter Insurgency (10612) M.A. - (2) - Psychology - VI Psychological Assessment & Measurement (12214) M.A. - (2) - Philosophy - I Epistemology (Indian & Western) (11617) M.A. - (2) - Geography - I Geographic Thoughts & Research Methodology (10918) M.A. - (2) - Home Science - I Textile Manufacture Catering & Processing (12111) M.A. - (2) - Music - I Vocal (12415), Tabla (12419), Sitar (12423) M.A. - (2) - Persian - VI Indo Persian - Poetry (11413) M.A. - (2) - Sanskrit - VI M.A. - (2) - History - V National Movement in India c. A.D (11816) M.A. - (2) - Political Science - I Foreign Policies of USA, UK, China & India (12012) M.A. - (2) - Hindi II ukvd],dkadh,oa miu;kl (11118) M.A. - (1) - Economics - II M.Sc. - (1) - Physics - I Mathematical Physics & Classical Mechanics (10191) M.Sc. - (1) - Chemistry - I Inorganic (10210) M.Sc. - (1) - Zoology - I Non Chordata (10310) M.Sc. - (1) - Botany - I Psychology & Microbiology (10410) M.Sc. - (1) - (Industrial Chemistry) - I (13631) Analytical & Spectroscopy M.Sc. - (1) - Environmental Science - I (13010) M.A./M.Sc. - (1) - Mathematics - I Advance Algebra (10516) M.Com. - (1) - I Management Concept and Organizational Behavior (12528) M.A. - (2) - Economics - V Macro Economic Analysis (10813) M.A. - (1) - Geography - I Geomorphology (10910) M.A. - (2) - English - II Twentieth Century English Literature (11018) M.A. - (1) - Sanskrit - II 1

2 Sunday x % peiw rfkk iqjks.kksfrgkl ifjp; (11213) M.A./M.Sc. - (2) - Mathematics - II Operational Research (10522) M.A./M.Sc. - (2) - Statistics - V Statistical Inference (10718) M.A./M.Sc. - (1) - Statistics - II Probability and Distributions (10715) M.A. - (1&2) - Urdu - II Afsanavi Adab (11309) M.A. - (2) - Drawing & Painting - II Modern Movement in Western Painting (11907) M.Sc. - (2) - (Industrial Chemistry) II (10636) Pharmaceutical Technology & Management M.A./M.Sc. - (2) - Defense Studies (Military Studies) - II (10613) National Security (With the Special Reference to India) M.A. - (2) - Philosophy - II Contemporary Western Philosophy (11618) M.A. - (2) - Psychology) - VII Life Span Developmental Psychology (12215) M.A. - (2) - Music II Vocal (12416), Sitar (12424), Tabla (12420) M.A. - (2) - Home Science - II Advanced Clothing Construction (12112) M.A. - (1) - Fashion Designing - II Fashion Merchandizing (13779) M.A. - (2) - Geography - II Regional Geography of India (10919) Economics of Growth & Development (10810) M.Sc. - (2) - Physics (Old Course) - II Nuclear Physics and Particle Physics (10115) M.Sc. - (2) - Physics (New Course) - II Nuclear and Particle Physics (10196) M.Sc. - (2) - Chemistry - II (10217 ) Bioinorganic, Bioorganic, Biophysical Chemistry & Environmental Chemistry (10217) M.Sc. - (2) - Zoology - II Development Biology and Animal Behavior (10315) M.Sc. - (2) - Botany - VII Plant Anatomy, Plant Embryology & Morphogenesis (10416) M.Sc. - (2) - Environmental Science - II (13015) M.A. - (2) - Hindi - III fofo/k fodyi fueufyf[kr esa ls dksbz,d ¼ ) d½ fdlh lfgr;dkj dk fo'ks"k v/;;u 1- dchj ¼11119½ 2- tk;lh ¼11120½ 3- lwjnkl ¼11121½ 4- rqylhnkl ¼11122½ 5- t;'kadj izlkn ¼11123½ 6- izsepanz ¼11124½ 7- gtkjh izlkn f}osnh ¼11125½ [k½ fgunh yksd