Employment And Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups In India

Transcription

1 Report No Employment And Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups In India Fifth Quinquennial Survey NSS 50th round July June 1994 National Sample Survey Organisation Department of Statistics Government of India November 1997

2 Preface The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) has been carrying out all-india surveys quinquennially on consumer expenditure, employment & unemployment. The fifth quinquennial survey on consumer expenditure, employment & unemployment was conducted during the 50th round (July1993-June1994) of NSS. The present report is based on data collected in that round. The previous four quinquennial surveys were conducted during the 27th (October September 1973), the 32nd (July June 1978), the 38th (January- December 1983) and the 43rd (July June 1988) rounds. The schedule design for the survey was essentially similar to that adopted in the previous quinquennial rounds to facilitate comparability of estimates. This report attempts comparative analysis of Labour Force Participation (persons) of different social groups by education level, age group, etc. at All India and State/U.T. levels. The report consists of four chapters and related tables. Chapter 1 is introductory, Chapter 2 sets out the conceptual framework, Chapter 3 gives the sample design and estimation procedure adopted in the survey and Chapter 4 gives the main findings of the report. The field work of the survey was done by the Field Operations Division, data processing and tabulation work were handled by the Data Processing Division and the Computer Centre, respectively. The Survey Design and Research Division was responsible for designing the survey and preparation of the report. I am thankful to the members of the Working Group for their valuable guidance at various phases of the work starting from finalisation of the sample design/schedules of enquiry to preparation of this report. I am also thankful to the members of the Governing Council, Heads of various Divisions of NSSO and their colleagues for the efforts in preparing the report which, I am hopeful, will serve as a reference document to planners and policy makers. November, 1997 Organisation P. R. Dongre Chief Executive Officer National Sample Survey

3 Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, CONTENTS Pages Chapter 1 : Introduction 1 Chapter 2 : Conceptual Framework 2-9 Chapter 3 : Sample Design and Estimation Procedure Chapter 4 : Main Findings Charts / Figures Summary Statements for States/U.Ts Appendix : All-India Detailed Tables A1 - A314 Report No. 425: Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, ;NSS 50th Round

4 Highlights During , 'self-employment in agriculture' and 'agricultural labour' were the two major activities (i.e. accounting for a major share of income) of the ST households living in rural areas (38% in each category). Agricultural labour was the major activity for 49% of the SC households and self-employment in agriculture for 43% of the other households. In urban India, regular wage/salaried employment was the major source of income for each of the three categories of households. Further, proportion of households with casual labour as the major source of income was higher among the scheduled households than nonscheduled households. Proportion of rural households possessing less than 0.01 hectare of land was higher among the scheduled categories (13% for ST and 18% for SC) than non-scheduled category (11%). On the other hand, the proportion of households possessing more than 4.00 hectares of land was higher among the non-scheduled (6%) than among the scheduled households (5% for ST and between 1 to 2 % for SC). In both rural and urban India, proportions of persons in lower MPCE classes were more among the scheduled categories of households than in the non-scheduled category. Between the two scheduled categories, proportions of persons in the lower MPCE classes were higher among STs in rural India and among SCs in urban India. Proportion of households with no literate adult member/female member was higher among households belonging to scheduled categories than the non-scheduled category for both rural and urban areas. Between the two scheduled categories, proportion of such households was higher among the STs in rural India and the SCs in urban India. School attendance rate among the children (5-14 yrs.) was higher among nonscheduled category of households as compared to the scheduled categories. Between the two scheduled categories, school attendance rate among the children was lower among ST households in rural India and among SC households in urban India. Proportion of persons employed as per usual status (all workers) was highest among STs, followed by SCs and nonscheduled category of persons, except for urban males, among whom the proportion was almost of the same order for the three social groups. Proportion of such persons was : a) rural males : ST (59%), SC (55%) & Other (55%); b) rural females : ST (48%), SC (36%) & Other (30%); c) urban males : ST (52%), SC(51%) & Other (52%) and d) urban females : ST (23%), SC (20%) & Other (15%). Proportion of unemployed among males and females was considerably higher in urban areas than in rural areas of the country. Proportion of unemployed as per usual status (excluding subsidiary status workers) was higher among non-scheduled (both males and females) than the scheduled persons in rural India. In urban India, the proportion was higher among the scheduled males and the non-scheduled females. Proportion of such unemployed was : 20 a) 10 rural males : ST (0.5%), SC (0.6%) & Other (0.9%); b) rural 0 females : ST (0.2%), SC (0.1%) & Other (0.3%); c) urban 1st males 2nd : ST (2.6%), 3rd SC (2.4%) 4th & Other (2.1%) and d) urban Qtr females Qtr : ST (0.4%), Qtr SC Qtr (0.9%) & Other (1.1%). Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round

