Measuring Top Incomes and lnequality in the Middle East Data Appendix * Facundo Alvaredo Paris School of Economics, INET at Oxford, and Conicet

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1 Measuring Top Incomes and lnequality in the Middle East Data Appendix * Facundo Alvaredo Paris School of Economics, INET at Oxford, and Conicet Thomas Piketty Paris School of Economics April 20, 2015 This data appendix, together with the corresponding excel file, supplements our paper "Measuring Top Incomes and Inequality in the Middle East". Appendix A includes supplementary material on Pareto approximations. Appendix B describes our raw data sources. Appendix C includes our detailed estimation results.

2 2 Appendix A. Pareto approximations for top incomes This appendix includes supplementary material on Pareto approximations for top incomes (see the discussion in section 2). Figures A1 to A4 describe the evolution of Pareto coefficients in a number of developed and developing countries over the past century. These figures are extracted from Atkinson, Piketty and Saez (2011, figures 8A-8D) and use data from the World Top Incomes Database. These coefficients were computed using data on top 0.1% shares within top 1% shares. Details are available in the data appendix to Atkinson, Piketty and Saez (2011). Figures A5 and A6 describe the profile b(p) of empirical inverted Pareto coefficients as a function of percentile p. These figures were obtained using micro files of tax returns for France. The form of the shapes appears to be relatively representative of what we observe in other WTID countries.

3 3 Appendix B. Data sources Table B1 shows the basic income and population data used in the paper. For thirteen countries in the Middle East, namely, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE, and Yemen, Table B1 displays the total population, the adult population (aged 15 years old and above), GDP and GNI in current US dollars. The majority of the data come from the World Bank Databank. For years for which GNI was not available, it was interpolated using the GDP growth rate, or, alternatively, the GNI growth rate (also in current US dollars) from the UN Database. Net national income is defined as 90% of GNI, to take into account capital depreciation. Throughout the paper, individual incomes refer to per capita net national income. Tables B2 and B3 summarize the information for 2012 and 1990, respectively.

4 4 Appendix C. Detailed estimation results for inequality in the Middle East This appendix includes our detailed estimation results (see discussion in sections 3-5). For the bottom 90% of each country s distribution, we assume a log-normal distribution to generate a sample of 100,000 observations, with mean income equal to 90% of GNI per capita, and variance parameter sigma chosen to reproduce the Gini coefficients reported on Table 4. For our benchmark estimates, we use the Gini coefficients coming from available household surveys (namely Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Syria and Yemen), and for the most recent year. The Gini coefficient of per capita income for Egypt (0.34) was taken from Hlansy and Verme (2013). Povcalnet provides the Gini coefficient of per capita consumption (but not income) in Egypt (0.307 in 2008), Iran (0.383 in 2005), Iraq (0.309 in 2006), Jordan (0.354 in 2010), Syria (0.358 in 2004), and Yemen (0.377 in 2005). For the latter five countries, we approximate the Gini coefficient of per capita income by multiplying the consumption Gini by a factor of (equal to the ratio income/consumption Gini in Egypt). For Lebanon, we assume the same Gini coefficient as in Egypt. For countries for which surveys are not available (in particular oil countries, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and UAE), we assume a Gini of 0.50 in the benchmark scenario, a Gini of 0.34 (as in Egypt) in the low-inequality scenario, and a Gini of 0.70 (close to South Africa) in the high-inequality scenario. For the top 10%, we assume a Pareto distribution, and consider seven variants summarized in Table 5. In our benchmark estimate, we take an inverted Pareto coefficient b equal to 2. The other six variants consider b Pareto coefficients ranging from 1.50 to 3. The detailed simulation results for the twenty-one scenarios are presented in Table C1 (top 10% income share in the Middle East), Table C2 (top 1% income share in the Middle East), Table C3 (Gini coefficient in the Middle East) and Table C4 (Gini coefficient in the Middle East countries).