lkfgr; ¼11126½ x½ i=dkfjrk ¼11127½?k½ Hkk"kk fokku ¼11128½ ³½ L=h foe'kz vksj fgunh lkfgr; ¼11129½ p½ nfyr foe'kz vksj fgunh lfgr; ¼11130½ N½ iz;kstu ewyd fgunh ¼11131½ M.A. - (2) - History - VI World s History (11817) M.A. - (2) - Political Science - II,III,IV (I) a) Contemporary Political Theory (12013) b) International Law (12018) c) Indian Administration (12023) M.A. - (1) - English - II Poetry From Chaucer to 1798 (11014) Ikzkphu,oa vokzphu dko; (11209) M.Sc. - (1) - Physics - II Quantum Mechanics & Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy (10192) M.Sc. - (1) - Chemistry - II Organic (10211) M.Sc. - (1) - Zoology - II Cytogenetic and Biostatistics (10311) M.Sc. - (1) - Botany - II Mycology and Plant Pathology (10411) M.Sc. - (1) - Environmental Science II (13011) M.Sc. - (1) - (Industrial Chemistry) II (10632) Bio Inorganic & Bio Physical Chemistry M.Com. - (1) - II Indian Economic Environment (12529) OR E-Commerce (12530) M.A. - (2) - Economics - VI Public Economics (10814) M.A. - (1) - Geography - II Geography of Resources (10911) 2

3 Monday Tuesday M.A. - (1&2) - Urdu - III Nazm and Masnavi (11310) M.A. - (2) - Persian - VII Modern Persian - Prose poetry (11414) M.A. - (2) - Sanskrit - VII ( ) ukvd rfkk ukv~; 'kkl= (11214) M.A./M.Sc. - (2) - Mathematics - III Topology (10523) M.A./M.Sc. - (2) - Statistics - VI Linear Programming and Operational Research (10719) M.A./M.Sc. - (1) - Statistics - III Matrix Algebra & Design of Experiments (10716) M.A./M.Sc. - (2) - Defense Studies (Military Studies) - III Disarmament, Arms Control and Peace (10614) M.Sc. - (2) - (Industrial Chemistry) III (10637) Pharmaceutical Chemistry I M.A. - (2) - Philosophy - III A) Logic (Indian & Western) (11619) B) Applied Ethics & Society (11620) C) Feminism & Gender Study (11621) D) Philosophy of Value Education (11622) M.A. - (2) - Psychology - VIII (a) Psychopathology (12216) (b) Health Psychology (12218) (c) Psychology Physiological (12220) M.A. - (2) - Home Science - III Consumer Economics (12113) M.A. - (2) - Geography - III & IV (a) Regional Planning & Development (10920) M.Com. - (2) - Paper - I Corporate Financial Accounting (12535) M.A. - (2) - Hindi - IV lkfgfr;d fucu/k ¼11132) M.A. - (1) - Economics - III Quantitative Methods (10811) M.Sc. (2) Physics (Old Course) III Advanced Electronics (10116) M.Sc. - (2) - Physics (New Course) - III Communication Electronics (10197) M.Sc. - (2) - Chemistry - III a) Inorganic Organ transition Metal Chemistry + Bioinorganic and Supramolecular Chemistry (10218) b) Organic Synthesis I + Synthesis II (10220) C) Physical Chemistry of Materials + Advance Quantum Chemistry (10222) M.Sc. - (2) - Zoology - III a) Fish and Fisheries (10316) b) Entomology (10317) c) Cytology & Cytogenetic (10318) d) Animal Physiology (10319) M.Sc. - (2) - Botany - VIII Ecology and Soil Science (10417) M.Sc. - (2) - Environmental Science III (13016) M.A. - (2) - History - VII a) History of Ancient India & South East Asia (C.A.D ) (11818) b) History of Medieval India (C.A,D, ) (11819) c) History of Modern India (CAD ) (11820) M.A. - (2) - Sociology I Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology (11715) M.A. - (2) - Political