Disciplina: Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana. Aulas Teóricas. Sistemas Inteligentes de Transportes. Docente: Vasco Reis Prof. Responsável: Rosário Macário

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1 MESTRADO INTEGRADO DE ENGENHARIA CIVIL MESTRADO EM PLANEAMENTO E OPERAÇÃO DE TRANSPORTES MESTRADO EM URBANISMO E ORDENAMENTO DO TERRITÓRIO MESTRADO EM ENGENHARIA DO TERRITÓRIO Disciplina: Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Docente: Vasco Reis Prof. Responsável: Rosário Macário Aulas Teóricas Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 1

2 Motivation ITS Significant losses of efficiency and safety in the transport both from the demand and the supply side owing to: Drivers faults (distraction, mistakes, misjudgements, etc.); Inaccurate information about the transport system (location of vehicles, customers demand, etc); Non optimisation of supply with demand (schedules, destinations, etc). Lack of flexibility in the alignment between the configuration of the supply infrastructure for compatibility with the drivers' ability to adapt to changing situations The goal of ITS is to improve mobility, create better accessibility and enhance safety while meeting stringent environmental requirements (Benouar, 2001) Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 2

3 Objectives of ITS Key objectives: Improving safety on the roads, by reducing the risk of having traffic accidents (reduction of potential crashes); Improving mobility on the whole network with the reduction of delays and travel times; Optimize the use of the existing infrastructures, improving their efficiency; Increase productivity by saving on the costs; Energy saving and environment protection; Achieving customer s satisfaction. (Mitretek Systems, 2001) Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 3

4 Definition of ITS ITS refers to a variety of tools, such as traffic engineering concepts, software, hardware and communications technologies, that can be applied in an integrated fashion to the transportation system to improve its efficiency and safety (Gurínová) ITS improve transportation safety and mobility, and enhance productivity through the use of advanced communication sensors, and information processing technologies encompassing a broad range of wireless communications-based information and electronics (U.S. DOT, 2008) Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 4

5 Definition of ITS United States of America application of advanced sensor, computer, electronics and communication technologies and management strategies in an integrated manner to improve the safety and efficiency of the surface transportation system. Japan systems that link road infrastructure and telecommunications using computers, electronics and advanced sensing technologies. China based on electronics, information, communication, computers, GIS and GPS technologies to solve the traffic problems for all humankind, a new traffic science and technology systems. Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 5

6 Definition of ITS Utilisation of intelligence to enhance the operation of the transportation system, minimizing its impacts on the environment and improving its safety level and overall efficiency. ITS can be either embedded in new transportation networks or in existent networks. Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 6

7 Sources of Intelligence on ITS There are a variety of architectures of these systems in terms of: Acquisition of Information: Sensors in infrastructure and embedded instruments in connection with positioning satellite systems Processing: on-board units, units embedded in peripheral locations to each element of the infrastructure Transmission of Information: Fixed to mobile, mobile to mobile, or through central units Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 7

8 Components of ITS ITS is a system of systems which includes the driver (behavioral characteristics, human machine interface, etc), the vehicle (personal, transit, etc) and the infrastructure (Benouar, 2001) Source: Fonseca, 2011 Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 8

9 Taxonomy for ITS Road traffic management Highway traffic management Intelligent Infrastructure Source: US DOT, 2008 Roadways Public transport Safety and Security Road weather management Roadway operations and maintenance Public transport management; En-Route Transit Information; Personalized Public Transit; Public Traffic Security Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 9

10 Taxonomy for ITS Source: US DOT, 2008 Transportation management centers Management and Traffic incident management Intelligent Infrastructure Operations Emergency management Electronic payment and pricing Traveler information Information management Freight Commercial vehicles operation Intermodal freight Intelligent Collision avoidance Vehicles Driver assistance Vehicles Collision notification Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 10

11 Arterial Management: Management of traffic along arterial roadways Devices such as vehicle detectors, traffic signals and various means of communicating information to travelers. Devices collect information to improve the way drivers use travel corridors. Dissemination of information about traffic conditions and other important information through dynamic message signals (DMS) and radio broadcast. Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 11

