AXIOMATIC DESIGN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECO-SUSTAINABLE

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1 Proceedings ICAD2011 ICAD AXIOMATIC DESIGN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECO-SUSTAINABLE METAPRODUCTS Alessro Giorgetti Dipartimento di Meccanica e Tecnologie Industriali Università degli Studi di Firenze Via di Santa Marta, Firenze - Italy Gabriele Arcidiacono g.arcidiacono@unimarconi.it, Dipartimento di Strategie di Impresa e Innovazione Tecnologica Università degli Studi Guglielmo Marconi Via Plinio, Roma -Italy ABSTRACT The eco-design approach for new product development is becoming progressively more more important for market legislative reasons especially in advanced markets (EU USA, East Asia, etc.). This paper analyzes through Axiomatic Design (AD) potential capability meta-product approach connected with use a tailored Smart Eco-design Platform, for improvement eco-sustainability products. The approach, proposed by authors to eco-design, introduces meta-product level (or Functional System level) as reference level for detecting developing optimal design through use AD. The first axiom aims to define Design Matrix Functional System in order to detect its best configuration. The purpose is to avoid an optimization without appropriate knowledge in terms interaction metaproduct-resources. Then Functional Requirements definition, used in AD, could represent ideal index for ease sharing information knowledge on a wide scale among different industrial sectors. The development Smart Eco-design Platform could encourage use this approach in real product development. In this way it could be possible to develop a system products with an overall higher level ecosustainability optimization, i.e. a system that needs less consumption energy material during all products life cycles. A case study about improvement a functional system composed a refrigerator a kitchen cabinet is included in present paper to explain clearly proposed approach. Keywords: eco-design, Functional System, design approach, product development, meta-product. 1 INTRODUCTION Scientific research industrial results have been developing with a focus on effective eco-design approaches for new product development [Cappelli et al,. 2006; Collado- Ruiza, et al., 2010; Roche et al., 1999; Waage, 2006]. Through se activities, good technical knowledge about science Paolo Citti p.citti@unimarconi.it Dipartimento di Strategie di Impresa e Innovazione Tecnologica Università degli Studi Guglielmo Marconi Via Plinio, Roma Italy Massimo Delogu Massimo.delogu@unifi.it Dipartimento di Meccanica e Tecnologie Industriali Università degli Studi di Firenze Via di Santa Marta, Firenze - Italy characteristics different materials ir level environmental impact has been developed collected in many commercial databases (e.g. Ecoinvent, Idemat, ETH- ESU, ELCD, etc.). In addition, many indices, measurement methods technological guidelines have been introduced to measure manage environmental impact performances a large set industrial products [Riess et al., 1999 Le Pochat et al., 2007]. All se skills are strongly connected with a smart use raw materials (reduction weight, recyclability management hazardous materials), energy (CO 2 emission reduction energy efficiency) reduction waste (scrap hazardous materials). An analysis current state art shows that impact eco-design activities for development new product are mainly limited by following two main critical issues. On one h, a single product point view is used for eco-design analysis considerations. In fact, traditional approaches obtain a first level optimization through progressive extension use knowledge (transformed in useful information for designers process managers) in overall supply chain each product [Zhu, et al., 2010]. In this way it could be possible to obtain design solutions for each product which is able to optimize environmental impact a supply chain with different levels complexity. The potential result is undoubted value but it could be considered as a first level optimization for Eco-design Approach. As a matter fact, usual Ecodesign Approach optimizes single product independently system synergies related to products that belong to same meta-product during ir life cycle. On or h, sharing use eco-design knowledge experience in a large set industrial sector results in complexities for industrial users. Consequently, only a few industrial sectors (for instance automotive one) have successfully introduced eco-design activities in ir new product development processes with different levels effectiveness [Johansson, 2002]. One most important root causes this aspect is that all information is organized in a database based on Technical Characteristics products that are ten very different (per sector) from each or.

