References. terms; Section 3.2:'Glossaryofinternational terms', 1991 (equal to IEC , 1990).

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1 References AFSCI AFLC 00-45, 1988 Department of the Air Force, Headquarters Air Force Systems Command, Andrews Air Force Base DC Headquarters Air Force Logistics Command, Wright Patterson Air Force Base OH , Software risk abatement, AFSC/AFLC Pamphlet 00-45, 30 September Adelard, ASCAD, 1998 Adelard, Adelard safety case development manual, ASSE, 1988 American Society of Safety Engineers, The dictionary of terms used in the safety profession, 3rd edition, BSI, BS , 1991 British Standards Institution, BS 4778, Part 1, Quality vocabulary - International terms, BSI, BS , 1991 British Standards Institution, BS 4778, Part 2, Quality concepts and related definitions, BSI, BS , 1991 British Standards Institution, BS 4778, Part 3, Availability, reliability and maintainability terms; Section 3.1: 'Guide to concepts and related definitions', BSI, BS , 1991 British Standards Institution, BS 4778, Part 3, Availability, reliability and maintainability terms; Section 3.2:'Glossaryofinternational terms', 1991 (equal to IEC , 1990). CSA, CAN/CSA-Q396.1.l, 1989 CSA International, CAN/CSA-Q , Quality Assurance Program for the development of software used in critical applications, CCPS,I993 Center for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Guidelines for safe automation of chemical processes, New York, Copyright (1992) by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and reproduced by permission of Center for Chemical Process Safety of AIChE. CEN, EN 298, 1993 European Committee for Standardization, EN 298, Automatic gas burner control systems for gas burners and gas burning appliances with or without fans, CENELEC, pren50126, 1998 CENELEC, pren50126, Railway applications: The specification and demonstration of reliability, availability, maintainability and safety (RAMS), CENELEC, ENV50129, 1998 CENELEC, ENV50129, Railway applications: Safety related electronic systems for signalling,

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4 337 IEEE Std-1002, 1987 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE-Std-l002, IEEE Standard taxonomy for software engineering standards, copyright All rights reserved. IEEE Std-I008, 1987 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE-Std-l008, IEEE Standard for software unit testing, copyright All rights reserved. IEEE Std-IOI2, 1987 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE-Std-1012, IEEE Standard for software verification and validation, copyright All rights reserved. IEEE Std-I028, 1988 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE-Std-l028, Software reviews and audits, copyright All rights reserved. IEEE Std-IOS8.1, 1988 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE-Std-lOS8.1, IEEE Standard for software management plans, copyright All rights reserved. IEEE Std-I061, 1992 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE-Std-1061, IEEE Standard for a software quality metrics methodology, copyright All rights reserved. IEEE Std-1062, 1992 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE-Std-l062, IEEE Recommended practice for software acquisition, copyright All rights reserved. IEEE Std-1063, 1988 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE-Std-1063, IEEE Standard for software user documentation, copyright All rights reserved. IEEE Std-I074, 1991 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE-Std-l074, IEEE Standard for developing software life cycle processes, copyright All rights reserved. IEEE Std-1219, 1992 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE-Std-1219, IEEE Standard for software maintenance, copyright All rights reserved. IEEE Std-1228, 1994 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE-Std-1228, IEEE Standard for software safety plans, copyright All rights reserved. IEEE Std-1298, 1992 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE-Std-1298, Software Quality Management Systems; Part 1: 'Requirements', copyright All rights reserved. IS A, S84.01, 1996 Instrument Society of America, ANSI/ISA-S , Application of safety instrumented systems for the process industries, 1996.

