Out-of-Merit-Order Dispatch
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1 Out-of-Meit-Ode Dispatch A Maket Cleaing Engine Co-Optimisation Study By Lu Feiyu Senio Maket Analyst Oiginal Publication Date: Januay 2005
2 A Maket Cleaing Engine Co-Optimisation Study About the Autho Lu Feiyu, Senio Maket Analyst Lu Feiyu joined Enegy Maket Company, the maket opeato fo the National Electicity Maket of Singapoe, as a Maket Analyst in Mach His pimay esponsibilities ae the daily opeation of the maket and eview of its outcome, dissemination of maket infomation and inhouse application development. Feiyu is also one of the company s pionees in conducting local and intenational taining and educational foums about the maket cleaing engine, specifically its fomulations, picing methodology and system enhancements. He is actively involved in enhancing the maket system by identifying gaps between business pocesses and the maket system, suggesting impovements and pepaing and pefoming use acceptance tests. He also contibutes to the maket ule change pocess though technical eviews of the poposed changes. Feiyu holds a Bachelo degee in Electical Engineeing fom Tianjin Univesity (China) and a Maste of Engineeing degee in Electical and Electonic Engineeing fom Nanyang Technological Univesity (Singapoe). Lu Fei Yu Page 2 of 20
3 A Maket Cleaing Engine Co-Optimisation Study Table of Contents Table of Contents Intoduction Backgound Analysis Case Study Dispatch esult Why is G1 dispatched below its offe? Why is G2 dispatched above its offe? Conclusion Glossay Appendix A Maket Rules Lu Fei Yu Page 3 of 20
4 A Maket Cleaing Engine Co-Optimisation Study 1.0 Intoduction One of the maket paticipants of the NEMS queied an unexpected dispatch patten it obseved on the pevious tading day. One of its geneating units was not fully dispatched although the maginal pice was much moe than its offeed pice, wheeas anothe unit was dispatched much highe than the maginal pice offe block. An investigation was conducted shotly afte the enquiy was eceived. This epot sets out the esult of the investigation and makes some ecommendations to the maket paticipants egading such instances. Lu Fei Yu Page 4 of 20
5 A Maket Cleaing Engine Co-Optimisation Study 2.0 Backgound The vey basic maket cleaing mechanism is based on meit ode dispatch (MOD). The maket cleaing engine (MCE) eceives valid offes and bids fo enegy poducts fom maket paticipants, which it sots in ode of offe and bid pices. The enegy is dispatched to maintain a balance between supply and demand. Some geneal ules apply: The bids piced above the maginal pice ae fully dispatched. The bids piced below the maginal pice ae not dispatched at all. The offes piced above the maginal pice ae not dispatched at all. The offes piced below the maginal pice ae fully dispatched. The maket paticipant was puzzled when its dispatches wee not in compliance with the above ules. In an enegy-only maket, the ules listed above ae held constantly. Howeve, in a co-optimised maket, such as the NEMS, the enegy dispatch is always cleaed at the same time as that of ancillay sevices such as eseve and egulation. This tade-off between multiple poducts may esult in the ules being boken fo the enegy poduct. Lu Fei Yu Page 5 of 20
6 A Maket Cleaing Engine Co-Optimisation Study 3.0 Analysis In ode to undestand the issues bette, we ll stat with a simple example. Suppose we have a single busba system, with two geneation units and one load connected to this busba, as depicted below: G1 G2 Load The load is bidding at a vey high pice ($50,000/MWh is used to be consistent with the NEMS design), while the two geneatos offe as below: Enegy Block 1 Block 2 Reseve Block 1 Block 2 G1 (Cap.=100MW) 100MW $20/MWh - G1 (Max=10MW; 10MW $2/MWh - G2 (Cap.=100MW) 100MW $25/MWh ResPop.=0.1) - G2 (Max=100MW; (ResPop.=1) 100MW $1/MWh Only one class of eseve is consideed in this example. A simple and well-known enegy-eseve tade-off model is used, which consists of thee constaints: eseve popotion constaint, i.e., Reseve <= Enegy * ResPopFacto maximum eseve constaint, i.e., Reseve <= MaxRes eseve geneation maximum constaint, i.e., Reseve <= Cap Enegy - Lu Fei Yu Page 6 of 20
