THE HIGHWAY SAFETY MANUAL

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1 THE HIGHWAY SAFETY MANUAL AASHTO Subcommittee on Design June 16,

2 Overview of Presentation Purpose of the Highway Safety Manual Highway Safety Manual Contents Challenges Ahead 2

3 3 Is this road safe or unsafe?

4 What about these alternatives? Is one safer than the others? 4

5 5 How do we make judgments about balancing safety with other community values?

6 What is the Highway Safety Manual (HSM)? Purpose: To provide the best factual information and tools to facilitate roadway planning, design, operations, and maintenance decisions based on consideration of safety consequences. Synthesizes validated highway research Adapts & integrates research for practice Provides analytical tools for predicting impact on road safety 6

7 The vision of the HSM -- a document similar to the HCM Definitive; represents quantitative state-ofthe-art information Accepted within the transportation engineering profession Science-based; updated regularly to reflect research 7

8 Targeted Users of the HSM Primarily users Front-line decision makers: Analysts studying the effect of actions on road users Planners, designers, and those responsible for operations and maintenance Secondary users: Management Educational Institutions 8

9 History (1) Started with discussions within TRB about role of safety in Highway Capacity Manual Conference Session at TRB s January 1999 Annual Meeting concluded: There is an absence of and a need for a single authoritative document to use for estimating safety impacts December 1999 Workshop confirmed: There is a crucial need for a standalone document to be named the Highway Safety Manual 9

10 History (2) Formation of a TRB Joint Subcommittee for the development of a HSM: Members of sponsoring committees (AASHTO, FHWA, ITE) TRB: Provides policy and technical oversight Meetings since January 2000: From 20 to 80 members and friends In 2003, TRB Task Force formed Task Force meetings held at TRB Annual Meeting and at Mid-Year Meetings 10

11 HSM Development Current Research Efforts NCHRP 17-18(4) Table of Contents, Work Plan, and Safety Performance Models for Two Lane Rural Highways NCHRP Project Safety Performance Models for Urban and Suburban Arterials NCHRP Parts I and II of the HSM NCHRP Safety Prediction Models for Rural Multilane Highways NCHRP Parts IV and V of the HSM NCHRP HSM Production Contract 11

12 Outline for First Edition of the HSM Part I Introduction and Fundamentals Part II Knowledge Part III Predictive Methods Part IV Safety Management of a Roadway System Part V Safety Evaluation Glossary 12

13 What does it boil down to (1) Base model predicting crash frequency Two lane rural highway N br =(ADT)(L)(365)(10-6) (e ) Accident Modification Factors 13

14 What does it boil down to (2) Safety Prediction Methodology 1.Select Segment or Intersection 2.Apply Base Model 3.Apply Calibration Factor 4.Apply AMFs 5.Determine accident frequency, severity distribution, and type distribution 6.Present final predicted values N br =(ADT)(L)(365)(10-6) (e ) 14

15 Part I - Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview 1.1 Purpose 1.2 Background on the Need for HSM 1.3 Scope of the HSM 1.4 Intended Audience 1.5 Intended use of the HSM 1.6 Context for the HSM: Use and Misuse of the Manual 1.7 Nature of the HSM 1.8 Organization of HSM 15

16 Part I - Chapter 2: Fundamentals 2.1 What is Safety? 2.2 How Road Safety is Measured? 2.3 Effect of Traffic Volume & Vehicle Mix 2.4 Safety Performance Functions and Crash Modification Factors 2.5 Human Factors in Road Safety 2.6 Speed and Safety 16

17 Part II - Chapter 3: Roadway Segments 3.1 Safety Effects of Highway Design Elements 3.2 Safety Effects of Traffic Control and Operational Elements 3.3 Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety on Roadway Segments 3.4 Safety Effects of other Elements 17

18 Part II - Chapter 4: Intersections 4.1 Safety Effects of Intersection Design Elements 4.2 Safety Effects of Intersection Traffic Control and other Operational Elements 4.3 Safety Effects of other Intersection Related Features 4.4 Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety at Intersections 18

19 Part II - Chapter 5: Interchanges 5.1 Safety Effects of Interchange Design Elements 5.2 Safety Effects of Traffic Control and Operations Elements 19

20 Part II - Chapter 6: Special Facilities and Geometric Situations 6.1 Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings 6.2 Construction and Maintenance Work Zone Areas 20

21 Part II - Chapter 7: Road Networks 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Safety in Transportation Network Planning 7.3 Safety in the Planning and Design of Residential Neighborhoods and Commercial Areas 7.4 One-Way Systems and Turn Restrictions 7.5 Safety in Traffic Calming 7.6 Access Management 7.7 Road-use Culture 21

22 Part III - Chapter 8: Rural, Two- Lane Roads 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Methodology 8.3 Applications 8.4 Example Problems 8.5 References 8.6 Appendices 22

23 Part III - Chapter 9: Rural, Multi- Lane Highways 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Methodology 9.3 Applications 9.4 Safety Issues Not Explicitly addressed by the Methodology 9.5 Example Problems 9.6 References 23

24 Part III - Chapter 10: Urban/Suburban Arterials 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Methodology 10.3 Application 10.4 Safety Issues not Explicitly addressed by the Methodology 10.5 Example Problems 10.6 References 24

25 Part IV Roadway Safety Management Chapter 11 Roadway Safety Network Screening Chapter 12 Diagnosis of the Nature of Safety Problems at Specific Sites Chapter 13 Selection of Countermeasures to Reduce Accident Frequency and Severity at Specific Sites Chapter 14 Economic Appraisal of all Sites under Consideration Chapter 15 Prioritize Rankings of Improvement Projects 25

26 Part V - Chapter 16: Safety Evaluation 16.1 Chapter Overview 16.2 Purpose of Evaluating Safety Treatments 16.3 Observational Before/After Studies 16.4 Observational Cross-Sectional Studies 16.5 Experimental Studies 26

27 Challenge - What data do we need? Crash Data Disaggregate Geo-coded (as best as possible) Electronic in a readily transferable form Trends and expectations Volume Data Current AADT Link and individual movements Electronic in a readily transferable form Roadway Physical Characteristics Lane configurations Geometric details Roadway plan and profile drawings 27

28 What data can we get? Crashes Hard Copy If electronic usually requires manipulation before application Intersection Crash Reports Type, severity, coded descriptions Segment data Crashes per segment at incremental increases Summary of Trends Mostly some type of indexing combining frequency and severity Few separated by intersection type 28

29 HSM. Hot Topics Accident Modification Factors Regression to the Mean Independence Knowledge New research? What if there is no AMF? Statistical rigor and uncertainty Practicality Data needs Calibration Understanding of statistics 29

30 Questions 30

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