5 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.0 General : The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) carried out its fifth quinquennial survey on employment - unemployment and household consumer expenditure in the 50th round conducted during the period July 1993 to June Based on the data collected from the 'central sample' (i.e. the samples surveyed by NSSO), five reports on employment - unemployment have already been brought out. The present report, the sixth (last) in the series, deals with the employment - unemployment situation of the people belonging to different 'social groups'. It may be mentioned that for each household surveyed, information on the 'social group' to which the household belongs to was also collected in the survey. Either of the three types of 'social groups' i.e. 'scheduled tribe' (ST) or scheduled caste (SC) or other to which the household belongs to according to the information provided by the respondent, was recorded against each household surveyed. Utilising this information, some selected tables were generated by social group. This report is based on these tables thus generated from the central sample data. 1.1 Geographical Coverage : The fifth quinquennial survey covered the entire Indian Union excepting certain interior areas of Nagaland and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. In the state of Jammu & Kashmir, only 3 districts, namely, Jammu, Kathua and Udhampur could be surveyed out of a total of 14 districts in the state. Thus the corresponding state/union territory level estimates and the country level results presented in this report are based on the areas other than those left out from the survey. 1.2 Sample Size : The survey altogether covered 115,409 households (69,230 rural and 46,179 urban households) spread over 6983 sample villages and 4670 urban blocks in the central sample. Out of these 115,409 households surveyed at the national level, 11,979 households (10.4 per cent) belonged to the scheduled tribes and 17,461 households (15.1 per cent) to the scheduled castes (see para 4.1 of chapter 4 for details). 1.3 Contents of the Report : The present report consists of four chapters including this introductory first chapter. The next chapter describes the conceptual framework of the survey. While chapter 3 describes the sample design and estimation procedure adopted in the survey, main findings on employment - unemployment situation among different social groups and their broad household and population characteristics are discussed in chapter 4. Charts/maps and summary statements relating to states/u.ts. are given at the end of chapter 4. The detailed tables for all-india are given in the Appendix. Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round

6 Chapter 2 Conceptual Framework Chapter 2 Conceptual Framework 2.1 The NSSO surveys on employment and unemployment aim to measure the extent of employment and unemployment in quantitative terms disaggregated by various household and population characteristics. The persons surveyed are classified in to various activity categories on the basis of the activities pursued by them during certain specified reference periods. Three reference periods are used in these surveys. These are (i) one year, (ii) one week and (iii) each day of the week. Based on these three periods three different measures are arrived at. These are termed as usual status, current weekly status,and the current daily status. The procedure adopted to arrive at these three measures are given below. 2.2 Classification according to usual status. In this approach the status of activity on which a person spent relatively longer time of the preceding 365 days from the date of survey is considered as the principal usual status activity of the person. Accordingly, a person is Usual Status : Principal Status and considered Subsidiary Status working or employed if the person was engaged for a relatively longer time during the past year in any one or more work-related activities (economic activities). The person is considered as seeking or available for work or unemployed if the person was not working but was either seeking or was available for work for a relatively longer time during the past year. If the person was engaged in any non-economic activities for a relatively longer time of the reference year he/she is considered as out of labour force. The specific activity category is determined on the basis of time spent criterion. i.e. the activity on which major time was spent being assigned as the usual status activity. A person categorised as worker or employed on the basis of the principal status is called a principal status worker or principal status employed. A person categorised as a non-worker (i.e. unemployed or out of labour force) who pursued some economic activity in a subsidiary capacity is called a subsidiary status worker or subsidiary status employed. These two groups viz. principal status workers and subsidiary status workers together constitute all workers according to the usual status classification. The various activity categories along with the codes used for usual status classification are given in the box below. code description [activities for working(employed) persons] 11 worked in household enterprise (self-employed) as an own account worker 12 worked in household enterprise (selfemployed) as an employer 21 worked in household enterprise as a helper 31 worked as regular salaried/wage employee 41 worked as casual labour in public works Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round