2 Axiomatic Design for Development Eco-Sustainable Metaproducts 1 In this scenario, International Stards local legislation become more accurate year by year diffuse into each industrial sector.: e.g. EU Directive 2009/125/ /EC (Energy Using Product EUP); 2002/ /95/CE (RoHS); 2002/96/CE (WEEE); 2006/12/EC (Waste). For this reason, Eco-design becomes more necessary year by year for an always larger set industries. The aim this paper is to analyze, through AD, potential impact related to introductionn a Functional System approach to eco sustainability analysis meta- to products (product products) as optimal design level develop extendedd eco-sustainability products. The optimal design is obtainable using a Smart Eco-design Platform that collects all needed information to define a correct design considering Functional Requirements connected with sustainability system. Figure 1. Functional System composition: information studied in traditional approach (white boxes) information added in new approach (gray boxes). 2 FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM APPROACH As describedd previously, a critical issue for eco-design approach is connected with need for an exped definition eco-sustainability a product [Deutz et al., 2010 Lthouse et al., 2006]. In particular we suggest consideration that most suitable life cycle for each product is strongly connected with both particularity each product also with meta-product. We defined a Functional System as a meta-product composed many products (Figure 1) that converges to same set functions. The Functional System is central concept each eco-design analysis; it is measure performance delivered by system under study. This unit is used as a basis for calculation also as a basis for comparison among different systems fulfilling same function. This set functions is connected with a specific set customerss or consumer needs considering both B2B (Business to Business) B2C (Business to Consumer) market spaces. Each product could belong to a different Functional System in a different part its life cycle, considering production, use disposal. The traditional single-product approach doesn t show Design Matrix a meta-product that could indicate many improvement paths to identify optimal solution. Without meta-productt functional scheme it is not possible to detect consequently to solve many FR/DP correlations linked with Functional System perspective (products interfaces, system synergies system risks) because so many potential improvements are not used to obtain a more ideal meta- product. Figure 2. Example Design Matrix for a single product. In particular it is important to apply traditional approach knowledge about Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to extended complex environment that is Functional System. In fact, introduction Functional System concept will create potential to achieve a higher levell optimization for eco-designedd product. This optimization through Functional System analysis assures that more degrees freedom will be taken into account more conceptual physical resources will be introduced for implementation better eco-designed solutions.

3 Axiomatic Design for Development Eco-Sustainable Metaproducts Therefore without Functional System analysis it would be impossible to obtain necessary information for an important reduction environmental impact products. As shown in Figure 2, Design Matrix a single product could contain an insufficient level information for selection optimal sustainable solution. (The design could appears uncoupled.) Instead it is necessary to extend usual single product point view to a meta-product one, i.e. from product environmental impact to Functional System one in order to identify overall Design Matrix characteristics (Figure 3). In this way, focus eco-design actions is moved to most critical aspects for system sustainability. These critical aspects arise from large amount attentionn on single products also from boundaries (between different products that compose Functional System) considering both sustainability synergies system system risks. In this scenario evaluation interfaces among all products, management se interfaces level holistic integration among always new products becomes relevant for ecosustainability each Functional System. 3 SMART ECO-DESIGN PLATFORM The approach introduced by this scientific paper aims to become current state art in Eco-design methods technical capabilities. The integration all se aspects could be obtained through development a framework able to detect classify all necessary information. This architecture, called Smart Eco-design Platform consists all knowledge about correlations among Customer & Consumer Functional Requirements (C 2 FRs), Design Parameters Products (DPs), Environmental Information (EIs) based on each specific eco-design technical experience related with Functional System sharing overall knowledge (Figure 4). So this platform can create manage all knowledge about materials best practices connected with Eco-design capability considering complex Supply Chain set products linked with a specific Functional System. The Smart Eco-design Platform helps to generate Design Matrix a Functional System to identify design improvement for Functional System. By means Figure 3. Example a Functional System. Figure 4. Smart Eco-design Platform internal external connections.

4 Axiomatic Design for Development Eco-Sustainable Metaproducts 1 se improvements it will be possible to develop innovative architecture paradigms for Functional System Consequently it could assure a new higher levell performance to customer consumer products in terms perceived quality. The creation this platform can manage share specific technical knowledge for all multiproduct supply chain Functional System (Figure 5). The common approach for sharing, collection analysis data is based on AD Functional Requirements definition [Suh, 2001], considering both customer & consumer needs. This passage has an important impact on described critical issue Eco-design implementation, i.e. difficulties in sharing information in a wide range eir. A Platform based on Functional Requirements is clearly more general user friendly for users that come from different industrial sectors. The knowledge developed diffused by Smart Eco-design Platform allows creation a solution with a larger product flexibility with a longer life time product. In particular, it is possible to define a more intelligent use raw materials energies based on resources sharing inside Functional System. One primary impacts is development knowledge in long-term short- used term C2FRs for each Functional System. This could be for different products to reach longer life-times. In fact, products could be optimized through a specific technical capability in coupling technical characteristics with different time-governance C2FRs. Therefore it could be possible to define a modularity considering different C2FRs ir connection with technical characteristics each product. This knowledge permits reduction use materials energy connected with oversize one or more technical characteristics during development process (Figure 6). In particular, time governance is detected analyzed using AD. This Design Matrix Functional System is able to identify to solve most conceptual critical FR/DP correlations (Figure 7). These correlations are usually related to an overconsumption energy a higher production scrap hazard materials. Then first axiom AD helps to evolve products to an higher level recyclability reuse. Figure 5. Multilayer structure Smart Eco-design Platform for Functional System. Figure 6. Overdesign detection.

