Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Tata Consultancy Services ltd. 12 October

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1 Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Tata Consultancy Services ltd. 12 October

2 Objectives (1/2) At the end of the presentation, participants should be able to: Realise the need for a systematic approach to software development Comprehend and get a feel of Software Development Life Cycle 2

3 Objectives (2/2) Get a clear idea of all the phases of SDLC Objective Input Activities Output Role 3

4 Why SDLC? Objective To systematically develop high quality software in timely and cost effective manner Approach Systematic and engineering like approach is inevitable for developing large and complex software Involves use of techniques like system analysis, estimation, designing, development, testing, etc 4

5 SDLC Overview & Phases (1/4) A software life cycle is the series of identifiable stages that a software product undergoes during its lifetime Phases of SDLC Feasibility (pre-development) Establishes a high-level view of the intended project and determines its goals 5

6 SDLC Overview & Phases (2/4) Requirements Refines project goals into defined functions and operation of the intended application. Analyzes end-user information needs. Addresses on What System should do 6

7 SDLC Overview & Phases (3/4) Design Describes desired features and operations in detail, including screen layouts, business rules, process diagrams, pseudocode and other documentation. Coding and Unit testing The real code is written here 7

8 SDLC Overview & Phases (4/4) Testing Brings all the pieces together into a special testing environment, then checks for errors, bugs and interoperability. Maintenance (post-development) Incorporation of changes, corrections, additions. 8

9 Objective Pre-development Phase: Feasibility Study (1/4) Determine whether developing the software is FINANCIALLY and TECHNICALLY feasible Input Inquiry from customer (Request for Proposal) 9

10 Feasibility Study (2/4) Activities Involves high level understanding of scope: Inputs to the system Processing to be carried out Outputs from the system Constraints to be adhered to 10

11 Feasibility Study (3/4) Analyzing the data to arrive at: Abstract definition of the problem Formulation of different solution strategies Examination of alternative solutions strategies i.e. benefits, resources input, cost, time, development related issues 11

12 Feasibility Study (4/4) Performing cost/benefit analysis to determine best solution under current circumstances Output Feasibility Analysis Report Role Business Analyst Note: May lead to a decision of NOT pursuing the project further 12

13 Requirements Phase (1/6) Objective: To establish user requirements Input Contract Agreement Feasibility Analysis Report 13

14 Activities: Requirements Phase (2/6) Requirements Gathering Collects all the possible information from customer Data collection techniques include: Interviews Discussions Questionnaires Understanding the Existing system, if any 14

15 Requirements Phase (3/6) Requirements analysis Analyze the gathered information by resolving Anomalies Conflicts Incompleteness 15

16 Requirements Phase (4/6) Requirements specification Properly documents the requirements Addresses What System should do Includes Functional and Non Functional Requirements Serves as a contract between the customer and the developer 16

17 Requirements Phase (5/6) Guidelines of Requirement Document: Written in a language that user can understand Thoroughly understood by both the customer and developer Reviewed Unambiguous; Consistent; Complete; Concise Well structured and easily modifiable 17

18 Outputs : Requirements Phase (6/6) Requirement Specification Document (Signed Off) Requirements Traceability Matrix (initiation) Test Case Document System Test Plan Role: Business Analyst 18

19 Design (1/6) Objective: To transform requirements specified in SRS document into a design that will be implemented using a programming language Inputs: Requirement Specification Document Requirement Traceability Matrix Test Case Document 19

20 Design (2/6) Activities: High level design Identification of Different modules Control relationships amongst modules Interfaces amongst the modules 20

21 Design (3/6) Low level design Data structures for individual modules Algorithms required for individual modules 21

22 Design (4/6) Design Guidelines Good modular design is achieved by using the rule divide and conquer i.e. Functionally independent modules Functionally independent modules have minimum interaction with each other Reduces error propagation across modules Increases reuse of modules Reduces design complexity 22

23 Design (5/6) Measures of functional independence: COHESION of a module is a measure of functional strength of a module COUPLING of a module (with other module) is a measure of degree of functional interdependence between the two modules 23

24 Design (6/6) Outputs High level Design Document Low level Design Document Updated Requirement Traceability Matrix Test Specification Document Role System Analyst, Sr. Developer 24

25 Coding and Unit Testing (1/5) Objective: Convert system design into code and Testing of each Unit independently Input: High Level and Low Level Design documents Requirement Traceability Matrix 25

26 Coding and Unit Testing (2/5) Activities: Individual modules are coded as per specifications by following CODING GUIDELINES After coding, the modules are subjected to walkthroughs Reduces the errors before testing starts After walkthroughs, the modules are individually unit tested 26

27 Coding and Unit Testing (3/5) Coding guidelines: Keep coding style simple Do not use same identifier for different purposes e.g. looping variables Use meaningful variable names Well document the code e.g. suggested ratio of code/comments is 3:1 27

28 Coding and Unit Testing (4/5) Keep function size as small as possible Minimize use of GOTO statement Use proper error handling mechanism Follow best practices which leads to Improved performance, easy maintenance, reusability 28

29 Coding and Unit Testing (5/5) Output Unit Tested Modules Responsibility Developers 29

30 Verification Verification & Validation Ensures that software correctly implements a specific function (Are we building the product right?) Validation Ensures that the built software is traceable to customer requirements (Are we building the right product?) 30

31 Testing (1/6) Objective : To identify all the defects existing in the integrated S/W product Input: Individually Tested Modules Test Specifications Document 31

32 Testing (2/6) 32

33 Testing (3/6) Activities Integration testing: Modules are integrated in planned manner During each integration step, partially integrated system is tested When ALL modules are integrated (and tested), the system is ready for system testing 33

34 Testing (4/6) System testing: Objective: To confirm that the developed system meets the requirements (as specified in SRS document) Carried out according to the system test plan Note: system test plan is prepared during requirements phase (include test cases and expected results) 34

35 Testing (5/6) Additional types of system testing: Alpha testing and Beta testing (for product) Acceptance testing (by customer) 35

36 Testing (6/6) Output Tested System Test Report Responsibility Tester 36

37 Testing Techniques Black Box testing White Box testing Security Testing Stress Testing Performance Testing Smoke Testing Regression Testing 37

38 Post-development Phase: Maintenance Phase Objective : Maintaining the delivered system Incorporation of changes, corrections, additions Inputs : Client approved deployed System 38

39 Maintenance Phase Activities: 1) Corrective maintenance: Fixing errors not detected during the development phase 2) Adaptive maintenance: Improving implemented system (performance) Enhancing functionalities (new requirements) Porting software to new environment 39

40 Software Maintenance Output: Enhanced System Roles: System Analyst, Developer 40

41 Thank You 41

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