7 Chapter 2 Conceptual Framework 51 worked as casual labour in other types of works [unemployed] 81 seeking or available for work [out of labour force activities] 91 attended educational institutions 92 attended domestic duties only 93 attended domestic duties and was also engaged in free collection of goods (vegetables, roots, fire-wood, etc. for household ) 94 rentiers, pensioners, remittance recipients, etc. 95 not able to work due to disability 96 beggars, prostitutes, etc. 97 others 99 infants of age 0-4 years. Activities coded are those applicable for persons who are classified as workers while apply to those who are out of labour force. Detailed definitions of these categories are given elsewhere in this section. Code 81 is assigned to an unemployed. 2.3 Classification according to current weekly status approach: For classification of persons according to current weekly status approach, they are assigned a unique activity status with Current Weekly Status reference to a period of 7 days preceding the date of survey. This is easily done in the case of persons having only one status during the reference week. But for persons pursuing more than one activity a priority-cum-major time rule was applied to obtain a unique activity status. Under the priority rule, the status of working got priority over the status of not working but seeking/available for work. Further the status of not working but seeking/- available for work got priority over the status of not working and not seeking/- available for work. Within the broad category of working and not working, the detailed activity category was assigned by major time spent criterion. Using this procedure in the current weekly status (cws) a person is considered working or employed if the person was engaged for at least one hour on any one day of the previous week on any work related- (economic) activity. A person who had not worked for even one hour on any one day of the week, but had been seeking or had been available for work at any time for at least one hour during the week was considered seeking/available for work. Others were considered not available for work or as out of labour force. For working or employed besides the codes used for usual activity 4 additional codes were used to reflect the weekly situation. These were as follows: 61 did not work due to sickness though there was work in household enterprise 62 did not work due to other reasons though there was work in household enterprise 71 did not work due to sickness but had regular salaried/wage employment 72 did not work due to other reasons but had regular salaried/wage employment For unemployed the codes were: 81 sought work 82 did not seek but was available for work For out of labour force one additional code was used as: Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round

8 Chapter 2 Conceptual Framework 98 did not work due to sickness (for casual workers only) 2.4 Classification according to current daily status approach : The activity pattern of people particularly in the unorganised sector is such that a person Current Daily Status might be pursuing more than one activity during a week and sometimes even during a day. In the current daily status (cds), upto two activity statuses were assigned to a person on each day of the reference week. The unit of classification was thus half day in the cds. In assigning the activity status on a day, a person was considered working for the entire day if he had worked 4 hours or more during the day. If he had worked one hour or more but less than 4 hours, he was considered working (employed) for half day and seeking/available for work (unemployed) or not available for work (not in labour force) for the other half day depending on whether he was seeking /available for work or not. On the other hand, if a person was not engaged in any work even for one hour but was seeking or available for work for 4 hours or more, he was considered unemployed for the entire day. If he was available for work for less than 4 hours only, he was considered unemployed for half day and not in labour force for the other half of the day. A person who neither had any work to do nor was available for work even for half of the day was considered not in labour force for the entire day and was assigned one or two non-economic activity status codes. The aggregate of person days classified under the different activity categories for all the seven days gave the distribution of person days by activity category during an average week over the survey period of one year. The codes used for describing the various activity categories under the cds were the same as those used for current weekly status classification. 2.5 As can be seen in the above paragraphs, central to the concept of identifying a worker is the engagement in any economic activity. The concept of economic activity as used in the NSS is explained now. Economic activity is any activity that results in production of goods and services that adds value to national Concept of economic activity Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round product. Such activities include production of all goods and services for market i.e. production for pay or profit and the production of primary commodities for own consumption and own account production of fixed assets, among the non-market activities. The entire spectrum of human activity falls in two categories: economic and non-economic activities. The economic activities have two parts:- market activities and non-market activities. Market activities are those that involve remuneration to those who perform it i.e. activity performed for pay or profit. These are essentially production of goods including those of Government services etc. Non market activities are the production for own consumption of primary products and own account production of fixed assets. The full spectrum of economic activities as defined in the UN system of National Accounts is not covered in the definition adopted for the current survey or in the previous surveys. The term economic activity as adopted in the 50 th round survey include: i) All the market activities described above i.e. the activities