7 A Maket Cleaing Engine Co-Optimisation Study The enegy-eseve tade-off model can also be depicted in the diagam as below: The MCE of the NEMS dynamically models the system isk, i.e., eseve equiement, based on the single contingency of the lagest geneation. Howeve, in such a simplified system, it is not possible to employ the same dynamic model. Hence fo puposes of illustation, the system isk, togethe with the load, is set abitaily as follows: the load is 140MW the system isk is 45MW Lu Fei Yu Page 7 of 20
8 A Maket Cleaing Engine Co-Optimisation Study A mathematical model epesenting the above system is built in the MCE. Afte solving, the solution is as follows: Geneato 1 Offe Geneato 1 Schedule Load = 140MW 2.5MW Res 100MW $20/MWh 10MW $2/MWh ResPop Risk = 45MW 97.5MW Enegy = 0.1 Enegy Reseve Geneato 2 Offe Geneato 2 Schedule 100MW $20/MWh 100MW $1/MWh ResPop = 1 Enegy Pice = $22/MWh Reseve Pice = $4/MWh 42.5MW Res 42.5MW Enegy Enegy Reseve G1 offes cheap enegy but expensive eseve, while G2 offes cheap eseve but expensive enegy. Theefoe, the ideal solution is to get all of the enegy fom G1, and all of the equied eseve fom G2. Howeve, due to the constaints between enegy and eseve, this is not possible. Take G2 fo example. In ode to get 1MW of eseve, its enegy must be dispatched 1MW fist. This makes the solution less clea-cut as a global cost-benefit analysis is equied befoe the optimal solution can be achieved. In light of the complexity of the tade-off, the MCE is used to discove the optimal point. Lu Fei Yu Page 8 of 20
9 A Maket Cleaing Engine Co-Optimisation Study The following is what the MCE tells us: 1. G1 is dispatched 97.5MW of enegy. The eseve availability at this enegy level is constained by the enegy-eseve model, as follows: a. eseve popotion constaint: Res <= 97.5 * 0.1 = 9.75MW b. maximum eseve constaint: Res <= 10MW c. eseve geneation maximum constaint: Res <= = 2.5MW 2. In ode to meet all the above constaints, the maximum available eseve is 2.5MW. Theefoe 2.5MW of eseve is cleaed fom G1 by the solve. 3. G2 is dispatched 42.5MW enegy. The eseve availability at this enegy level is constained by the enegy-eseve model, as follows: a. eseve popotion constaint: Res <= 42.5 * 1 = 42.5MW b. eseve geneation maximum constaint: Res <= = 57.5MW 4. The smalle of the two is 42.5MW, which is fully cleaed by the solve. 5. Afte e-unning the case with one moe MW added onto the load, it is found that the next MW is coveed by 0.5MW fom G1 (costing $20/MWh) and 0.5MW fom G2 (costing $25/MWh). As a esult, G1 s eseve schedule is depessed by 0.5MW (saving $2/MWh), and G2 s cheape eseve can be dispatched anothe 0.5MW (costing $1/MWh). The net cost is: (20 * 0.5) + (25 * 0.5) (2 * 0.5) + (1 * 0.5) = $22/MWh. Hence, the enegy pice is $22/MWh. 6. Afte e-unning the case with one moe MW added onto the isk, it is found that the next MW is coveed by 0.5MW fom G1 (costing $2/MWh) and 0.5MW fom G2 (costing $1/MWh). As a esult, G1 s enegy schedule is depessed by 0.5MW (saving $20/MWh), and G2 s enegy schedule is inceased by anothe 0.5MW (costing $25/MWh). The net cost is: (2 * 0.5) + (1 * 0.5) (20 * 0.5) + (25 * 0.5) = $4/MWh. Hence the eseve pice is $4/MWh. Note that neithe the enegy no eseve pices ae deived diectly fom the offes of Geneatos 1 o 2. These pices ae the esult of co-optimisation between enegy and eseve. Although Geneato 1 offeed 100MW at a cheape (than maginal) pice, it is not cleaed at its full amount. The esult seems even odde fo Geneato 2, as the cleaed enegy pice is lowe than its offeed pice. It is easie to undestand the insufficient enegy cleaance on Geneato 1, because of the eseve geneation maximum constaint effect. The enegy and eseve dispatch fom a cetain unit in total cannot exceed its physical capability. Geneato 1 may not complain eithe, because it is gaining pofits fom both its enegy and eseve. Geneato 2, howeve, will not be happy to