Science - II,III,IV (II) a) Political Thinkers of Ancient India (12014) b) International Organization (12019) c) State and Local Administration (12024) M.A. - (2) - English - III Literary Criticism (11019) M.A. - (1) - Sanskrit - III Hkk"kk fokku,oa O;kdj.k (11210) M.Sc. - (1) - Physics - III Solid State Physics, Electronics & Nano Science (10193) M.Sc. - (1) - Chemistry - III Physical (10212) M.Sc. - (1) - Zoology - III Physiology and Related Biochemistry (10312) M.Sc. - (1) - Botany - III Bryophyta, Pteridophytes & Gymnosperms (10412) M.Sc. - (1) - Environmental Science III (13012) M.A./M.Sc. - (1) - Mathematics - II Analysis (Real and Complex) (10517) M.Sc. - (1) - (Industrial Chemistry) III (10633) Organic Chemistry I M.Com. - (1) - III Human Resource Management (12531) M.A. - (2) - Economics - VII Indian Economic Policy(10815) M.A. - (1) - Geography - III & IV (i) Agricultural Geography (10912) 3

4 Wednesday Thursday M.A. - (1&2) - Urdu - IV Ghazal (11311) M.A. - (2) - Persian - VIII Special Study of Iqbal (11416) M.A. - (2) - Sanskrit - VIII dko; 'kkl= (11215) M.A./M.Sc. - (2) - Mathematics - IV & V (i) Functional Analysis (10524) M.A./M.Sc. (1&2) Statistics VII Economic Statistics (10720) M.A./M.Sc. - (2) - Defense Studies (Military Studies) - V Geo Strategy and Geo Politics (10615) M.Sc. - (2) - (Industrial Chemistry) IV (10638) Pharmaceutical Chemistry II M.A. - (2) - Philosophy - IV Essay (11623) M.A. - (2) - Psychology) - IX (a) Clinical and Community Intervention (12217) (b) Stress, Coping and Health Management (12219) (c) Comparative Psychology (12221) M.A. - (1) - English - III English Drama (11015) M.A. - (2) - History - VIII a) Society Economy & Culture of Ancient India (UPTOc 1200 A.D.) (11821) b) Society Economy & Culture of Medieval India (c.a.d ) (11822) c) Society Economy & Culture of Modern India c.a.d (11823) M.A. - (2) - Political Science - II,III,IV (III) a) Political Thinkers of Modern India (12015) b) West Asian World Politics (12020) c) West Asia in World Politics (12020) M.Sc. - (2) - Physics (Old Course) - IV Operational Amplifier Microprocessor and Digital Electronics (10117) M.A. - (1) - Economics IV International Trade and Finance (10812) M.Sc. - (2) - Physics (New Course) - IV Analog & Digital Electronics (10198) M.Sc. - (2) - Chemistry - IV a) Inorganic Photo inorganic Chemistry + Analytical Chemistry (10219) b) Organic Heterocyclic Chemistry + Chemistry of Natural Products (10221) C) Physical Liquid State + Polymers (10223) M.Sc. - (2) - Zoology - IV a) Fish and Fisheries (10320) b) Entomology (10321) c) Cytology & Cytogenetic (10322) d) Bio-Chemistry (10323) M.Sc. - (2) - Environmental Science IV - A (13017), B (13018), C (13019) M.Sc. - (2) - Botany - IX Biochemistry and Photobiology (10418) M.A. - (2) - Sociology II Perspective on Indian Society (11716) M.A. - (2) - Political Science - II,III,IV(IV) a) History of Socialist Thought (12016) b) South East Asia in World Politics (12021) c) South East Asia in World Politics (12021) M.A. - (2) - English - IV a) History of English Literature (11020) b) American Literature (11021) M.A. - (1) - Sanskrit - IV Hkkjrh; n'kzu (11211) M.A. - (2) - Education Comparative Education (12315) M.A. - (1) - Geography - III & IV (ii) Industrial Geography (10913) M.A - (2) - English - V a) Indian English Literature (11022) b) Commonwealth Literature (11023) M.Sc. - (1) - Physics - IV Statistical Mechanics & Electrodynamics (10194) 4