9 Chapter 2 Conceptual Framework performed for pay or profit which result in production of goods and services for exchange. ii) Of the non-market activities, a) all the activities relating to the agricultural sector (industry section 0 of NIC 1987) which results in production (including gathering of uncultivated crops, forestry, collection of firewood, hunting, fishing etc.) of agricultural produce for consumption and b) the activities relating to the own-account production of fixed assets. Own account production of fixed assets include construction of own houses, roads, wells, etc., and of machinery, tools etc. for household enterprise and also construction of any private or community facilities free of charge. A person may be engaged in own-account construction either in the capacity of a labour or a supervisor. 2.6 In this context, it may be noted that hitherto in NSS the term used was gainful activity. The above definition is very close to the gainful activity concept except for the inclusion of own-account production of fixed assets. The contribution of this component was found to be negligible from a separate tabulation of this component in the 43 rd round survey and as such the comparability of the survey results will be unaffected by this change. sex who furnish the supply of labour for production of goods and services as defined in the United Nations system of national accounts and balances during a specified time reference period. According to these systems, the production of goods and services includes all production and processing of primary products, whether for market, for barter or for own consumption, the production of all other goods and services for the market and, in the case of households which produce such goods and services for the market, the corresponding production for own consumption. 1 The definition adopted in the NSS follow the above approach very closely except for the processing of primary commodities for own consumption by the producers of these items which is not covered by the NSS definition. Further the international standards use the term economically active population as a generic term and use two other measures viz. the usually active population in relation to a long reference period such as a year and the currently active population measured in relation to a short reference period such as a week or a day. Generally the term labour force is used to denote the currently active population. In this report the term labour force is meant to imply the population comprising the employed and the unemployed. In conventional terms, the employed, unemployed and those in the labour force are defined as follows. 2.8 Workers or employed : Persons who are engaged in any economic activity or who despite their attachment to economic activity have abstained for reason of 2.7 According to the international standards the term economically active population comprises of persons of either Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round 1 Surveys of econo-mically active population, employment, unemployment and underemployment: An ILO manual on concepts and me-thods, I L O, Geneva, 1990.

10 Chapter 2 Conceptual Framework illness, injury or other physical disability, bad weather, festivals, social or religious functions or other contingencies necessitating temporary absence from work constitute workers. Unpaid helpers who assist in the operation of an economic activity in the household farm or non-farm activities are also considered as workers. 2.9 Seeking or available for work or unemployed : Persons who owing to lack of work had not worked but either sought work through employment exchanges, intermediaries, friends or relatives or by making applications to prospective employers or expressed their willingness or availability for work under the prevailing condition of work and remuneration are considered as those seeking or available for work or as unemployed Labour force and those out of labour force : Persons who are either working or seeking or available for work (i.e. unemployed) during the reference period constitute the labour force. Persons who were neither working and at the same time were not seeking nor available for work during the reference period are considered to be out of labour force. The persons under this category are students, those engaged in domestic duties, rentiers, pensioners, recipients of remittances, those living on alms, infirm or disabled, too young or too old, prostitutes, smugglers etc., and casual workers not working due to sickness etc.. However a domestic servant who is considered as a member of the employer s household is treated as a worker though he/she may be performing only household chores The status of persons engaged in various economic activities are classified as follows Self-employed in household enterprises: Persons who operate their own farm or non-farm enterprises or are engaged independently in a profession or trade on own-account or with one or a few partners are self- -employed in household enterprises. The essential feature of selfemployment is that the remuneration is determined wholly or mainly by sales or profits of the goods or services which are being produced. The self-employed persons are further categorised into three groups. (a) own-account workers: They are the self-employed persons who operate their enterprises on their own account or with one or a few partners and who during the reference period by and large, run their enterprise without hiring any labour. They may, however, have unpaid helpers to assist them in the activity of the enterprise. (b) employers: The self-employed persons who work on their own account or with one or a few partners and by and large run their enterprise by hiring labour. (c) helpers in household enterprises: The helpers are mostly family members who keep themselves engaged in their household enterprises, working full or part time and do not receive any regular salary or wages in return for the work. They do not run the enterprise on their own, but assist the related person living in the same household running the enterprise. Here it is to be noted that a departure was made in the case of identifying help- Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round