12 Road Traffic Management: Components: Collection Data Team - monitorization of the traffic conditions. Support Systems - instruments that help the system operators managing and controlling real time traffic, such as cameras, sensors, semaphores, and other electronic systems Real Time Traffic Control Systems - use of information provided by the first two elements and control the traffic changing semaphores, sending messages to the electronic displays and controlling the accesses. Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 12

13 Highway Traffic Management: To improve the operation on freeways. Categories: surveillance, ramp control, lane management, special event transportation management, information dissemination and enforcement. Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 13

14 Safety and Security: Key purpose of ITS is to prevent crashes and accidents on the transportation environment, improving safety and reducing risk for system users, including pedestrians, cyclists, operators and occupants of all vehicles. Safety: the state of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury (related with accidents that may cause injury on people or other damage). Security: the sate of being free from danger or threat (related with criminal actions towards people or assets). Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 14

15 Safety and Security Safety is an ideal state in which the risk of harm (to persons) or damage to property or the environment is reduced to an acceptable level through a continuing process of hazard identification and risk management (ICAO, Safety Management Manual) Safety is risk management Safety begins with the design of an overall system to encompass the overall requirements (Ramsden) It is related with vehicles, infrastructure, organization, regulation, people, etc. Summarizing, it is related with all processes, physical and social Safety Management System, is the systemic management of the risks associated with operations, vehicles, infrastructures, maintenance activities, etc., with the purpose of obtaining high safety performance levels (number of accidents or incidents per veih.km, etc.) Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 15

16 Safety and Security: Pillars Enforcement - Establishment of standards (technical and behavioural), penalties for failure, creation and organization of the institution with enforcement powers Education and training, with implications wider than the simple obtaining skills in the relevant domains; it is necessary to achieve proficiency in the three phases of each system (construction, maintenance, operation) Proficiency, is related with the performance of an activity with high competitiveness, due to theoretical knowledge, on a easy way based on validated practice. Whenever this attribute is mandatory, real or virtual simulation is required Engineering, conception, construction and maintenance (healing and preventive) of the systems Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 16

17 Safety and Security: Road geometry warning systems - used to warn drivers of potentially dangerous conditions that may lead to accident situations on ramps, curves or downgrades. Intersection collision warning systems - monitor traffic approaching the intersection and transmit this information to other vehicles that are reaching the same point. Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 17

18 Safety and Security: Objects detection detection of suspected objects in the transport system. Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 18

19 Safety and Security: Abuse and fraud to detect no legal utilisation of the transport system. Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 19

20 Safety and Security: Crowd Control detect eventual sources of conflict or problems. Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 20

21 Safety and Security: Access control and counting Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 21

22 Road Weather Management Due to bad weather condition, from 1995 through 2005 in the US, each year more than 673,000 people are injured and nearly 7,400 are killed in weather-related crashes (U.S. DOT, 2008, p. 55) and that Estimated cost of weather-related crashes ranges from $22 billion to $51 billion annually. These costs include travel delay, emergency services, property damage, medical and rehabilitation costs, productivity losses, insurance administration costs, legal and court costs, and the costs to employers (U.S. DOT, 2008, p. 55). Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 22

23 Road Weather Management Assessment of pavement conditions and weather forecast: Environmental sensor stations (ESS) Road weather information systems (RWIS), Dissemination of information collected about weather and pavement conditions is done using dynamic message signals (DMS) or through the internet. In adverse weather conditions: Alteration of the state of roadway devices to permit or restrict traffic flow and regulate roadway capacity. Reduction of speed limits with variable speed limit (VSL) signals and Modification of traffic signal timing based on pavement conditions. Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 23

24 Roadway Operations and Maintenance The costs of operating and maintaining transportation systems are substantial. Intelligent transportation systems may be applied to better manage and maintain a roadway system and, consequently, enhance safety and mobility with less costs (or at least better applied costs). On working zones, ITS can be used to increase safety of workers and travelers, while helping maintaining a smooth traffic flow around the construction area. Control of vehicle speeds and Devices to notify drivers of lane configuration changes or even Devices to notify drivers about travel times and lengths of the work zone. The dissemination of this information may be done using portable DMS signals or similar devices. Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 24