see itself in such a loss position. Fo evey MW of enegy it povides, Geneato 2 has to fok out $3. Nevetheless, a close look eveals that Geneato 2 is not eally losing money, because its pofit fom eseve offsets any loss fom enegy. The seemingly uneasonable dispatch is a esult of the eseve popotion constaint. Fo each MW of enegy dispatched fom Geneato 2, the genco loses $3, i.e., $25 $22 = $3. Howeve, fo each MW of enegy dispatch, one MW of eseve is made available as a esult. Since the maginal pice fo eseve is $4/MWh, this MW of eseve scheduled fom Geneato 2 gains an exta pofit of $3, i.e., $4 $1 = $3. The loss and pofit beak even and theefoe Geneato 2 is not geneating at a loss. The eseve popotion constaint is just one of the many constaints existing in the MCE. Othe constaints, such as eseve envelope constaint, may have a simila impact on the NEMS Lu Fei Yu Page 9 of 20
10 A Maket Cleaing Engine Co-Optimisation Study maket. Although out-of-meit-ode dispatch may esult fom such constaints, the maket paticipants can be assued that they will neve geneate at loss. Lu Fei Yu Page 10 of 20
11 A Maket Cleaing Engine Co-Optimisation Study 4.0 Case Study To gain a moe accuate esult, the NEMS models the enegy-eseve elationship as a multi-segment model, and theefoe thee ae moe constaints involved (efe to Appendix A fo moe details). The NEMS model is depicted in the diagam: The MCE has dozens of othe constaints as well, all of which contibute to the optimal esult. Theefoe, an analysis of a eal case is moe complicated and equies a full appeciation of the MCE modelling. Lu Fei Yu Page 11 of 20
12 A Maket Cleaing Engine Co-Optimisation Study 4.1 Dispatch esult The paticula eal-time dispatch un queied by the maket paticipant is studied in this section. In ode to potect sensitive infomation about the maket paticipant, the date and peiod of the un ae not disclosed and the data have been disguised to some extent. The dispatch esult of the elevant geneating units follows. Enegy Facility (Demand = MW, USEP = $158.69/MWh) Block Cleaed Block Next Block MNN Spae (MW) Pice Pice (MW) G1 $ $ $ G2 $ $ $ Regulation Facility (Req. = 100MW, Cleaed Pice = $63.49/MWh) Block Cleaed Block Next Block Spae (MW) Pice Pice (MW) G1 4 $ $1, G2 8 $ Pimay Reseve Facility (Req. = MW, Cleaed Pice = $248.40/MWh) Cleaed (MW) Block Pice Block Spae (MW) Next Block Pice Eff Facto ResPop Max Res Env Limit Risk Posed G $ G $ Seconday Reseve Facility (Req. = MW, Cleaed Pice = $1.04/MWh) Cleaed (MW) Block Pice Block Spae (MW) Next Block Pice Eff Facto ResPop Max Res Env Limit Risk Posed G1 45 $ G $ Lu Fei Yu Page 12 of 20
13 A Maket Cleaing Engine Co-Optimisation Study Contingency Reseve Facility (Req. = MW, Cleaed Pice = 0$26.32/MWh) Cleaed (MW) Block Pice Block Spae (MW) Next Block Pice Eff Facto ResPop Max Res Env Limit Res Ramp limit Risk Posed G1 50 $ $ G $ Following is the eseve envelope standing data fo the units in question, which is used by the multi-segment enegy-eseve model: G1 LowLoadRes Point MediumLoadRes Point HighLoadRes Point ResGenMax Point Enegy <hidden> <hidden> Pimay Reseve <hidden> <hidden> Seconday Reseve <hidden> <hidden> Contingency Reseve <hidden> <hidden> G2 LowLoadRes Point MediumLoadRes Point HighLoadRes Point ResGenMax Point Enegy 170 <hidden> <hidden> <hidden> Pimay Reseve 20 <hidden> <hidden> <hidden> Seconday Reseve 27 <hidden> <hidden> <hidden> Contingency Reseve 72 <hidden> <hidden> <hidden> Note that data that is not be used in the computation of this case ae hidden, potect the identity of the maket paticipant. Lu Fei Yu Page 13 of 20