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6 339 Leveson, 1995 N.G. Leveson, Safeware: System safety and computers, Addison-Wesley Publishing Corporation, Martz & Waller, 1982 Martz, H.E & R.A. Waller, Bayesian reliability analysis, Wiley, Musa et al., 1987 Musa, J., A. Iannino and K. Okumoto, Software reliability; measurement, prediction, application, McGraw-Hill, New York, NATO, ARMP-7, 1996 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), Military agency for standardisation (MAS), ARMP-7, NATO R&M terminology applicable to ARMPs, O'Connor, 1981 O'Connor, P.D.T., Practical reliability engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, OREDA,1992 OREDA, Offshore Reliability Data Handbook, Published by OREDA participants, Pennwell Publishing Company, RTCA, DOI78B, 1992 RTCA, DOI78B, Software considerations in airborne systems and equipment certification, Advisory Circular, Copyright (1992) by RTCA and reproduced by permission of RTCA; reprinting information requires authorisation from RTCA. SA, AS 3563, 1991 Standards Australia, Australian Standard 3563, Software quality management system; Part 1: 'Requirements', 1991 (adopted by IEEE as IEEE-Std-1298, 1992). Smith,1981 Smith, D.J., Reliability and maintainability in perspective, technical, management and commercial aspects, The Macmillan Press Ltd., Smith & Wood, 1989 Smith, D.J. & K.B. Wood, Engineering quality software, Elsevier Applied Science, SSCP 83, 1995 Sea Systems Controllerate Publication No. 83, SSCP 83, Issue 1.0, MOD Project manager's guide to C and C++, SSCP 85, 1995 Sea Systems Controllerate Publication No. 85, SSCP 85, Issue 2, Joint MOD/Industry computing policy for military operational systems, SSP 84, 1996 Sea Systems Publication No. 84, SSP 84, Issue 1.0, MOD project manager's guide to ADA, March, UK DTI, ITSEC, 1991 UK Department of Trade and Industry, ITSEC, Information Technology Security Evaluation Criteria, June 1991.

7 340 UK MoD, Def Stan 00-41, 1993 UK MoD Directorate of Standardization, Defence Standard 00-41, Reliability and Maintainability: MoD Guide to Practices and Procedures, Issue 3 (supersedes all previously issued separate parts), June UK MoD, Def Stan 00-49, 1996 UK MoD Directorate of Standardization, Defence Standard 05-49, Reliability and maintainability: MOD guide to terminology definitions, UK MoD, Def Stan 00-55, 1997 UK MoD Directorate of Standardization, Interim Defence Standard 00-55, Requirements for safety related software in defence equipment, Issue 2, UK MoD, Def Stan 00-56, 1996 UK MoD Directorate of Standardization, Interim Defence Standard 00-56, Safety Management requirements for defence systems, Issue 2, UK MoD, Def Stan 00-58, 1996 UK MoD Directorate of Standardization, Interim Defence Standard 00-58, HAZOP studies on systems containing programmable electronics, UK MoD, Def Stan 05-57, 1993 UK MoD Directorate of Standardization, Defence Standard 05-57, Configuration management, UK MoD, Def Stan 05-95, 1995 UK MoD Directorate of Standardization, Defence Standard 05-95, Quality system requirements for the design, development, supply and maintenance of software, USA DoD, MIL-Hdbk-272A, 1993 USA Department of Defense, MIL-Hdbk-272A, Safety design and evaluation criteria for nuclear weapons systems, USA 000, MIL-Hdbk-347, 1990 USA Department of Defense, MIL-Hdbk-347, Mission-critical computer resources software support, USA 000, MIL-Hdbk-505, 1998 USA Department of Defense, MIL-Hdbk-505, Handbook for definitions of item levels, item exchangeability, models, and related terms, USA 000, MIL-Hdbk-781A, 1996 USA Department of Defense, MIL-Hdbk-781A, Handbook for reliability test methods, plans, and environments for engineering, development qualification, and production, USA 000, MIL-Hdbk-I467, 1997 USA Department of Defense, MIL-Hdbk-1467, Acquisition of software environments and support software, USA 000, MIL-Std-l09C,1994 USA Department of Defense, MIL-Std-109C, Quality assurance terms and definitions, 1994.

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