11 Chapter 2 Conceptual Framework ers from the earlier surveys. Persons who worked in the capacity of helpers but had a share in their family earnings were not considered as helpers in the earlier rounds, but are considered so in the present survey Regular salaried/wage employee: Persons working in other s farm or non-farm enterprises, both household and non-household, and getting in return salary or wages on a regular basis (and not on the basis of daily or periodic renewal of work contract) are the regular salaried/wage employees. This category not only includes persons getting time wage but also persons receiving piece wage or salary and paid apprentices, both full time and part-time Casual labour: A person casually engaged in other s farm or non-farm enterprises (both household and nonhousehold) and getting in return wage according to the terms of the daily or periodic work contract is a casual labour. Depending on whether they are so employed in public works sponsored by Govt. agencies or local bodies or in other types work, the casual workers are classified into the two groups viz. Casual labour in public works and casual workers in other types of work Certain other terms related to the different types of labour are now explained Wage paid manual labour : A person who does manual work in return for wages in cash or kind or partly in cash and partly in kind (excluding exchange labour) is a wage paid manual labour. Persons who are self employed doing manual work is not treated as a wage paid manual labour Agricultural Labour : A person is considered engaged in agricultural labour if he/she follows one or more of the following agricultural occupations in the capacity of a wage paid manual labour, whether paid in cash or kind or both: (i) farming (ii) dairy farming (iii) production of any horticultural commodity (iv) raising of livestock, bees or poultry (v) any practice performed on a farm as incidental to or in conjunction with farm operations (including forestry and timbering) and the operation for market and delivery to storage or to market or to carriage for transportation to market of farm produce. Carriage for transportation refers to the first stage of the transport from farm to the first place of disposal. Working in fisheries is excluded from agricultural labour Rural labour : Manual labour, living in rural areas, working in agricultural and/or non-agricultural occupations in return for wages paid either in cash or in kind (excluding exchange labour) is considered as rural labour. Thus rural labour includes both agricultural labour and other labour Procedural changes in the present survey: Apart from the changes in the definition and classification of the economically active persons mentioned above, a few other procedural aspects introduced in the classification of usual status and current weekly and daily status are explained now. These changes, it may be seen, do not in any way affect the comparability of the survey estimates with that of the previous rounds. Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round

12 Chapter 2 Conceptual Framework (a) In the past, for the identification of the usual status based on the major time criterion, a trichotomous classification of the population was followed. i.e. a person is classified into one of the three broad groups employed, unemployed and out of labour force based on the major time criterion. In this round, the procedure prescribed is a two stage dichotomous procedure which involves a classification into labour force and out labour force in the first stage and thereafter the labour force into employed and unemployed in the second stage. While this could marginally affect the principal and subsidiary classification theoretically, it can be seen that the all workers would remain the same. (b) Previously the current weekly status of a person was first assigned on the basis of the response to a direct question on his/her participation in economic activities during the week and thereafter the daily time disposition data was collected from all those who were in the labour force (i.e. employed plus unemployed). Experts and users have been feeling that this procedure may, in some cases, lead to undetection of marginal participation of women in the household based economic activities, particularly in the rural areas. The procedure of data collection, therefore, was changed for the 50th round. In this round, the daily time disposition was collected first from all the persons in the household and the current weekly status was recorded on the basis of the daily time disposition during the week Data collected and survey instruments 2 : The data for this survey was collected in the NSS Schedule 10 used for employment surveys. For this round, the schedule had 8 core blocks. Household characteristics like, household size, principal industry-occupation, social group, land possessed and cultivated, use of hired labour, monthly per capita expenditure etc. were recorded in Block 3. In the next Block the detailed demographic particulars including age, sex, educational level school attendance, principal and subsidiary statuses, the industry, occupation of the employed, distance to place of work etc. were recorded. Block 5 was used to record the daily time disposition. Apart form recording the different activities from among the various status codes explained in the earlier part of this section, the industry and type of operation for rural areas were also recorded. For a day a maximum of two activity statuses could be recorded, an activity status getting an intensity of half or full depending on the time spent on it. No limits on the number of activities that could be reported in a week was specified. The current weekly status of the person derived from the various daily activity statuses followed in the week and the corresponding industry-occupation was also recorded in this block. Besides the above, the wage and salary earnings were also entered in this block. Block 6 was used to record the answers to certain probing questions to the unemployed. The unemployed for this purpose were those who had not worked on any day of the reference week. These probing questions included among other things the academic performance, particulars of work sought, details of past employment, reasons 2 Instructions to field staff Vols I & II, NSS 50th round: Department of Statistics, New Delhi, June Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round