5 5 Figures C1, C2 and C3 show the comparison of the top 10% and the top 1% income shares in Egypt and the Middle East with France, UK, Germany, Sweden, and US. Figures C4 to C7 show the evolution of top decile and percentile income shares in the Middle East over the period. As explained in the main text, these estimates rely on a very strong assumption, namely fixed within-country inequality. By construction, they only reflect the impact of changes in between-country inequality.

6 Figure A1. Inverted-Pareto coefficients: English-speaking countries, United States United Kingdom Canada Australia New Zealand Inverted Pareto coefficient

7 Figure A2. Inverted-Pareto coefficients: Continental Europe & Japan France Germany Netherlands Switzerland Japan Inverted Pareto coefficient

8 Figure A3. Inverted-Pareto coefficients: Nordic & Southern Europe, Sweden Finland Norway Spain Portugal Italy Inverted Pareto coefficient

9 Figure A4. Inverted-Pareto coefficients: Developing Countries: India Argentina Singapore China (household survey) Inverted Pareto coefficient

10 Inverted Pareto coefficient b(p) as a function of percentile p Figure A5. Pareto curves for the distribution of income (France) Inverted Pareto coefficient (2006) Inverted Pareto coefficient (1997) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% In 1997, the average income within the top decile is 1.67 times larger than the income threshold that one needs to pass in order to enter the top decile. I.e. b(p)=e(y y>y p )/y p =1.67 if p=0.9. In 2006, b(p)=1.69 if p=0.9.

11 Inverted Pareto coefficient b(p) as a function of percentile p Figure A6. Pareto curves for the distribution of income (France, top decile) Inverted Pareto coefficient (2006) Inverted Pareto coefficient (1997) % 91% 92% 93% 94% 95% 96% 97% 98% 99% 100% In 1997, the average income within the top decile is 1.67 times larger than the income threshold that one needs to pass in order to enter the top decile. That is, b(p)=e(y y>y p )/y p =1.67 if p=0.9. In 2006, b(p)=1.69 if p=0.9.

12 Figure'C1.'Top'income'shares'in'the'Middle'East,'Egypt'and'selected'OECD'countries' 2010 Scenario'1.1'(benchmark) 70.0 Top 10% share Middle East Egypt France Germany UK Sweden US Top 1% share Middle East Egypt France Germany UK Sweden US Notes:'Data'correspond'to'2009'for'France'and'2007'for'Germany. Data'for'US,'Germany'and'Sweden'include'capital'gains. Sources:'WTID'and'authors''computations.

13 Figure'C2.'Top'income'shares'in'the'Middle'East,'Egypt'and'selected'OECD'countries' 2010 Scenario' Top 10% share Middle East Egypt France Germany UK Sweden US Top 1% share Middle East Egypt France Germany UK Sweden US Notes:'Data'correspond'to'2009'for'France'and'2007'for'Germany. Data'for'US,'Germany'and'Sweden'include'capital'gains. Sources:'WTID'and'authors''computations.

14 Figure'C3.'Top'income'shares'in'the'Middle'East,'Egypt'and'selected'OECD'countries' 2010 Scenario' Top 10% share Middle East Egypt France Germany UK Sweden US Top 1% share Middle East Egypt France Germany UK Sweden US Notes:'Data'correspond'to'2009'for'France'and'2007'for'Germany. Data'for'US,'Germany'and'Sweden'include'capital'gains. Sources:'WTID'and'authors''computations.

15 Top 10% income share (%) scenario 3.6-high inequality scenario 1.1-benchmark scenario 2.3-low inequality Figure C4. Top 10% income share in the Middle East under three scenarios Notes: All three scenarios assume constant inequality across time in each country of the Middle East. Source: Authors' computations.