14 A Maket Cleaing Engine Co-Optimisation Study 4.1 Why is G1 dispatched below its offe? G1 is constained by the multi-segment eseve envelope constaint, fo both pimay and seconday eseve. Although the segment in the seconday eseve envelope constaint is flat, the segment in the pimay eseve envelope constaint has a negative slope. Theefoe, the moe enegy that is scheduled fom this unit, the less pimay eseve that would become available. As a esult, the enegy is depessed to make oom fo pimay eseve. The costbenefit analysis is conducted as follows: The next MW of enegy dispatched fom this unit geneates a saving of ($ $126.00) = $ The available pimay eseve, when the enegy output is MW, is MW 1. Howeve, if the enegy output inceases to MW, i.e., one MW moe, the available eseve is only MW. That is a eduction of 0.134MW, o an equivalent effective pimay eseve of * 0.85 = 0.114MW. The cleaed pimay eseve pice is $248.40/MWh, while the offe fom this unit is just $0.01/MWh. Hence, the eduction of available pimay eseve will incu an additional cost of ($ $0.01) * = $ This unit is a combined cycle gas tubine (CCGT) which has a GT damping effect. Evey MW of enegy incement will add pessue on the pimay eseve maket by 0.015MW 2. This incus an additional cost of $ * = $3.73. The total additional cost is $ $3.73 = $32.05, which is slightly highe than the saving ($31.88). Hence, it makes no economic sense to dispatch moe enegy fom this unit. Should the enegy dispatch go to the next offe block, i.e., with an offe pice of $146, the saving would be much less than the cost, which makes the dispatch even moe non-optimal. Let s take this a step futhe: since the next MW of enegy costs moe than the pofit, why not dispatch less fom this unit so as to achieve moe savings? Anothe cost-benefit analysis povides an explanation: If this unit is dispatched one MW less of enegy, that would incu an additional cost of ($ $126.00) = $31.88 The available pimay eseve, when the enegy output is MW, is MW. Howeve, if the enegy output is educed to MW, i.e., one MW less, the available eseve would be inceased to MW. That is an incement of 0.133MW, o an equivalent effective pimay eseve of * 0.85 = 0.113MW. The cleaed pimay eseve pice is $248.40/MWh, while the offe fom this unit is just $0.01/MWh. Hence, the incement of available pimay eseve would geneate a saving of ($ $0.01) * = $ This unit is a combined cycle gas tubine which has the GT damping effect. Evey MW of enegy decement would elease pessue on the pimay eseve maket by 0.015MW. This would poduce an additional saving of $ * = $3.73 The total saving would be $ $3.73 = $31.81, which is slightly less than the additional cost ($31.88). Similaly, it would make no economic sense to dispatch less enegy fom this unit. 1 This figue can be deived by using the LowLoadRes Point (255, 42) and the MediumLoadRes Point (307.5, 35). 2 This is the GT Damping facto embedded in the isk calculation. Refe to the Maket Rules fo moe details. Lu Fei Yu Page 14 of 20
15 A Maket Cleaing Engine Co-Optimisation Study Theefoe, the pesent dispatch scheme on G1 is the best available option. Lu Fei Yu Page 15 of 20
16 A Maket Cleaing Engine Co-Optimisation Study 4.2 Why is G2 dispatched above its offe? G2 is constained by eseve popotion constaint fo pimay and seconday eseves (efe to Appendix A fo moe details). Theefoe, the moe enegy scheduled fom this unit, the moe eseve that would become available. As a esult, the enegy is pushed up to avail moe pimay and seconday eseve. The cost-benefit analysis is conducted as follows: Evey MW of enegy depessed fom this unit geneates a saving of ($176 $157.69) = $ The available pimay eseve (with a eseve popotion facto of 0.117), when the enegy output is MW, is MW. Howeve, if the enegy output deceases to MW, i.e., one MW less, the available eseve is educed to MW. That is a decement of 0.117MW, o an equivalent effective pimay eseve of * 0.55 = 0.064MW. The cleaed pimay eseve pice is $248.40/MWh, while the offe fom this unit is just $0.02/MWh. Hence, the decement of available pimay eseve would incu an additional cost of ($ $0.02) * = $ The available seconday eseve (with a eseve popotion facto of 0.158), when the enegy output is MW, is MW. Howeve, if the enegy output deceases to MW, i.e., one MW less, the available eseve is educed to MW. That is a decement of 0.158MW, o an equivalent effective pimay eseve of * 0.55 = 0.087MW. The cleaed seconday eseve pice is $1.04/MWh, while the offe fom this unit is just $0.02/MWh. Hence, the decement of available