13 Chapter 2 Conceptual Framework for unemployment, length of spell of unemployment, type of efforts made etc. Further probing questions on the usually employed on the qualitative aspects of employment were made in Block 7. These included occupational mobility, availability for additional work and reasons, extent of underutilisation of labour time, membership of trade unions, nature of employer, permanency of employment etc.. A major innovation in this survey was the attempt to specifically collect information on the activity profiles of children. In order to build up the profile, the school attendance status of the children, reason for non-attendance, extent of participation in household chores, information on the type of work done and the industry in which worked, reason for working, economic benefits derived by the household from such work, its effect on studies etc. were ascertained for all children aged in the 5-14 years age group in the sample household. All this information was recorded in Block 8. In Block 9, the follow up questions were asked to or about those who reportedly were engaged in domestic duties. This block was canvassed as in the previous surveys. Block 10 was canvassed as part of the rural labour enquiry being undertaken for the Labour Bureau by the NSSO and which is integrated with the employment survey. Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round

14 Chapter 3 Sample Design & Estimation Procedure Chapter 3 Sample Design And Estimation Procedure 3.1 The sample design adopted for this round 1 of survey was similar to that followed in the past surveys in its general aspects. The general scheme was a stratified two- stage design with the first stage units being villages in the rural areas and urban frame survey blocks (UFS) in the urban areas. The second stage units were the households. 3.2 Sampling frame for first stage units: The frame used for selection of first stage units in the rural sector was the 1991 census list of villages for all the four sub- -rounds for 8 states/u.t.s viz. Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Chandigarh. However for Agra district of U.P. and the three districts, viz. Durg, Sagar, and Morena of M.P., samples were drawn using 1981 census list of villages. For Jammu & Kashmir samples for all the 4 sub-rounds were drawn using the 1981 census list as the 1991 census was not conducted in the state. For the remaining 23 states/u.t.s, the frame was 1991 census list for subrounds 2 to 4 and 1981 census list for sub-round 1 as the 1991 census list was not available for use at the time of drawing the samples. As usual, for Nagaland the list of villages within 5 kms. of the bus route and for Andaman and Nicobar Islands the list of accessible villages constituted the frame. In the case of urban sector the frame consisted of the UFS blocks and, for some newly declared towns where these were not available, the 1991 census enumeration blocks were used. 1 Sample Design and estimation procedure for 50th Round NSS (Mimeographed, National Sample Survey Organisation, 1994) 3.3 Region formation and stratification: States were divided into regions by grouping contiguous districts similar in respect of population density and cropping pattern. In rural sector each district was treated a separate stratum if the population was below 2 million and where it exceeded 2 million, it was split into two or more strata. This cut off point of population was taken as 1.8 million (in place of 2 million) for the purpose of stratification for districts for which the 1981 census frame was used. In the urban sector, strata were formed, within each NSS region on the basis of population size class of towns. However for towns with population of 4 lakhs or more the urban blocks were divided into two classes viz. one consisting of blocks inhabited by affluent section of the population and the other consisting of the remaining blocks. 3.4 Selection of first stage units: Selection of sample villages was done circular systematically with probability proportional to population and sample blocks circular systematically with equal probability. Both the sample villages and the sample blocks were selected in the form of two or more independent sub-- samples. In Arunachal Pradesh the procedure of cluster sampling has been followed. Further large villages/blocks having present population of 1200 or more were divided into a suitable number of hamlet- groups/ sub-blocks having equal population content. Two hamlet- groups were selected from the larger villages while one sub-block was selected in urban sector for larger blocks. Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round