16 40 35 Top 1% income share (%) scenario 3.6-high inequality scenario 1.1-benchmark scenario 2.3-low inequality Figure C5. Top 1% income share in the Middle East under three scenarios Notes: All three scenarios assume constant inequality across time in each country of the Middle East. Source: Authors' computations.

17 80 75 Middle East-benchmark US Top 10% income share (%) Figure C6. Top 10% income shares in the Middle East and the US Note: This figure assumes fixed within country inequality across years in the Middle East. Data for US include capital gains. Source: Authors' computations and WTID.

18 Top 1% income share (%) Middle East-benchmark US Figure C7. Top 1% income shares in the Middle East and the US Note: This figure assumes fixed within country inequality across years in the Middle East. Data for US include capital gains. Source: Authors' computations and WTID.

19 Table*B1.*Population*and*income*in*the*Middle*East*countries.*1990L2012 Adult* 90%*of*GNI*per* 90%*of*GNI*per* population*aged* Ratio* capita*(current* adult*(current* Population*total 15+ GDP*(current*US$) GNI*(current*US$) GNI/GDP US$) US$) Bahrain ,317, ,052, ,695,757, ,379,450, , , ,292, ,036, ,442,410, ,281,801, , , ,251, ,002, ,490,600, ,572,456, , , ,191, , ,318,822, ,918,922, , , ,116, , ,902,892, ,979,212, , , ,032, , ,473,097, ,174,419, , , , , ,854,942, ,469,028, , , , , ,460,198, ,046,889, , , , , ,235,671, ,660,655, , , , , ,747,599, ,254,501, , , , , ,491,183, ,966,169, , , , , ,928,934, ,607,383, , , , , ,970,690, ,747,014, , , , , ,621,186, ,350,434, , , , , ,183,941, ,022,234, , , , , ,349,202, ,113,032, , , , , ,101,861, ,076,595, , , , , ,849,468, ,790,426, , , , , ,567,553, ,325,532, , , , , ,200,266, ,006,649, , , , , ,751,063, ,782,713, , , , , ,616,223, ,807,181, , , , , ,229,787, ,542,287, , ,552 Egypt ,721, ,497, ,831,912, ,346,567, , , ,392, ,478, ,000,735, ,429,009, , , ,075, ,470, ,887,812, ,726,796, , , ,775, ,481, ,984,088, ,178,203, , , ,491, ,504, ,818,181, ,654,545, , , ,229, ,521, ,477,817, ,930,407, , , ,990, ,504, ,484,034, ,381,788, , , ,777, ,439, ,685,724, ,431,924, , , ,591, ,316, ,845,185, ,638,485, , , ,432, ,148, ,923,680, ,816,480, , , ,302, ,964, ,850,680, ,946,480, , , ,204, ,807, ,632,008, ,703,508, , , ,136, ,706, ,838,540, ,770,340, , , ,097, ,671, ,710,703, ,715,103, , , ,084, ,696, ,828,807, ,042,107, , , ,094, ,772, ,436,575, ,403,875, , , ,123, ,886, ,629,717, ,168,317, , ,168, ,026, ,159,244, ,300,044, , ,231, ,192, ,897,983, ,775,983, , ,307, ,387, ,578,631, ,006,531, , ,370, ,603, ,855,483, ,530,183, , ,387, ,833, ,970,555, ,607,852, ,336, ,071, ,130,415, ,025,300, ,110 Iran ,424, ,325, ,997,208, ,554,742, , , ,424, ,617, ,059,508, ,505,481, , , ,462, ,876, ,567,967, ,243,848, , , ,542, ,112, ,661,111, ,593,250, , , ,660, ,310, ,988,367, ,653,638, , , ,809, ,410, ,057,933, ,999,983, , , ,976, ,336, ,880,533, ,295,950, , , ,152, ,036, ,014,940, ,502,764, , , ,342, ,494, ,226,579, ,331,753, , , ,543, ,742, ,409,681, ,752,580, , , ,727, ,854, ,420,833, ,418,825, , , ,857, ,933, ,438,386, ,688,438, , , ,911, ,060, ,286,514, ,334,946, , , ,858, ,250, ,656,040, ,528,522, , , ,713, ,501, ,661,888, ,780,365, , , ,542, ,860, ,298,720, ,122,069, , , ,440, ,376, ,573,439, ,839,230, , ,718

