Introduction to the Roads and Road Transport

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1 Chapter 1 Introduction to the Roads and Road Transport 1.1 The Problem. 1.2 The Need for Integrated Transport System. 1.3 Importance of Road Transport for Indian Economy. 1.4 Classification of Indian Roads. 1.5 Recent Developments in the Road Transport Sector in India. 1.6 Some of the Common Problems and Issues Related to Roads. 1.7 The Chapter Plan of the Study.

2 Chapter 1 Introduction to the Roads and Road Transport 1.1 The Problem Roads are the key to the development of an economy. A good road network constitutes the basic infrastructure that accelerates the development process through connectivity and opening up of the backward regions to trade and investment. Roads also play a key role in inter-modal transport development establishing links with airports, railway stations and ports. In addition, they have an important role in promoting national integration, which is particularly important in a large country like India. Since independence, there has been a tremendous increase in the volume of road traffic, both passenger and freight. However, the main road network comprising of national and state highways has not matched this traffic growth. Much of the expansion of the road network has been through building the rural roads to provide connectivity to rural masses, although 50 percent of the villages are still to be connected with all weather roads. (The main roads have also not kept pace with the traffic demand in terms of their quality). Despite their importance to the national economy, the road network in India is grossly inadequate in various respects. The existing network is inadequate and is unable to handle high traffic density at many places and has poor riding quality. Road safety is a growing concern in the present day world. Though India s vehicular population is just one percent of that of the world, 6% of the world accidents occur in India. The national highways, comprising 2% of the entire road network in the country, account for nearly 20% of the road accidents. (Source: - Central Institute of Road Transport). Over 1,25,000 people are killed and more than 5,00,000 people are 1

3 injured in the year 2009 in India due to road accidents. Apart from drivers skills and behaviour, lack of knowledge of road safety, general attitude of the road users, quality and adequacy of the roads are the most important contributors to such accidents. Prior to the National Highways Development Programme (NHDP) initiated by the NHAI, almost all National Highways and State Highways were 2-lane, undivided roads with uneven surface causing traffic congestion, required more travelling time, unsafe not only during the night time and in the rainy season by also during the day time. These roads required more fuel, more travelling time and they also added to the environmental pollution. The road side amenities which make the journey comfortable such as petrol pumps, parking places, hotels and restaurants, service roads, toilets, repair shops, weigh bridges etc. were either missing or inadequately available in an unplanned manner mainly by the private entrepreneurs. There are various factors which make road safe and less accident prone, such as smooth surface, 4-laning, dividers, flyovers, underpasses, bridges, subways, bypasses, speed breakers, signals, signboards, road markings etc. All these factors also increase the speed and reduce fuel requirement. But majority of these factors were either missing or available in inadequate number. Moreover in order to reduce the air and noise pollution, caused by the heavy traffic, hardly any remedial measure in a planned manner was undertaken. The main reasons for all above mentioned shortcomings is the inadequacy of funds for maintenance and improving the quantity and the quality of the road network and development of the National Highways and the State Highways. To bridge the resource gap and to instil the competitive efficiency, efforts are being made to associate the private sector with road projects; the Public Private Partnership (PPP) using the BOT (Build Operate Transfer) is introduced to develop the roads and highways in India. The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) was established in 1995 to implement the National Highways Development Programme (NHDP) which constitutes 4/6 laning of the Golden Quadrilateral. 2

4 1.2 The Need for Integrated Transport System In India, transport system comprises a number of distinct modes and services; viz. railways, roads, inland water transport, coastal shipping and air transport. Railways and roads are the dominant means of transport. In a vast country like India, it is necessary to develop various transport modes in an integrated manner to build up an efficient, sustainable, safe and regionally balanced transportation system. Each mode of transport should operate in its field of economy and usefulness, with competitive and non-discriminatory prices that are adequate to support progressive development of transport infrastructure and services. This would also enable the comparative advantages and economic efficiencies to be properly reflected in the user costs. Recent liberalization of the Indian economy has brought home the urgency of developing an efficient transport system for increasing productivity and enabling the country to compete effectively in the world market. Adequacy and reliability of transport infrastructure and services are important factors which contribute towards the ability of the country to compete in the field of international trade and attract foreign direct investment. The Government has a major role to play in this sphere. Even in a market economy, the framework that national Government provide for the transport sector largely determines the level of cost and transport operations. It is, therefore, necessary to create a policy environment that encourages competitive pricing and coordination between alternative modes in order to provide an integrated transport system that assures the mobility of goods and people at maximum efficiency and minimum cost. According to Tenth Five Year Plan ( ), An efficient transport system is a pre-requisite for sustained economic development. It is not only the key infrastructural input for the growth process but also plays a significant role in promoting national integration, which is particularly important in a large country like India. In a liberalized set up, an efficient transport network becomes all the more important in order to increase productivity and enhance the competitive efficiency of the economy in the world market. The transport system also plays an important role in 3