15 Chapter 3 Sample Design & Estimation Procedure 3.5 Selection of households: While listing the households in the selected villages, certain relatively affluent households were identified and considered as second stage stratum 1 and the rest as second stage stratum 2. A total of 10 households were surveyed from the selected village/hamlet-groups, 2 from the first category and remaining from the second. Further in the second stage stratum-2, the households were arranged according to the means of livelihood. The means of livelihood were identified on the basis of the major source of income as i) self-employed in non-agriculture, ii) rural labour and iii) others. The land possessed by the households was also ascertained and the frame for selection was arranged on the basis of this information. The households were selected circular systematically from both the second stage strata. 3.6 In the urban blocks a different method was used for arranging the households for selection. This involved the identification means of livelihood of households as any one of a) self-employed, b)regular salaried/wage earnings, c) casual labour, d) others. Further the average household monthly per capita consumer expenditure (mpce) was also ascertained. All households with MPCE of (i) Rs. 1200/- or more (in towns with population less than 10 lakhs or (ii) Rs. 1500/- or more (in towns with population 10 lakh or more) formed second-stage stratum 1 and the rest, second-stage stratum 2. The households of second-stage stratum 2 were arranged according to means of livelihood class and MPCE ranges before selection of sample households. A total of 10 households were selected from each sample block as follows (i) For affluent strata/classes : 4 households from second-stage stratum 1 and 6 households from second-stage stratum 2, (ii) For other strata/classes : 2 households from second stage stratum 1 and 8 from second-stage stratum 2. Households were then selected circular systematically with a random start. Shortfall in the required number of household in any second-stage stratum was made up by increasing the quota for the other second stage stratum. 3.7 Work programme: The survey period of one year was divided into four sub-rounds of three months duration each as below. Period of survey for the four subrounds sub-round period of survey July-September, October- December, January-March, April-June, 1994 Equal number of sample villages and blocks was allotted for survey in each of these sub-rounds. However in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, and rural areas of Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland, the restriction of surveying the allotted households during the sub-round period was not strictly enforced. Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round

16 Chapter 3 Sample Design & Estimation Procedure 3.8 No. of villages/blocks and persons surveyed: The number of villages/blocks and persons surveyed in different States and Union Territories is given in Table 3.8. The information relates to all the sub-rounds covered. As reported in para 1.1, in Jammu and Kashmir the survey work was undertaken in the districts of Jammu, Kathua and Udhampur only. The remaining 11 districts were not surveyed. Table 3.8 : Number of villages/blocks allotted and surveyed and number of persons surveyed in different States and Union Territories state/ut. Villages / blocks persons allotted surveyed surveyed rural urban rural urban rural urban ( 1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Andhra Pradesh Ar. Pradesh * Assam Bihar Goa Gujarat Haryana H. P Jammu Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh West Bengal A & N Islands Chandigarh D & N Haveli Daman & Diu Delhi Lakshadweep Pondicherry All India * 26 nucleus villages were allotted. Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round