20 Table*B1.*Population*and*income*in*the*Middle*East*countries.*1990L2012 Adult* 90%*of*GNI*per* 90%*of*GNI*per* population*aged* Ratio* capita*(current* adult*(current* Population*total 15+ GDP*(current*US$) GNI*(current*US$) GNI/GDP US$) US$) Iran ,468, ,080, ,829,495, ,172,134, , , ,663, ,003, ,128,216, ,962,842, , ,982, ,127, ,088,309, ,253,534, , ,307, ,374, ,737,216, ,142,915, , , ,472, ,632, ,386,122, ,032,297, , , ,361, ,818, ,035,029, ,921,678, , ,385 Iraq ,578, ,381, ,279,947, ,115,780, , , ,760, ,769, ,606,795, ,402,407, , , ,962, ,196, ,488,471, ,081,181, , , ,163, ,653, ,659,988, ,251,600, , , ,429, ,175, ,611,819, ,391,311, , , ,740, ,742, ,837,727, ,460,307, , , ,064, ,322, ,141,035, ,752,451, , , ,377, ,894, ,743,640, ,822,960, , , ,673, ,451, ,509,364, ,882,611, , ,959, ,998, ,239,478, ,333,983, , ,238, ,537, ,969,591, ,785,354, ,516, ,074, ,936,094, ,759,246, ,801, ,614, ,857,106, ,153,649, , ,091, ,157, ,942,362, ,984,708, ,387, ,701, ,468,730, ,159,579, ,693, ,249, ,113,863, ,882,987, ,017, ,806, ,772,737, ,837,682, ,363, ,373, ,451,290, ,587,138, ,731, ,951, ,137,422, ,342,502, ,123, ,540, ,832,512, ,104,848, ,547, ,151, ,543,513, ,879,595, ,009, ,796, ,279,302, ,673,663, ,517, ,481, ,427,408, ,657,421, , ,619 Jordan ,318, ,161, ,015,239, ,709,965, , , ,181, ,043, ,840,197, ,660,478, , , ,046, ,924, ,425,379, ,334,252, , , ,915, ,808, ,820,013, ,327,337, , , ,786, ,692, ,971,835, ,667,340, , , ,661, ,578, ,110,610, ,794,107, , , ,536, ,467, ,056,937, ,510,471, , , ,411, ,360, ,582,876, ,919,638, , , ,290, ,261, ,407,566, ,682,059, , , ,164, ,166, ,193,023, ,323,068, , , ,038, ,075, ,580,161, ,657,257, , , ,917, ,991, ,972,965, ,134,780, , , ,797, ,908, ,457,923, ,558,458, , , ,681, ,830, ,147,494, ,992,910, , , ,597, ,773, ,910,621, ,772,539, , , ,459, ,682, ,244,402, ,035,658, , , ,325, ,588, ,928,359, ,623,893, , , ,195, ,488, ,727,446, ,448,931, , , ,061, ,376, ,237,650, ,922,681, , , ,906, ,242, ,606,237, ,296,236, , , ,733, ,094, ,311,188, ,963,144, , , ,545, ,943, ,344,467, ,981,979, , , ,170, ,705, ,159,928, ,944,906, , ,082 Kuwait ,250, ,440, ,562,915, ,617,874, , , ,124, ,341, ,912,705, ,300,881, , , ,991, ,237, ,934,674, ,166,317, , , ,850, ,128, ,911,338, ,839,338, , , ,702, ,016, ,402,413, ,145,413, , , ,554, ,904, ,721,830, ,126,760, , , ,417, ,801, ,561,153, ,527,139, , , ,296, ,710, ,797,945, ,979,452, , , ,196, ,635, ,440,511, ,628,874, , , ,116, ,574, ,875,837, ,238,253, , ,282