25 Public Transport Management; Management of transport operations and fleet management. Automated vehicle location (AVL) and computer-aided dispatch (CAD) systems Enables optimal routing of vehicles, in function of: expected demand, congesting, expected quality of service Reduction passenger waiting times and improve the systems reliability. Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 25

26 Public Transport Management; Automated passenger counters - better management and planning of public transport systems (by gathering of better information about whether is necessary more or less vehicles, regarding an improvement on systems operation) Automatic payment systems - to improve payment method making it simpler and more efficient for users and at the same time offering significant benefits for public transport agencies. Crew management to optimise the crew scheduling and roistering Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 26

27 Public Transport: En Route Information; Information provided to passengers during the journeys, for example information on expected arrival times of vehicles, transfers, connections, and ride-share opportunities. Advanced Travelers Information Systems (ATIS) to provide information about travel schedules, route information, costs or real time information about the changes in the public transport system. To provide information to travelers in order to optimize their choices and decisions regarding the use of public transport, increasing their level of comfort and perception of level of service. Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 27

28 Public Transport: En Route Information; This information can be disseminated through electronic panels on bus stops, interactive displays inside the modes of transport, or interactive kiosks at key locations. Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 28

29 Public Transport: Personalised Public Transport Dynamic optimization of the matching of offers or infrastructure (with spare capacity) and customers (people and goods) Easing the search of taxi services Idem, partial loading of goods in trucks Customers in urban areas with multiple routes of PT (for which stop address) Clubs Car-pooling with the possibility of dynamic reallocation of the members in case of changes in daily schedule Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 29

30 Public Transport: Personalised Public Transport Dynamic optimization of the matching of offers or infrastructure (with spare capacity) and customers (people and goods) Bus-Call, warning about the arrival of the desired bus. Time of notice selected by the customer in order to (almost) synchronize their arrival and the bus Ability to associate seat reservation Detection of parking spaces, reservation for a specific vehicle and forward the same to the place Implementation of Flexible Transport Services Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 30

31 Public Transport: Public Travel Security Include vigilance cameras (inside the vehicles and on the stations and bus stops), which gather information on the transport system. Detection of forbidden and suspicious activities, allowing a better reaction to problematic behaviors. Security and incident management are also improved through vehicle-to-dispatch communications, which facilitate a faster response to aggressions, accidents and other problems Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 31

32 Management and Operations: Transport Management Centers coordination of ITS operations. Main functions: data acquisition, command and control, computing and communications on a large range of ITS applications. Traffic Incident Management utilisation of surveillance and detection technologies, including: inductive loop, microwave or acoustic vehicle detectors, and camera systems providing video surveillance of roads. Automated collision notification (ACN) systems and roadside call boxes. Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 32

33 Management and Operations: Electronic Payment and Pricing of transport services, such as: public transport, parking, tolls, etc. Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 33

34 Management and Operations: Electronic Payment and Pricing improvement the fairness of the transport system Pricing of the ride (passengers) is based on the actual origin and destination (example of taxi rides) Pricing of the utilization of infrastructure (transport operator) is based on the actual utilization of services and infrastructure Revenue sharing amongst transport agents is determined in function of actual demand. Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 34

35 Management and Operations: Travelers Information real-time information about the state of the transport system, namely: waiting times, travel times, disruptions, routes, pricing, etc. Web based applications Smart devices software Interactive displays Improvement of the customer s satisfaction level and trust Increased visibility of the system (reliability and flexibility) Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 35

36 Management and Operations: Information Management gathering, processing and storage of data. Incident management programs may review incident locations to schedule staging and patrol routes and frequencies for service patrol vehicles; Historical traffic information can be used to develop predictive travel times; Public transport agencies may review schedule performance data archived from automatic vehicle location, computer-aided dispatch systems and/or automatic passenger counting systems to design more effective schedules and route designs or to manage operations more efficiently. Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 36

37 Collision Avoidance Systems: Intersection collision warning systems - Detect and warn drivers of approaching traffic and potential right-of-way violations at intersections. Obstacle detection systems - such as other vehicles, road debris, or animals - in a vehicle s path or projected path and alert the driver. Lane change warning systems - Alert bus and truck drivers of vehicles (or other obstructions) in adjacent lanes when the driver prepares to change lanes. Lane departure warning systems - Warn drivers if their vehicle is unintentionally drifting out of the lane. Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 37

