Standardisering og teknologisk utvikling

Transcription

1 RFID - TRÅDLØS TEKNOLOGI FOR EN TRÅDLØS FRAMTID Fredag 19. oktober 2007, Trondheim Standardisering og teknologisk utvikling Anders I. Hagen R&D MANAGER Q-Free ASA

2 RFID in tolling applications Historical view Theory Regulations Examples Standardisation Q-Free ASA Page 2

3 HISTORY Q-Free ASA Page 3

4 History In 1997 Micro Design AS in Selbu (Q-Free) got the challenge : make an automatic fee collection system for the new highway from Hommelvik to Trondheim The transpondersystem was based on basic researc performed at NTH over a long periode The so called SAW (surface acoustic wave) technology Q-Free ASA Page 4

5 HISTORY SAW TAG Antenne Transducer Reflektorer 125ns Q-Free ASA Page 5

6 HISTORY SAW TAG Q-Free ASA Page 6

7 New generation tags (1990 ) Active tag (have a active controller) 5,8GHz DSRC band European standard(s) Q-Free ASA Page 7

8 5.8GHz DSRC Down-link direct receiver Up-link sub-carrier modulation Very low complexity RF radio i Q-Free ASA Page 8

9 13,56MHz RFID Simple, low cost Short range, field reduced by 60dB/decade ASK, FSK, PSK modulation Low security Q-Free ASA Page 9

10 H-field lines H-Felt RFID Sender/mottaker RFID Transponder Q-Free ASA Page 10

11 13,56MHz transponders D1 Vdd Antennespole C1 T1 C2 Gnd Data til mottaker Vdif Q-Free ASA Page 11

12 Theory H-field transponders vs. EM-field transponders. Up to now the most common low-cost RFID technology has been inductive coupled transponders in the 125KHz-band (ISO ) and in the 13,56MHz-band (ISO 15693, ISO ). For H-field transponder the transponder is powered from the transmitter, communication is performed as load modulation of the transmitted H-field Q-Free ASA Page 12

13 Theory (2) Orientation of the transponder antenna-coil related to the interrogator antenna-coil is important, Perpendicular orientated coils may result in very limited read distance or no reading. The read distance is limited due to the rapid decreasing field strength vs. distance (power of 3) The electro-magnetic (EM) wave is attenuated in free air in power of 2 vs. Distance, and therefore more suitable for long-range (>1 meter) RFID applications. Q-Free ASA Page 13

14 EM wave based RFID transponders Long reading distance compared to H-field transponders EM wave decreases with the (distance) 2 Can not be read through water Low cost Q-Free ASA Page 14

15 Regulations As the technology develops and number of applications increase, regional regulations adapts, but they are often delayed related to the technology. In Europe the applications,frequency bands and power-levels are defined in CEPT regulations (CEPT REC 70-03) Test methods and limits are regulated by ETSI (EN XXX XXX) Q-Free ASA Page 15

16 Regulations, country table Frequency band Region Available power 869,4-869,65MHz Available power dbm Max reading distance Comments Europe 0,5 W ERP 29,15 4 meter CEPT REC 70-03, EN ,5-867,6MHz Europe 2 W ERP 35,15 8 meter Proposed CEPT/ETSI MHz America 4 W EIRP 36 8,4 meter FCC part 15 section MHz Others various 2,400-2,4835GHz Europe 0,5 W EIRP outdoor 27 0,6 meter CEPT REC EN ,400-2,4835GHz Europe 4 W EIRP indoor 36 1,8 meter CEPT REC EN ,400-2,4835GHz 2,400-2,4835GHz America 4 W EIRP 36 1,8 meter FCC part 15 section 247 Others 5,8GHz Europe 2 W EIRP 33 <1 meter passive In many contries FCC or CEPT/ETSI apply EN , NB not intended for passive transponders 5,9GHz America 2 W EIRP 33 FCC, NB not intended for passive Q-Free ASA Page 16

17 Regulations, conclusion The regulations are not fixed and under continuous development. The max power values in the table will probably not be reduced. To achieve optimal range, the 900MHz bands allow highest transmitted power w.w. Q-Free ASA Page 17

18 Why Bother with Standards? Standards effect business practices throughout the world. It s a virtual guarantee that you will have to change your business practices if you don t participate in standards committees. You control your own destiny if you do participate. Q-Free ASA Page 18

19 Standardisation an overview General Electro Comm. IT JTC1 ICTSB Q-Free ASA Page 19

20 STAGES TO DEVELOP AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD Project stages ❶ Proposal stage ❷ Preparatory stage ❸ Committee Draft stage ❹ Enquiry stage ❺ Approval stage ❻ Publication stage ISO and IEC Directives Part 1 Acceptance of the New work item proposal NP Voting during meeting or by correspondence (3 months) Preparation of the Working Draft WD Production and acceptance of the Committee Draft CD / PDTR Voting period: 3 to 6 months Production and acceptance of the Draft International Standard DIS Voting period: 5 months Approval of the Final Draft International Standard FDIS / DTR Voting period: 2 months Publication of the International Standard ISO or ISO/ IEC IS / TR JTC 1 Directives Acceptance of the New work item proposal NP Voting period: 3 months Preparation of the Working Draft WD Production and acceptance of the Committee Draft CD / PDTR Voting period: 3 to 6 months Acceptance of the Final Committee Draft FCD Voting period: 4 to 6 months Approval of the Final Draft International Standard FDIS / DTR Voting (Yes/No): 2 months Publication of the International Standard ISO/IEC IS / TR Q-Free ASA Page 20

21 ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC31 Develop series standards SC31 WG2 Data Syntax = Standardization of data structures for the process of automatic identification and data capture. SC31 WG3 Conformance SC31 WG4 Air Interface SC31 WG5 Real Time Locating Systems Q-Free ASA Page 21

22 WG4 Subgroup 3 air inteface WI (General Parameters) WI (<135 khz) WI (13,56 MHz) WI (2,45 GHz) WI ( MHz) WI (433 MHz) WI (Elementary Tag style) Q-Free ASA Page 22

23 Standards (1) Developed under ISO/IEC JTC1/SC31: ISO : Parameters for air interface communications at 13,56 MHz ISO : Parameters for air interface communications at 2,45 GHz ISO : Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz Q-Free ASA Page 23

24 Standards (2) The standards defines several modes. The standards defines the air interface parameters, and not applications. The standards was intended for item management applications do not exist, this standard was proposed by Q-Free, the parameters was identical to DSRC. The series standards are harmonized with FCC and ETSI. Q-Free ASA Page 24