21 Table*B1.*Population*and*income*in*the*Middle*East*countries.*1990L2012 Adult* 90%*of*GNI*per* 90%*of*GNI*per* population*aged* Ratio* capita*(current* adult*(current* Population*total 15+ GDP*(current*US$) GNI*(current*US$) GNI/GDP US$) US$) Kuwait ,048, ,523, ,138,801, ,462,372, , , ,980, ,472, ,890,773, ,791,328, , , ,906, ,416, ,718,011, ,417,277, , , ,818, ,352, ,120,888, ,232,087, , , ,722, ,283, ,946,185, ,812,961, , , ,635, ,218, ,350,433, ,628,866, , , ,585, ,173, ,492,937, ,672,123, , , ,586, ,157, ,191,687, ,074,395, , , ,689, ,197, ,848,484, ,016,835, , , ,792, ,238, ,941,392, ,768,212, , , ,896, ,279, ,858,555, ,100,546, , , ,999, ,319, ,009,955, ,424,527, , , ,059, ,338, ,427,778, ,718,751, , ,290 Lebanon ,424, ,467, ,945,273, ,321,751, , , ,382, ,389, ,094,328, ,916,328, , , ,341, ,312, ,124,378, ,615,478, , , ,246, ,196, ,650,746, ,422,646, , , ,186, ,108, ,079,601, ,516,801, , , ,139, ,037, ,056,716, ,797,416, , , ,079, ,963, ,438,474, ,622,074, , , ,986, ,874, ,860,696, ,674,296, , , ,853, ,764, ,789,054, ,972,354, , , ,690, ,642, ,082,918, ,645,618, , , ,515, ,516, ,152,238, ,284,638, , , ,357, ,402, ,649,751, ,575,751, , , ,235, ,308, ,260,364, ,581,364, , , ,156, ,240, ,391,056, ,599,056, , , ,114, ,193, ,247,179, ,394,179, , , ,092, ,158, ,751,867, ,069,867, , , ,070, ,123, ,690,217, ,089,217, , , ,033, ,079, ,718,795, ,210,795, , , ,974, ,022, ,599,127, ,925,908, , , ,900, ,957, ,535,259, ,775,178, , , ,821, ,889, ,545,921, ,788,381, , , ,752, ,828, ,451,497, ,825,088, , , ,703, ,780, ,838,485, ,460,782, , ,749 Oman ,314, ,512, ,110,784, ,722,674, , , ,024, ,247, ,971,912, ,145,224, , , ,802, ,034, ,813,004, ,687,155, , , ,663, ,884, ,866,060, ,847,060, , , ,593, ,788, ,566,970, ,807,542, , , ,569, ,729, ,901,170, ,097,529, , , ,554, ,685, ,803,641, ,137,841, , , ,522, ,636, ,905,071, ,882,965, , , ,464, ,579, ,673,602, ,283,485, , , ,389, ,520, ,542,262, ,001,300, , , ,308, ,462, ,049,414, ,081,924, , , ,239, ,413, ,949,284, ,241,284, , , ,192, ,377, ,867,880, ,114,688, , , ,172, ,355, ,710,148, ,031,160, , , ,171, ,344, ,085,373, ,468,777, , , ,177, ,336, ,837,451, ,300,702, , , ,175, ,320, ,277,763, ,791,601, , , ,154, ,291, ,802,600, ,406,047, , , ,109, ,244, ,918,855, ,499,412, , , ,043, ,183, ,493,108, ,107,013, , , ,965, ,114, ,452,275, ,055,676, , , ,885, ,047, ,341,482, ,159,924, , , ,810, , ,685,045, ,379,937, , ,344 Qatar ,050, ,778, ,402,595, ,962,718, , , ,910, ,655, ,476,093, ,301,588, , , ,749, ,509, ,122,249, ,699,413, , ,946