5 Friday M.A. - (2) - Home Science - IV Advanced Child Development (12114) M.A./M.Sc. - (2) - Mathematics - IV & V (ii) Mathematical Statistics (10525) M.A./M.Sc. (1&2) Statistics VIII Engineering Statistics (10721) M.A. - (1) - Education - I Philosophical Foundations of Education (12310) M.A. - (2) - Geography - III & IV (b) Urban Geography (10921) M.Com. - (2) - II Financial Management (12536) M.A. - (1&2) - Urdu - V Tanquidi Adab and Nasri Adab (11312) M.A. - (2) - Sanskrit - IX [k ( ) lkfgr; fl)kur ¼11216½ M.A./M.Sc. - (2) - Mathematics - IV & V (iii) Programming in C : (With ANSI Features) Theory and Practical (Only for Regular Students) (10526) M.A./M.Sc. (1&2) Statistics IX Demography (10722) M.A. - (2) - Sociology III a) Urban Society in India (11717) b) Sociology of Aging (11718) c) Industry and Society in India (11719) d) The Study of Indian Diaspora (11720) M.A. - (2) - Political Science - II,III,IV (V) a) Political Sociology (12017) b) India s Neighbourers in World Politics (12022) c) India s Neighbourers in World Politics (12022) M.Sc. - (2) - Botany - X Genetics, Plant Breeding & Biostatistics(10419) M.A. - (1) - English - IV Fiction (11016) M.Sc. - (1) - Chemistry - IV a) Group Theory, Spectroscopy& Diffraction Methods (10213) b) Mathematics for Chemists OR Biology for Chemists (10214) M.Sc. - (1) - Zoology - IV Ecology, Taxonomy and Evolution (10313) M.Sc. - (1) - Botany - IV Plant Physiology and Crop. Physiology (10413) M.Sc. - (1) - Environmental Science IV (13013) M.Sc. - (1) - (Industrial Chemistry) IV (10634) Organic Chemistry II M.A./M.Sc. - (1) - Mathematics - III Differential Equations (10518) M.Com. - (1) - IV Statistical Analysis (12532) (Calculator Allowed) M.A. (P/F) Economics Paper IX Industrial Economics (10816) Paper X Labor Economics (10817) Paper XI Economics of Social Sector and Environment (10818) Paper XII Demography (10819) Paper XIII Mathematical Economics (10820) Paper XIV Econometrics (10821) Paper XV Agricultural Economics (10822) Paper XVI Financial Institutions and Markets (10823) Paper XVII Economics of Infrastructure (10824) Paper XVIII History of Economics Thought (10825) Paper XIX Advanced Statistics (10826) Saturday M.A. - (1&2) - Urdu - VI Urdu - Zaban Aur Adab Ki Tarikh (11313) M.A./M.Sc. - (2) - Mathematics - IV&V (iv) Difference Equations (10527) M.A. - (1) - Education - II Sociological Foundations of Education (12311) M.A. - (2) - Geography - III & IV (c) Geography of Rural Development (10922) M.Com. - (2) - III Income Tax Law, Accounts and Tax Planning (12537) M.A. - (1) - Sociology - I Classical Sociological Tradition (11708) M.A. - (1) - Philosophy - I Indian and Western Ethics (11610) M.A. - (1) - Drawing & Painting - I A Critical Study of Style & Technique of Different Schools of Indian Painting up till 1947 (11904) M.A./M.Sc. - (1) - Defense Studies (Military Studies) - I Theory and Practice of War (10608) M.A. - (1) - Psychology - I Research Methodology & Physiological Statistics (12210) M.A. - (1) - Home Science - I Advanced Food & Nutrition (12107) M.Sc. - (1) - Botany - V 5