5 promoting the development of the backward regions and integrating them with the main stream economy by opening them to trade and investment. 1.3 Importance of Road Transport for Indian Economy As compared to the railways, the road transport system has definite advantages which can be summarized as follow: 1) Motor transports as well as road constructions have contributed significantly to the growth of the Gross National Product (GNP) all over the world, but India has remained significantly backward in this regard. Besides there is tremendous scope for creating employment through road construction and maintenance. Further, India needs increased road mileage, especially to open up the vast areas which cannot be reached except through roads. 2) Road transport is quicker, more convenient and more flexible. It is particularly good for short distance travel for movement of goods. Motor vehicles can easily collect passengers and goods from anywhere and take them to wherever they want to be dropped. Door-to-door collection and delivery are possible in the case of road transport. But in the case of railways, the lines are fixed and the railways do not have the flexibility of the roadways. Passengers and goods will have to be taken to the railway stations. 3) Roads are a necessary complement to railways. India is a country of villages and it is only roads which can connect villages and railways can connect towns. The railway stations will have to be properly served by a network of feeder roads. Only through these roads the railways can receive their passengers and goods. If railways are essential for the movement of goods and people for long distances, road transport is essential for such movement for short distances. Roads and railways are, therefore, not competitive but complementary. 4

6 4) Road transport is of particular advantage to the farmers. Good roads help the farmers to move their products, particularly the perishable products; like vegetables, quickly to the mandis and towns. Only by developing the road system, the farmer can be assured of a steady market for his products. It is the road system which brings the villagers into contact with the towns and the new ideas and the new systems from the towns. 5) Roads are highly significant for the defence of the country. For the movement of troops, tanks, armoured cars, and field guns etc. roads are essential. The great importance given to the construction of border roads to facilitate the movement of troops for the protection of the northern borders against the Chinese aggression is an example of the great importance of roads in the defence of the country. 1.4 Classification of Indian Roads Indian roads are classified into three types namely the National Highways, the State Highways, the District and the rural roads. The National Highways encompass a road length of only about 65,600 kms. Or 2 percent of the length of the total road system but they carry nearly 40 percent of the goods and passenger traffic. The National Highway system is the primary road grid and is the direct responsibility of the Central Government. The State Highways and District roads account for nearly 6,00,000 kms. or about 15 percent of the goods and passenger traffic. The construction and maintenance of these roads is the responsibility of the States. Besides there are rural roads constructed under Minimum Needs Programme (MNP), Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP), National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) and Command Area Development (CAD). In all these cases, the objective of road construction is linking villages in the country. 5

7 1.5 Recent Developments in the Road Transport Sector in India India has one of the largest road networks in the world, consisting national highways, state highways, district roads and village roads. The recent developments in the road transport in India are: 1) National Highways Development Programme (NHDP) The largest highway project ever undertaken in the country is implemented by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) which was constituted under the National Highway Authority of India Act, 1988 and was made operational in February Initially it was entrusted with the task of implementing five externally aided National Highways improvement projects. Subsequently it was asked to implement several other projects including some BOT projects on National Highways. The NHAI has been mandated to implement National Highways Development Programme (NHDP) which constitutes 4/6 laning of Golden Quadrilateral connecting Delhi Mumbai Chennai Calcutta Delhi and North-South and East-West Corridors connecting Kashmir in the North to Kanyakumari in the South and Silchar in the East to Saurashtra in the West. The Golden Quadrilateral is over 5800 kms. Under the Port Connectivity Project roads connecting 12 major parts (380 kms) and other projects (962 kms) will be improved. A task force headed by Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission is monitoring this programme and was targeted to be complete by The implementation of the NHDP faced many problems like delays in land acquisition and removal of structures, shifting of utilities, law and order problems in some states and bad performance of some contractors. But inspite of these problems, the projects are being completed. This has a positive impact on the economy. 2) Special Accelerated Road Development (SARD) This is the special programme for the North Eastern Region. 6

8 This programme wants to improve the road connectivity to state capitals, district head quarters and remote places in the North Eastern region. It consists of over 3800 kms of National Highways and about 4900 kms of State Roads. This will connect 85 district headquarters in the North Eastern States to the National Highways and the State Roads. 3) Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) In order to give boost to rural connectivity, a rural road programme, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna (PMGSY) was launched in October The primary objective of PMGSY is to provide connectivity, by way of all-weather roads to the unconnected habitations in the rural areas, so that habitations with populations of 1,000 and above are covered in three years ( ). All unconnected habitations with a population of 500 persons and above are covered by the end of the Tenth Plan Period (2007). In respect of the hill states (North-East, Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Uttranchal) and the desert areas, the objective is to connect habitations with a population of 250 persons and above. The programme also aims to achieve an equitable development of the rural roads network in different states / districts so as to fully exploit the potential for rural growth. The PMGSY is implemented as a 100 percent centrally sponsored scheme. 4) Carriage by Road Act, 2007 The rights and liabilities of the common carrier in India are given in the Carriers Act, The road transport sector changed a lot since So we had to change this Act. Therefore, the Carriage by Road Act, 2007 was introduced to replace the old Act. The new Act will make the transport system transparent and will modernize the systems and procedures of the transportation. A working group has been appointed to make rules under the Act. Amendment in the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 has been the main Act for regulating the Motor Vehicles. This Act was amended thrice due to technological changes in the road 7