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40 Collision Avoidance Systems Rollover warning systems- Notify drivers when they are traveling too fast for an approaching curve, given their vehicles operating characteristics. Road departure warning systems- Warn drivers when their vehicle is about to leave the roadway, whether they are approaching a curve too fast, or about to drift off the road on a straight roadway segment. Forward collision warning systems- Warn drivers if they are in a conflict situation with a lead vehicle. Rear-impact warning systems- Warn the lead vehicle driver if he is in conflict with a following vehicle. Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 40

41 Driver Assistance In-vehicle navigation and route guidance systems with GPS technology - Reduce driver error, increase safety, and save time by improving driver decisions in unfamiliar areas (platooning) Integrated communication systems - enable drivers and dispatchers to coordinate rerouting decisions on-the-fly can also save time and money, and improve productivity. In-vehicle vision enhancement - Improve visibility for driving conditions involving reduced sight distance due to night driving, inadequate lighting, fog, drifting snow, or other inclement weather conditions. Object detection systems - Warn the driver of an object (front, side, or back) that is in the path of or adjacent to the path of the vehicle. Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 41

42 Driver Assistance Adaptive cruise control (ACC), intelligent speed control, and lane-keeping assistance - Assist drivers with safe vehicle operation. Roll stability control systems - Take corrective action, such as throttle control or braking, when sensors detect that a vehicle is in a potential rollover situation. Drowsy driver warning systems - Alert the driver that he or she is fatigued which may lead to lane departure or road departure. Precision docking systems - Automate precise positioning of vehicles at loading/unloading areas. Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 42

43 Driver Assistance Coupling/decoupling systems - Help vehicle operators link multiple vehicles, such as buses or trucks, into platoons. On-board monitoring systems - Track and report cargo condition, safety and security status, and the mechanical condition of vehicles equipped with in-vehicle diagnostics. This information can be presented to the driver immediately, transmitted off-board, or stored. In the event of a crash or near-crash, in-vehicle event data recorders can record vehicle performance data and other input from video cameras or radar sensors to improve the post-processing of crash data. Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 43

44 External Impacts of ITS Organisation of Mobility and Activities Level Significant efficiency gains to customers of the transport system in all modes Stimulation of intermodal solutions and shifting between modes of transport (becomes easier to choose and change between modes of transport) Higher gains in places where the density of use makes possible installation of intelligent infrastructure Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 44

45 External Impacts of ITS Organisation of Mobility and Activities Level Risk of loss of social cohesion (greater segregation between those that have and those that do not have access to these technologies) Possible emergence of new forms of type "wiki" in the organization of collective activities either directly in the transport system, or of other kinds of activities, using vehicles and mobile as generators and distributors of information and access providers Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 45

46 External Impacts of ITS Territorial and City Organization Emergence of a new "layer" of intelligent infrastructure, safer, more efficient and ecological But implanted only in areas of intensive use Inevitable attraction of activities generating greater value for these locations Likely accelerating the deployment of these systems in response to the need to reduce GHG emissions Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 46

47 Business Models (I) When there is a clear added value for the client (traveller, transporter) they may be willing to pay -> user-buyer models, that may enable the entry the private business in a market regime risk of excessive rents by monopoly In other cases, the main beneficiary is the infrastructure manager, as it gets significant gains in efficiency and quality of service -> inclusion in the service package and corresponding price Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 47

48 Business Models (II) In some cases, the benefits are only available to few agents (due to high cost of services) that are willing or capable to pay for the privileged information -> high political risk of non-acceptance due to the exclusion that implies In any case, significant costs of initial investment and failure may occur, especially when the product requires sophisticated equipment (dedicated) in the infrastructure or vehicle, and no-one may me interested in assuming that risk-> governmental support (through PPPs or other schemes) Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 48

49 Gains for the Transport Systems Improvement of safety and economic efficiency (both from the consumption and production sides) Increased reliability and predictability of performance Improved quality of life and competitiveness of regions and companies that work in them Possibility of commercial deployment (of the ITS solution in other regions) Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC MPOT MUOT - LET Aulas teóricas GMU 49