pimay eseve would incu an additional cost of ($1.04 $0.02) * = $0.09. This unit is also constained by contingency eseve amping (efe to Appendix A fo moe details). With a eseve popotion facto of 0.423, evey MW of enegy eduction constains the contingency eseve availability by ( ) = 0.09MW, o an equivalent effective contingency eseve of 0.09 * 0.95 = 0.086MW The cleaed contingency eseve pice is $26.32/MWh, while the offe fom this unit is just $0.01/MWh. Hence, the decement of available pimay eseve would incu an additional cost of ($26.32 $0.01) * = $2.25. The total additional cost is $ $ $2.25= $18.32, which is oughly the same as the saving, i.e., $ Taking into consideation the ounding eos, we can say the cost and the benefit ae equivalent in this case. Hence, it makes no economic sense to dispatch moe (o less) enegy fom this unit. The pesent dispatch scheme on G2 is the best available option. Both puzzles ae now esolved. This desciption demonstates that the MCE is always tying to find the optimal solution based on all of the constaints that the system knows. 3 This is the eseve esponse ation fo the contingency eseve. Please efe to the Maket Rules fo moe details. Lu Fei Yu Page 16 of 20
17 A Maket Cleaing Engine Co-Optimisation Study 5.0 Conclusion In an electicity maket whee optimal dispatch is sought fo enegy as well as eseve and egulation, the enegy dispatch may seem to be out of meit ode unde some cicumstances. Howeve, it is exactly this poduct-specific out-of-meit-ode-dispatch that makes the solution optimal ove the entie set of enegy poducts. By appeciating the oot causes of such a esult, maket paticipants may be able to bette espond to the situation the next time that they eceive a dispatch outside of thei expectations. Lu Fei Yu Page 17 of 20
18 A Maket Cleaing Engine Co-Optimisation Study Glossay genco, geneation company A company that geneates electicity. MCE, maket cleaing engine The softwae used in the NEMS to discove dispatch schedules and pices. MOD, meit ode dispatch Dispatch in the ode of offeed pice whee cheape offes ae cleaed fist. NEMS, National Electicity Maket of Singapoe The Singapoe electicity maket. OOMOD, out-of-meit-ode dispatch A situation whee meit ode dispatch is disupted with the esult that cheape offes ae not necessaily cleaed fist. Lu Fei Yu Page 18 of 20
19 A Maket Cleaing Engine Co-Optimisation Study Appendix A Maket Rules The Maket Rules Appendix 6.D has vaious fomulas that ae elevant to this discussion, as epoduced below. D Reseve Popotion Constaint: RawReseve ExcessRawReseve ResevePopotion Geneation g ( ) { GENRESERVEOFFERS} D Reseve Geneation Segment 1 RawReseve x ( Geneation ExcessResGenSegment1 g() HighLoadReseve HighLoad x StandingReseveGeneationMax g() ) + Slope { GENRESERVEOFFERS} whee : Slope = HighLoadReseve HighLoad x StandingReseveGeneationMax / ( StandingReseveGeneationMax g() ) g() D Reseve Geneation Segment 2 RawReseve ExcessResGenSegment2 MediumLoadReseve + Slope x ( Geneationg() MediumLoad x StandingReseveGeneationMaxg() ) { GENRESERVEOFFERS} whee: Slope = (HighLoadReseve MediumLoadReseve ) / ( HighLoad x StandingReseveGeneationMax MediumLoad x StandingReseveGeneationMax g() g() ) D Reseve Geneation Segment 3 RawReseve ExcessResGenSegment3 LowLoadReseve + Slope x ( Geneation g() LowLoadg() ) { GENRESERVEOFFERS} whee : Lu Fei Yu Page 19 of 20
20 A Maket Cleaing Engine Co-Optimisation Study Slope = (MediumLoadReseve LowLoadReseve ) x StandingReseveGeneationMax LowLoad ) / g() g() ( MediumLoad D19.2 Combined amping, eseve and egulation constaints D Reseve Ramp Constaint: RawReseve + ReseveResponseRatio ( Geneation g() ExcessResRamp StatGeneation g() MaxResponse ) { GENRESERVE OFFERS, whee ReseveResponsePeiod > CombinedRampTheshold} c() D Reseve Popotion Ramp Constaint: RawReseve + ReseveResponseRatio ExcessResPopRamp ( Geneation g() StatGeneation ResevePopotionCombined g() ) Geneation g() { GENRESERVEOFFERS, whee ReseveResponsePeiod > CombinedRampTheshold} c() Lu Fei Yu Page 20 of 20
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