9 transport. In response to the suggestions given by different groups, this Act will be changed again. 5) Public Private Partnership (PPP) Investments in the infrastructure, particularly in highways, were made by the Government, because of the large amount of resources required, long gestation period and uncertain returns. But now the investment is done by Public Private Partnership (PPP) in order to facilitate timely completion of all the projects. Private sector also has better management efficiency. So most of the new road projects will be done by the PPP. To encourage the PPP, the Government has taken the following steps. a) Declaring the road sector as an Industry. b) Providing capital subsidy up to 40% of the project cost to make projects commercially attractive. c) 100% tax exemption in any consecutive 10 years out of the first 20 years of the project. d) Government will pay all expenses relating to land and other preconstruction activities. e) Foreign Direct Investment up to 100% in the road sector. f) Easier rules for external commercial borrowings. g) Higher Concession period (up to 30 years). h) Right to collect and retain toll. 6) Investment in Eleventh Five Year Plan The Eleventh Five Year Plan ( ) gives great importance to completing the work approved under NHDP. For roads and bridges sector, the Eleventh plan proposed investment is of Rs. 3,14,152/- Crore for the five year period starting from 1 st April, Of this investment, the shares of the Centre, State and the Private Sector are expected to be 34, 32 and 34 percent respectively. 8

10 7) The Central Road Fund The Central Government has created a fund, called Central Road Fund from collection of cess from petrol and diesel. At present Rs. 2 per litre is collected as cess on Petrol and High Speed Diesel (HSD) Oil. The Fund is used for development and maintenance of National Highways, State roads, rural roads and for provision of road over bridges, under bridges and other safety features at unmanned railway crossings. 8) Research and Development in Road Development India undertakes research and development in the road sector to build a strong road infrastructure comparable to the best roads in the world. Research and Development tries to make improvement in the road design, modernization of construction techniques, introduction of improved material in accordance with the latest trends, encouraging development and use of new technologies etc. The Department of Road Transport and Highways takes the help from many research institutions, academic institutions and Universities to implement the research schemes. The road development programme in Indian focuses on: 1) Strengthening and improving the crucial sections of the highway network through phased removal of deficiencies and maintaining of high density corridors. 2) Improving the road communications in remote areas such as north-east. 3) Providing all-weather connectivity to remaining villages and promoting energy conservations; safety and environmental protection. 1.6 Some of the common problems and issues related to roads are: Higher construction cost. Uneven surface and poor riding quality. Higher fuel cost. Delays and loss of time due to traffic congestion. 9

11 Environmental Pollution due to traffic on roads. Inadequacy in timely maintenance of roads due to funds constrains. Absence of smoothly running traffic. Removal of road side encroachment. Majority of them were 2-lane, undivided roads till nineties and inadequacy and delays in 4-laning / 6-laning of highways, Abnormal delays due to existence of railway level crossings, octroi posts, other tax barriers, toll plazas etc. Inadequacy of in-built safety measures in the Road Projects during designing, construction, operation and maintenance such as : a) Flyovers. b) Underpasses. c) By passes. d) Service roads. e) Bridges f) User facilities like bus/truck lay by, wayside amenities etc. g) Safety features like road markings, signages, crash barriers, studs, delineators, lighting in urban areas / bridges / flyovers, speed retarders on cross roads at junctions etc. h) Pedestrian facilities like zebra crossings, pedestrian underpasses, foot over bridges, pedestrian guardrails etc. i) Tow-away vehicles for removing the broken down / damaged vehicles, ambulances to provide immediate medical help to accident victims, route patrolling vehicles to check unauthorized activities / guide road users. Efforts are made to tackle these issues and improvement in the road network has been accorded a high priority in the development planning in India. 10

12 1.7 The Chapter Plan of the Study The following is the chapter plan of the present study: Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 : Introduction to the Roads and Road Transport. : Review of Literature and Research Methodology. : The National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) and the Project Highway. : Financing Procedures and Rules for the Road Projects of the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) using the Public Private Partnership (PPP) Scheme. : Salient Features of the Gonde-Vadape Section of the NH-3 Project undertaken by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI). : The Environmental Status of the Location of the Project Highway. : Environmental Impact and the Mitigative Measures adopted during the construction and operation of the Project Highway. : Summary of the Traffic Studies and Forecasts on the Project Highway undertaken by the Consultant. : The Profile of the Respondents. : Data Analysis and Interpretation of Data. : Summary of the Findings, Conclusions, Testing of the Hypotheses and Suggestions. 11

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