6 Cytology and Molecular Biology (10414) M.A. - (1) - Music - I Sitar (12421), Tabla (12417), Vocal (12413) M.A. - (1) - Persian - I History Persian - Literature (Earliest Time for Modern Period (11408) M.A. - (1) - Geography - III & IV s (iii) Population Geography (10914) M.A. - (2) - Education - II Vocational Guidance and Counseling (12316) M.Com. - (1) V Accounting For Managerial Decisions (12533) Sunday M.A./M.Sc. - (2) - Mathematics - IV&V (v) Integral Equations and Boundary Value Problems (10528) M.A. - (1&2) - Urdu - VII An Special Author of Urdu i) Sir Sayyad Ahmad Khan (11314), ii) Ghalib (11315), iii) Iqbal (11316), iv) Meer (11317), v) Hali (11318), vi) Abu Kalam Azad (11319), vii) M.A. Raza Khan Bareilvi (11320) M.A. - (1) - Education - III Psychological Foundations of Education (12312) M.A. - (2) - Geography - III & IV (d) Climatology & Oceanography (10923) M.Com. - (2) - Elective Group I,II,III,IV s - I a) Accounting Theory and Contemporary Concepts (12538) b) Advertising and Sales Management (12541) c) International Business Environment (12544) d) Human Resource Planning and Development(12547) M.A. - (1) - Sociology - II Methodology of Social Research (11709) M.A. - (1) - Philosophy - II Metaphysics (Indian & Western) (11611) M.A. - (1) - Drawing & Painting - II Philosophy and Aesthetics of Indian Painting (11905) M.A./M.Sc. - (1) - Defense Studies (Military Studies) - II Military Psychology (10609) M.A./M.Sc. - (1) - Mathematics - IV Advanced Fluid Dynamics (10519) M.A. - (1) - Psychology - II Cognitive Processes (Experimental Psychology (12211) M.A. - (1) - Music - II, Vocal (12414), Sitar (12422), Tabla (12418) M.A. - (1) - Persian - II Classified Persian - Prose (11409) Monday M.A./M.Sc. - (2) - Mathematics - IV&V (vi) Solar Magneto Hydrodynamics (10527) M.A. - (1) - Hindi - I dgkuh] fucu/k,oa vu; x fo/kk,wa (11112) M.A. - (1) - Political Science - I History of Political Thought from Plato to Marx (12008) M.A. - (1) - History - I Historiography Theory & Method (11808) M.Com. - (2) - Elective Group I,II,III,IV s - II a) Financial Institution & Markets (12539) b) Consumer Behavior (12542) c) International Marketing (12545) d) Legal Framework Governing Human Relations (12548) M.A. - (1) Sociology - III & IV a) Gender & Society (11710) M.A. - (2) Sociology - IV a) Political Sociology (11721) M.A. - (1) - Philosophy - III Modern Indian Thought (11612) M.A./M.Sc. - (1) - Defense Studies (Military Studies) - IV International Law (10610) M.A. - (1) - Psychology - III Personality Theories (12212) M.A. - (1) - Home Science - II Dietetics (12108) M.A. - (1) - Persian - III Classified Persian - Poetry (11410) M.A. - (2) - Education - III Educational Technology (12317) M.A. - (1) - Geography - III & IV s (iv) Geography of Tourism & Landscape Management (10915) 6