22 Table*B1.*Population*and*income*in*the*Middle*East*countries.*1990L2012 Adult* 90%*of*GNI*per* 90%*of*GNI*per* population*aged* Ratio* capita*(current* adult*(current* Population*total 15+ GDP*(current*US$) GNI*(current*US$) GNI/GDP US$) US$) Qatar ,564, ,335, ,583,513, ,134,513, , , ,359, ,140, ,019,776, ,781,776, , , ,152, , ,546,975, ,843,975, , , , , ,496,701, ,259,348, , , , , ,040,108, ,294,135, , , , , ,675,273, ,598,172, , , , , ,533,790, ,219,476, , , , , ,363,735, ,927,922, , , , , ,538,461, ,049,465, , , , , ,759,889, ,277,346, , , , , ,393,131, ,754,220, , , , , ,255,494, ,554,301, , , , , ,297,801, ,626,977, , , , , ,059,340, ,323,295, , , , , ,137,911, ,375,020, , , , , ,374,450, ,589,314, , , , , ,156,593, ,365,109, , , , , ,646,153, ,868,955, , , , , ,883,516, ,083,516, , , , , ,360,439, ,581,428, , ,978 Saudi.Arabia ,287, ,890, ,049,600, ,020,737, , , ,761, ,385, ,506,666, ,174,666, , , ,258, ,883, ,811,466, ,855,466, , , ,796, ,396, ,097,866, ,710,866, , , ,366, ,919, ,796,800, ,963,800, , , ,915, ,422, ,909,018, ,305,018, , , ,371, ,864, ,900,133, ,392,133, , , ,690, ,222, ,459,608, ,314,608, , , ,839, ,475, ,742,133, ,000,133, , , ,852, ,646, ,572,800, ,272,800, , , ,825, ,801, ,551,196, ,330,196, , , ,891, ,032, ,012,268, ,493,258, , , ,144, ,402, ,441,864, ,921,868, , , ,620, ,937, ,957,062, ,881,069, , , ,282, ,614, ,772,799, ,541,293, , , ,060, ,385, ,993,858, ,778,394, , , ,848, ,177, ,743,126, ,189,325, , , ,567, ,939, ,457,681, ,261,152, , , ,197, ,654, ,327,104, ,799,468, , , ,758, ,337, ,151,405, ,059,827, , , ,263, ,998, ,304,139, ,737,520, , , ,739, ,654, ,335,915, ,102,275, , , ,206, ,318, ,778,111, ,756,748, , ,049 Syria ,399, ,480, ,639,768, ,188,056, , , ,961, ,167, ,947,476, ,945,240, , , ,532, ,838, ,147,033, ,265,681, , , ,031, ,431, ,934,534, ,827,856, , , ,346, ,883, ,581,913, ,432,913, , , ,561, ,259, ,405,006, ,715,797, , , ,804, ,658, ,332,844, ,393,616, , , ,167, ,150, ,858,965, ,979,782, , , ,676, ,755, ,086,930, ,333,960, , , ,298, ,449, ,828,144, ,975,661, , , ,994, ,200, ,582,248, ,657,248, , , ,700, ,958, ,099,833, ,316,833, , , ,371, ,689, ,325,894, ,446,494, , , ,995, ,386, ,873,875, ,265,393, , ,591, ,061, ,200,846, ,708,892, , ,168, ,723, ,505,233, ,804,384, , ,746, ,387, ,789,560, ,768,083, , ,338, ,061, ,396,706, ,590,958, , ,945, ,748, ,122,020, ,290,460, , ,562, ,445, ,695,962, ,364,912, ,616