5 Axiomatic Design for Development Eco-Sustainable Metaproducts Figure 7. Design Matrix modified by overdesign detection. 4 CASE STUDY: IMPROVEMENT OF REFRIGERATOR AND KITCHEN CABINET SYSTEM The proposed approach has been applied to a specific functional system composed a refrigerator a kitchen cabinet (RKC). The structure a conventional refrigerator kitchen cabinet is shown in Figure 8. The Design Matrix refrigerator whole RKC Functional System are summarized in Figure 9. The refrigerator Design Matrix results in a partial selection optimal sustainable solutions for RKC system. Instead RKC Design Matrix permits designer to identify more possible design solutionss to reduce use materials energy connected with oversize redundancy one or more technical characteristics Functional System. Figure 8. Structure conventional refrigerator kitchen cabinet. Figure 9. Design Matrix refrigerator refrigerator whole RKC Functional System. For Example we can consider only FR5, FR6 ir related DPs. The reduced Design Matrix obtained is shown in Figure 10. This matrix can be improved using first axiom AD. In particular, an innovative concept is developed through analysis matrix FR/ /DP correlations. The progressive consumption food frequency its supply rate suggests thatt real needed capacity for refrigerator (in terms liters) is variable. Then it is possible to divide FR6 into two sub-functional requirements: FR6.1 - Full Load refrigerator capacity, FR6.2 - Partial Load refrigerator capacity. These two FR6.i divided FR6 in a long terms characteristics (FR6.1) short term characteristic (FR6.2). Similarly, FR5 is divided in a short term (FR5.1) a long term requirement (FR5.2). This knowledge helps in identification a more sustainable architecture for RKC system. This new system architecture is shown in Figure 11 consists a decoupling FRs in short term

6 Axiomatic Design for Development Eco-Sustainable Metaproducts 1 external dimension refrigerator. These results can be obtained through use a unique structure for refrigerator cabinet by introduction a movement degree freedom on insulation layer. The Design Matrix modified RKC Functional System is shown in Figure 12. The modified RKC System has a better efficiency at various loads. Figure 10. Design Matrix Functional System RKC considering short terms long terms FRs. Figure 11. Innovative architecture RKC Functional System obtained using first axiom AD. Figure 12. Design Matrix modified RKC Functional System. 5 CONCLUSI ON Arcidiacono G., Axiomatic Design for Reliability, ATA Motor Car Engineering Journal, Vol.53 n.9/ 10, pp , Cappelli F., Massimo Delogu M., Pierini M., Integration LCA EcoDesign guideline in a virtual cad frame work, International Conference on Life Cycle Engineering, LCE 06, Leuven, May 31-June 2, Collado-Ruiza D., Hesamedin Ostad-Ahmad-Ghorabi H. Fuon ory: Stardizing functional units for product design, Resources, Conservation Recycling, Vol. 54, pp , Deutz P., Neighbour G., McGuire M., Integrating Sustainable Waste Management into Product Design: Sustainability as a Functional Requirement, Sustainable Development, Vol. 18, pp , Johansson G., Success Factors for Integration Ecodesign in Product Development A Review State- --art, Environmental Management Health, Vol. 13, No.1, pp , Le Pochat S., Bertoluci G, Froelich D., Integrating ecodesign by conducting changes in SMEs, Journal Cleaner Production, Vol. 15, pp , Lthouse V., Ecodesign tools for designers: defining requirements, Journal Cleaner Production, Vol. 14, No , 2006, pp , Ries G., Winkler R., Ziist R., Barriers for a Successful Integration Environmental Aspects in Product Design, Environmentally Conscious Design Inverse Manufacturing, Tokyo, Feb , This Functional System Approach to eco-design new product drives designer towards more eco sustainability solutions. In particular, this approach helps existing environmental management products in a broader vision that takes into account a more integrated system. This is possible through approach a Functional System permits creation a more integrated holistic analysis eco-sustainable products. Therefore this approach goes beyond second critical issue through introduction a database based on C 2 FRs. It shares eco-design experience among different industrial sectors different types industries (large companies SMEs). The reason is that C 2 FRs have general characteristics based on customers not on specific technicality each industrial sector. Therefore C 2 FRs result in a very user friendly indicator for management Smart Eco-design Platform, as users query database for functional requirement product. Therefore y obtain all information about materials, best practices, guidelines, experiences that can help to design an eco-sustainable product depending on different contexts. This paper shows how Axiomatic Design can be used as core Smart Eco-design Platform for detection potential areas improvement for introduction innovative solution in particular regard to sustainability products. 6 REFERENC CES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]

7 Axiomatic Design for Development Eco-Sustainable Metaproducts [9] Suh N.P., Axiomatic Design: Advances Applications, New York, Oxford University Press, [10] Waage, S.A., Re-considering product design: a practical road-map for integration sustainability issues, Journal Cleaner Production, Vol. 15 pp , [11] Zhu Q., Geng Y., Lai K., Circular economy practices among Chinese manufacturers varying in environmentaloriented supply chain cooperation performance implications Journal Environmental Management Vol. 91, No. 6, pp , 2010.