7 Tuesday Monday Tuesday Wednesday M.A./M.Sc. - (2) - Mathematics - IV&V (vii) Information Theory (10530) M.A. - (1) - Education - IV Research Methods & Statistics in Education (12313) M.A. - (2) - Urdu - VIII Essay (11321) M.A. - (2) - Geography - III & IV (e) Man & Environment (10924) M.Com. - (2) - Elective Group I,II,III,IV s - III a) Security Analysis & Portfolio Management (12540) b) Marketing Research (12543) c) Foreign Trade Policy, Procedure & Documentation (12546) d)cross Cultural and Global Human Resource Management (12549) M.A./M.Sc. - (2) - Mathematics - IV&V (viii) Fuzzy Sets and Their Applications (10531) M.A. - (1) - Political Science - II Comparative Politics and Institutions (12009) M.A. - (1) - Hindi - II izkphu,oa e/;dkyhu dko; ¼11113½ M.A. - (1) - History - II World s History ( ) (11809) M.A. - (1) Education V Special Education (12314) M.A./M.Sc. - (2) - Mathematics - IV&V (ix) Differential Geometry of Manifolds (10532) M.A./M.Sc. - (2) - Mathematics - IV&V (x) Wavelets Preliminaries (10533) M.A./M.Sc. - (2) - Mathematics - IV&V (xi) Biomechanics (10534) M.A. - (1) - Political Science - III Government and Politics of India (12010) M.A. - (1) - Hindi - III fgunh] lfgr;] Hkk"kk vksj nsoukxjh fyfi dk bfrgkl (11114) M.A. - (1) Sociology - III & IV b) Environment & Society (11711) M.A. - (1) - Sociology - III & IV c) Rural Society in India (11712) M.A. - (1) - Sociology - III & IV d) Sociology of Marginalized Communities (11713) M.A. - (1) - Sociology - III & IV e) Globalization and Society (11714) M.Com. - (1) - VI Marketing Management (12534) M.A. - (1) - Philosophy - IV A) Social & Political Philosophy (11613) B) Peace Study & Human Rights (11614) C) Philosophy of Science & Environment (11615) D) Philosophical Approach to Gandhi (11616) M.A./M.Sc. - (1) - Defense Studies (Military Studies) - V International Relation (From 1914 to Present day) (10611) M.A. - (1) - Psychology - IV Social & Cultural Psychology (12213) M.A. - (1) - Persian - IV Essay, Prosody Grammar and Translation (11411) M.A. - (2) Education - IV a) Teacher Education (12318) b) Adult and Continuing Education (12319) c) Economics of Education (12320) d) Management and Administration of Education (12321) e) Educational Measurement and Evaluation (12322) f) Gender Issues in Education (12323) M.A./M.Sc. - (1) - Mathematics - V Advanced Discrete Mathematics (10520) M.A. - (1) - Geography - III & IV s (v) Environmental Geography (10916) M.A. - (2) - Education - V Essay on contemporary Issues in Education (12324) M.A. - (1) - Home Science - III Research Methods and Statistics (12109) M.A. - (1) - Home Science - IV Resource Management (12110) 7

8 Thursday Friday M.A. - (1) History - III (a,b,c) a) History of Ancient India & Greco Roman Contacts (C.B.C A.D.) (11810) b) History of Medival India & Central Asia (c.a.d ) (11811) c) History of Modern India (c.a.d ) (11812) M.A./M.Sc. - (2) - Mathematics - IV&V (xii) Plasma Dynamics (10535) M.A. - (1) - Political Science - IV International Politics (12011) M.A. - (1) - Hindi - IV s lkfgr;'kkl= vksj lekykspuk ds fl)kur ¼11115½ M.A./M.Sc. - (2) - Mathematics - IV&V (xiii) General Relativity & Cosmology (10536) M.A. - (1) - Hindi - V Hkkjrh; lkfgr; ¼11116½ M.A. - (1) - History - IV (a,b,c) History of Ancient India (CAD ) (11813) History of Med. India (CAD ) (11814) History of Modern India (CAD ) (11815) ijh{kk fu;a=d 8