Transportation of Radioactive Materials
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1 Transportation of Radioactive Materials CRESP Short Course August 2009 Mark Abkowitz Department of Civil & Env Eng Vanderbilt University
2 Types of Radioactive Shipments Uranium ores Isotopes Medical Industrial Research Weapons-related materials Radioactive waste Spent fuel (SNF) High level waste (HLW) Transuranic waste (TRU) Low-level waste (LLW) Mixed low-level waste Reactor components Uranium mill tailings
3 128 Current locations of spent nuclear fuel and g radioactive high-level waste destined for geologic disposal: 128 sites in 39 states
4 Cargo Waste Forms & Package Designs
5 Centralized Storage Yes Develop And Implement Technology DOE Sites HLW DOE & Navy SNF Alternative Storage Location Use of Alternative Technology? No Dry Storage at Utility Site To Atmosphere Glass HLW 129 I 3 H 14 C 85 Kr Wet Storage at Utility Site Transfer to Uncanistered Transportation Casks Reprocess CSNF Minor Actinides And Fission Products 137 Cs 90 Sr Vitrification HLW DOE & Naval SNF Plutonium Light Water Reactors Uranium 100 Year Storage Repository Assemblies Waste New UO2 Assembly Fabrication Recycled UO2 Assembly Fabrication Recycled MOX Assembly Fabrication No Less than? In-reactor Cycles? Alternative Storage Method Yes UF6 UF6 Consumables New Uranium Enrichment Recycled Uranium Enrichment Yes Less than 3 In-reactor Cycles? Cladding LLW from other processes No Uranium Tails Uranium Tails Waste Waste Waste Greater Than Class C Waste Low Level Waste UF6 Chemical Plant Yellow Cake Uranium Mining And Refining Nuclear Fuel Cycle Options Source: Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board
6 The Transportation Challenge Spatial diversity of shipping origins Many waste forms Varying volumes to be shipped Uncertainties Where to ship? When to ship?
7 Topics of Interest Transportation system infrastructure Radioactive shipment regulators Responsibilities of shippers & carriers Mode selection Routing Operational issues Institutional considerations Experience to date Risk perception
8 Transportation System Infrastructure Transportation networks Rolling stock Transportation casks Loading/unloading facilities Wet/dry storage handling Crane capacity Maintenance facilities
9 Radioactive Materials Transport Regulators U.S. Department of Transportation Training Packaging Labeling/placarding Shipping papers Loading/unloading Nuclear Regulatory Commission Package design & performance Safeguards & security Others (USPS, OSHA, EPA, IAEA, IMO, ICAO)
10 Responsibilities of Shippers & Carriers Shipper Classifies & packages radioactive materials Marks & labels packages Completes & signs shipping papers Selects carrier Carrier Reviews shipping papers Placards vehicle Stows & secures package Complies with driver training and routing requirements Follows vehicle safety requirements Reports incident (if one occurs)
11 Mode Selection Rail Regular train Dedicated train Truck Legal weight Overweight Heavy haul Barge Intermodal
12 Factors Affecting Mode Selection Container size & weight Characteristics & composition of radioactive contents Shipping distance Availability of transportation facilities & infrastructure
13 Routing Highway (DOT HRCQ Routing Regulations) Vehicles operate over preferred routes Interstate highway system, including bypasses or beltways A state or tribe may designate alternative routes Alternative route selection based on multiple criteria Rail Travel time Accident rate Population density & special events Temporal considerations (time of day, day of week, season) Continuity of operations There are no federal rail routing regulations Standard rail industry practices Minimize time, distance, number of carriers, interchange points Maximize use of best track
14 Operational Issues Permits and fees Advance notification Inspections Security Accessibility Vulnerability Tracking & communications Safe parking Contingencies Emergency response First response Qualified response Recovery & cleanup
15 Institutional Considerations Transportation organization and culture Management processes Stakeholder identification & interactions Issue resolution
16 Experience to Date Roughly 3,000 shipments in the U.S. during the past 30 years 738 Navy container shipments, over 1 million miles since 1957 Average 650 shipments per year in France and Britain There has never been a release of radioactive material harmful to the public or the environment
17 Perceived Relative Risks of Energy Sources Considering the risks of normal operations and potential accidents, how do you rate the risks s to society and the environment e from these sources of energy? e 10 Means Web Web Fossil Fuels Nuclear Energy Renewable Sources p =.0003 p =.0007 p <.0001 Source: Hank Jenkins-Smith
18 Perceived Risks vs. Benefits of Nuclear Energy How do you rate the overall balance of risks and benefits of nuclear energy in the US? % 20 Web 06: Web 07: p < Risks Far Outweigh Benefits Risks = Benefits Benefits Far Outweigh Risks Source: Hank Jenkins-Smith
19 Thank You Questions?
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