Wisconsin Department Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) CHAPTER 15 ENHANCED REFERENCE MARKERS
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1 CHAPTER 15 ENHANCED REFERENCE MARKERS December, 2000
2 15. Enhanced Reference Markers Introduction and Usage Enhanced Reference Signs provide supplemental information about a point or position on the roadway. By providing more detailed information, about a roadway location, Reference Signs facilitate better communication between motorists and response personnel. A typical Reference Sign can consist of elements that display the route shield, direction of travel, and mile number. Each of the sign elements aid in more accurately describing a location for the purpose of reporting crashes, disabled vehicles, and other incidents. A reduction in incident response time is a primary reason behind Reference Sign deployment National Deployment Issues Since reference signs have only recently been deployed on major roadways throughout the nation, and on a limited basis in Wisconsin, only one standard for the signs has been adopted. In June of 2000, FHWA mandated that enhanced reference signs must have a blue background. Currently signs vary by state in overall dimensions, frequency of placement, character size, and information provided. The difference between the existing state deployments and those recently adopted by Wisconsin is reviewed in the following sections. The MUTCD will be addressing enhanced reference markers in future addenda. In addition, the Traffic Guidelines Manual provides guidance on WisDOT applications of enhanced reference markers statewide Sign Type Sign installations have been of two types. The typical deployments used are a standard aluminum sign or a reflective sticker, which can be applied to existing structures. Advantages to using a sticker are lower cost and ease of installation. However, stickers are more prone to peel and require that existing structures be available for deployment, such a light poles or sign bridges. Another disadvantage is that a reflective sticker "wraps around" the surface. In the case of a light pole the sticker curves around the structure, which can make it difficult to read from a distance. In contrast the use of a standard aluminum sign is more expensive and requires additional labor to install, however, it is easier to read at a distance. Ohio, Kentucky, Nebraska, and Iowa use an aluminum sign while Illinois and Indiana use reflective stickers Character Size Legibility is an issue with any sign deployed. Typical character sizes used in enhanced reference signs range from 6 to 8 inches. The advantage of larger characters allows for better comprehension at closer distances by individuals with decreased eyesight or better comprehension at longer distances by people with average sight. The one disadvantage of using larger characters is that it generally requires increasing the size of the sign. Currently Ohio and Kentucky use 8" characters while Nebraska and Iowa use 6 characters Sign Placement There are three locations typically used for sign placement. Locating signs in the Median, shoulder, or using Light poles where available are generally approved practices. There are no guidelines as to the appropriate placement of Reference Signs. The best practice is August,
3 to consider where a sign needs to be placed to optimize viewing by a motorist stranded during an incident on the roadway. A few states have taken a stance on always deploying in a specific location. The emphasis in these states is on consistency rather than optimal placement. Other states allow for varied placement along the roadway. Typically the varied deployments will not "bounce" between locations but rather evaluate which placement strategy would be most beneficial along a specific roadway segment. Kentucky only allows for deployment in the shoulder, while Nebraska and Iowa allow for deployment only in the median. Illinois, Indiana and Ohio allow for varied deployment placement Sign Spacing Reference sign spacing ranges from 1 / 10to 2 / 10 of a mile in spacing. Spacing can also be influenced on roadway setting, which typically sees 1 / 10 mile spacing deployed along urban segments and 2 / 10 mile spacing for more rural settings. There are no nationally established practices that govern reference sign spacing. Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, and Indiana use 1 / 10 of a mile spacing, while Nebraska and Iowa typically use 2 / 10of a mile Sign Information The information displayed on a Reference Sign ranges from a single data element to several elements. The most common element in Reference Signs is the indication of a "mile reference". The mile reference can accompany additional information or elements such as route shield and direction on other sign deployments. What information is displayed on the Reference Sign is guided by how the state envisions the signs helping a motorist relay their exact position to a response agency. In many cases where a motorist may not be familiar with the roadway it is seen as beneficial to have a route shield and direction in addition to the mile reference. In Kentucky, Illinois, and Indiana Reference Signs only supply mile reference information. In other states such as Ohio, Nebraska, and Iowa mile information is accompanied by the route shield, and direction National Implementation Comparison The following table assembles the information discussed above and assists in detailing how enhance reference signs differ by state. This information was part of the process that has lead to the some of the earliest reference sign deployments for Wisconsin. Figure 15-1 should only be used as a reference. STATE TYPE COLOR CHAR. SIZE LOCATION SPACING INFORMATION TYPES (mi) Ohio Std. Sign Blue 8 Light Pole / Median 1/10 Route Shield, Direction, Kentucky Std. Sign Green 8 Shoulder 1/10 Illinois Reflective Green N/A Light Pole/Median & 1/10 Stickers Shoulder Indiana Reflective Green N/A Light Pole / Median 300 Stickers Nebraska Std. Sign Green 6 Median 2/10 Route Shield, Direction, Iowa Std. Sign Green 6 Median 2/10 Route Shield, Direction, Wisconsin I-94 South Std. Sign Green 6 Light Pole / Median 1/10 Route Shield, Direction, Wisconsin USH 45 Std. Sign Blue 8 Light Pole / Median 1/10 Route Shield, Direction, Figure 15-1: State-by-state Reference Sign Deployment Comparisons August,
4 15.3. Enhanced Reference Signs - Early Deployment in Wisconsin Wisconsin recently joined other states by implemented Enhanced Reference Signs along I-94 between the Mitchell Interchange and the Milwaukee County Line in The first signs deployed along I-94 had the following characteristics: Standard Aluminum Sign Green background 6" Characters Deployed in the median on light poles Spaced ever 1/10 mile Displayed direction, route shield, and mile reference The University of Wisconsin - Madison and Marquette University are doing an initial evaluation of the I-94 deployment effort. Evaluation result may be available in Fall Design and Deployment Guidelines Although there are no mandated design standards for the Reference Sign design process, the designer should consider at the very least the following design elements: Sign Design Sign Placement Agency Coordination Each of the listed elements is discussed in more detail along with the impact on sign deployment. Since the early deployment of Reference Signs along I-94 (District 2) in 1999 changes have been recommended to the standard sign layout. A typical layout for the Reference Signs can be found below and in the construction details. Basic layout consists of the following: Signs are - type 2 reflective Background color - blue Message color - white Message series - C Character size - 8 inches Sign information - Direction, route shield, mile reference number No more than two route shields may appear on any sign "MILE" must appear spelled out on each sign Inter-agency Coordination Interagency coordination must occur with 911 centers and local police and sheriff departments within the corridor(s) of implementation of reference signs. A corridor map illustrating mile post numbers and routes should be developed and provided to these agencies. This information will assist dispatchers in providing accurate information to emergency responders, thereby reducing the response to an incident or stranded motorist. August,
5 15.6. Enhanced Reference Marker Details Construction details as deployed on the US-45 corridor during the summer of 2000 are shown in Figure These details, in Adobe Acrobat format, can be found in Appendix A. Electronic Microstation versions of these files can also be found on the ITS CD. File Name refmarker1 refmarker2 refmarker3 Description MILE MARKER MOUNTING DETAIL FOR SINGLE BARRIER WALL SIGNING DETAILS - TYPE I AND II SIGNS SIGN MOUNTING DETAIL - MILE MARKERS Figure 15-2: Enhanced Reference Sign Details Enhanced Reference Marker Special Provisions There currently are no special provisions developed for enhanced reference markers. The Wisconsin State Standard Specifications provides items for various types of signing. Consult Section 637 for additional information. August,
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