23 Table*B1.*Population*and*income*in*the*Middle*East*countries.*1990L2012 Adult* 90%*of*GNI*per* 90%*of*GNI*per* population*aged* Ratio* capita*(current* adult*(current* Population*total 15+ GDP*(current*US$) GNI*(current*US$) GNI/GDP US$) US$) Syria ,187, ,152, ,253,565, ,899,428, , ,818, ,873, ,981,833, ,579,833, , ,451, ,609, ,308,624, ,954,908, ,628 UAE ,205, ,878, ,730,252, ,588,001, , , ,925, ,676, ,594,972, ,245,074, , , ,441, ,271, ,421,927, ,548,476, , , ,718, ,627, ,334,929, ,634,929, , , ,798, ,786, ,844,665, ,744,665, , , ,797, ,857, ,150,041, ,523,084, , , ,875, ,997, ,105,928, ,843,845, , , ,148, ,317, ,617,023, ,503,340, , , ,658, ,856, ,824,374, ,532,339, , , ,369, ,580, ,346,361, ,291,902, , , ,223, ,439, ,816,204, ,737,375, , , ,132, ,352, ,311,643, ,376,313, , , ,026, ,258, ,337,375, ,452,330, , , ,893, ,147, ,445,475, ,585,265, , , ,753, ,035, ,674,338, ,384,138, , , ,608, ,924, ,839,008, ,703,950, , , ,470, ,816, ,571,233, ,177,933, , , ,346, ,717, ,743,666, ,966,633, , , ,232, ,621, ,305,093, ,212,420, , , ,121, ,523, ,625,170, ,352,095, , , ,012, ,426, ,239,171, ,898,150, , , ,908, ,333, ,552,165, ,079,419, , , ,806, ,248, ,701,443, ,186,991, , ,355 Yemen ,852, ,140, ,645,823, ,649,055, , , ,304, ,677, ,724,633, ,442,466, , , ,763, ,213, ,883,409, ,921,778, , , ,229, ,748, ,581,907, ,436,203, , ,703, ,283, ,869,018, ,956,590, , , ,182, ,824, ,596,088, ,249,283, , ,661, ,375, ,941,303, ,714,875, , ,139, ,941, ,753,787, ,139,185, , ,612, ,522, ,873,500, ,526,476, , ,081, ,117, ,777,768, ,751,195, ,551, ,729, ,693,278, ,874,936, ,029, ,360, ,854,042, ,163,055, ,522, ,011, ,636,342, ,862,682, ,035, ,687, ,641,101, ,945,339, ,564, ,385, ,325,219, ,967,690, ,088, ,091, ,839,039, ,225,469, ,578, ,785, ,785,685, ,278,102, ,018, ,454, ,258,788, ,073,605, ,396, ,091, ,167,356, ,088,247, ,726, ,704, ,368,270, ,267,489, ,040, ,314, ,463,649, ,313,485, ,384, ,955, ,930,370, ,734,006, ,790, ,647, ,647,251, ,611,374, Middle.East ,145, ,007, ,741,907,078, ,718,177,377, , , ,446, ,486, ,540,178,436, ,511,750,650, , , ,678, ,772, ,073,118,374, ,048,718,304, , , ,687, ,752, ,769,404,920, ,747,122,729, , , ,540, ,483, ,961,454,257, ,960,695,553, , , ,346, ,022, ,538,244,033, ,561,018,091, , , ,252, ,454, ,298,997,665, ,326,300,564, , , ,370, ,853, ,075,780,587, ,081,491,945, , , ,738, ,236, ,329,749, ,071,362, , , ,328, ,615, ,073,347, ,876,823, , , ,135, ,078, ,659,569, ,130,702, , , ,138, ,734, ,214,447, ,900,648, , , ,306, ,657, ,758,401, ,638,463, , ,179

24 Table*B1.*Population*and*income*in*the*Middle*East*countries.*1990L2012 Adult* 90%*of*GNI*per* 90%*of*GNI*per* population*aged* Ratio* capita*(current* adult*(current* Population*total 15+ GDP*(current*US$) GNI*(current*US$) GNI/GDP US$) US$) Middle.East ,635, ,885, ,610,528, ,865,271, , , ,149, ,427, ,561,425, ,609,060, , , ,748, ,210, ,857,459, ,696,238, , , ,475, ,223, ,415,980, ,835,403, , , ,303, ,430, ,724,783, ,257,282, , , ,276, ,849, ,631,318, ,751,610, , , ,254, ,416, ,273,119, ,727,639, , , ,159, ,111, ,961,900, ,960,699, , , ,897, ,912, ,083,407, ,091,564, , , ,185, ,684, ,729,750, ,742,516, , ,956 Source:.WB.Databank,.UN.Database.and.author's.calculations.

25 Table*B2.*Population*and*income*in*the*Middle*East*countries.*2012 Adult* 90%*of*GNI*per* 90%*of*GNI*per* population*aged* Ratio* capita*(current* adult*(current* Population*total 15+ GDP*(current*US$) GNI*(current*US$) GNI/GDP US$) US$) Bahrain ,317, ,052, ,695,757, ,379,450, , ,000 Egypt ,721, ,497, ,831,912, ,346,567, , ,157 Iran ,424, ,325, ,997,208, ,554,742, , ,647 Iraq ,578, ,381, ,279,947, ,115,780, , ,896 Jordan ,318, ,161, ,015,239, ,709,965, , ,641 Kuwait ,250, ,440, ,562,915, ,617,874, , ,494 Lebanon ,424, ,467, ,945,273, ,321,751, , ,985 Oman ,314, ,512, ,110,784, ,722,674, , ,053 Qatar ,050, ,778, ,402,595, ,962,718, , ,148 Saudi_Arabia ,287, ,890, ,049,600, ,020,737, , ,670 Syria ,399, ,480, ,639,768, ,188,056, , ,746 UAE ,205, ,878, ,730,252, ,588,001, , ,416 Yemen ,852, ,140, ,645,823, ,649,055, , ,142 Middle-East ,145, ,007, ,741,907,078, ,718,177,377, , ,933 Source:-Table-B1.

26 Table*B3.*Population*and*income*in*the*Middle*East*countries.*1990 Adult* 90%*of*GNI*per* 90%*of*GNI*per* population*aged* Ratio* capita*(current* adult*(current* Population*total 15+ GDP*(current*US$) GNI*(current*US$) GNI/GDP US$) US$) Bahrain ,317, ,052, ,695,757, ,379,450, , ,000 Egypt ,721, ,497, ,831,912, ,346,567, , ,157 Iran ,424, ,325, ,997,208, ,554,742, , ,647 Iraq ,578, ,381, ,279,947, ,115,780, , ,896 Jordan ,318, ,161, ,015,239, ,709,965, , ,641 Kuwait ,250, ,440, ,562,915, ,617,874, , ,494 Lebanon ,424, ,467, ,945,273, ,321,751, , ,985 Oman ,314, ,512, ,110,784, ,722,674, , ,053 Qatar ,050, ,778, ,402,595, ,962,718, , ,148 Saudi_Arabia ,287, ,890, ,049,600, ,020,737, , ,670 Syria ,399, ,480, ,639,768, ,188,056, , ,746 UAE ,205, ,878, ,730,252, ,588,001, , ,416 Yemen ,852, ,140, ,645,823, ,649,055, , ,142 Middle-East ,145, ,007, ,741,907,078, ,718,177,377, , ,933 Source:-Table-B1.

27 Table5C1.5Top510%5income5shares5in5the5Middle5East5under5different5parameter5assumptions.51990H2012 Scenario Scenario Scenario Pareto5b Pareto5b Pareto5b Pareto5a Pareto5a Pareto5a benchmark low5inequality high5inequality