17 Chapter 3 Sample Design & Estimation Procedure Therefore the estimates pertaining to all India and Jammu and Kashmir will be exclusive of these districts. 3.9 Estimation Procedure Estimation of aggregates at subsample level : Aggregates are first estimated at sub-sample level according to the following estimation formulae, where Y denotes the estimate - based on one sub-sample - of the aggregate of a given characteristic Y for the rural sector of a state/u.t. For the rural sector of Arunachal Pradesh, For the urban sector of a state/u.t., Y where 1 n s s i Psi D p * si 2 si t=1 H h h sit sit = sit j=1 Y n s 2 h sit 1 H sit = N si y s n s i=1 t=1 h sit j=1 ns hsit N s H sit Y = Dsi y n h s s i=1 2 t=1 sit j=1 sitj sitj y sitj H : number of households listed in the second- stage sampling frame h : number of sample households surveyed p : population of sample village as in the sampling frame N : for the urban sector, number of blocks in the sampling frame n : number of sample villages/blocks surveyed in this sub-sample P si : population of the s-th stratum as per frame used in the selection of i-th sample village of the stratum N si : for Arunachal Pradesh, number of sample villages in the sampling frame for s-th stratum which was used in selection of i-th sample village of the stratum D* : equals 1, if D = 1 equals D/2, if D > Estimation of aggregates for the combined sample (pooling sub-samples) : The combined sample estimate of an aggregate is obtained as the simple average of the corresponding sub-sample estimates Estimates of ratios : The estimate of a ratio of the form R = Y/X, where Y and X are the population aggregates of two characters, is obtained as y s t i j D : observed value of some charac teristic for a sample household : stratum suffix : second-stage stratum suffix : sample village/block suffix : sample household suffix : number of hamlet - groups / subblocks formed in the surveyed village/block R = ) Y X where Y and X are estimates of Y and X obtained according to the procedure laid down in para Examples of ratio estimates are rates and percentages. Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round

18 Chapter 4 Main Findings Chapter 4 Main Findings 4.0 General : As stated earlier, this report primarily deals with the employment and unemployment situation during among the three social groups of persons viz. scheduled tribes (ST), scheduled castes (SC) and other. It is appropriate to discuss the other broad indicators pertaining to household and population characteristics of the different social groups before studying their employment - unemployment situation. Therefore, variation by social group in the level/pattern of a few household/population characteristics like (i) distribution of households by 'household type' (i.e. nature/type of work from which the household derived maximum income during the 365 days preceding the date of survey), (ii) distribution of households by land possessed/land cultivated, (iii) distribution of persons by monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE), etc. is discussed first. Then the main findings with respect to the indicators of employment and unemployment are summarised in this chapter. It may be mentioned that while all- India summary results are presented along with the write-up, the corresponding results at the state/union territory level are given at the end of this chapter. Appendix tables give the corresponding detailed results for all-india. The state/union territory level detailed results by social group are not included in the Appendix tables as they are likely to be subject to large margins of error in view of inadequate sample size. 4.1 Number of Households Surveyed by Social Group : Before looking into the various survey results by social group at the state/union territory level, it is necessary to see the respective sample sizes based on which the survey results/estimates are obtained. Statement 1A gives the number of households surveyed in 50th round by social group for different states/union territories/all-india with rural - urban breakup. It may be observed that there are fairly large number of cases with number of surveyed households from a social group being less than 10 even at the state/union territory level. As the estimates based on small sample sizes are not likely to be sufficiently reliable, the state/union territory level results for any social group with sample size (i.e. number of households surveyed) less than 10 are not presented in the report. Such cases are indicated by the symbol '*' in the summary statements. The social group specific estimates for a state/union territory based on sample size of 10 to 19 households are, however, presented in the summary statements. The corresponding estimates, indicated with the symbol '@' in the summary statements, are to be used with a great deal of caution. 4.2 Households and Population Distribution of Households and Persons by Social Group : Statements 2.1R/U give per thousand distribution of estimated number of households and persons by social group separately for the rural and urban areas of different states/union territories/all-india. It may be seen that about 10 per cent of our rural population belonged to the scheduled tribes (ST) and about 20 per cent to the Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round

19 Chapter 4 Main Findings Statement 1A : Number of households surveyed in NSS 50th round by social group State/u.t. number of households surveyed rural urban ST SC Other ST SC Other Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh West Bengal A & N Islands Chandigarh Dadra & N. Haveli Daman & Diu Delhi Lakshadweep Pondicherry All-India scheduled castes (SC) 1. The corresponding Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round

20 Chapter 4 Main Findings proportions were 10 and 18 per cent respectively for STs and SCs according to the 1991 Census. In urban India, the share of STs/SCs in total population was much less - only about 3 per cent for STs and about 13 per cent for SCs (2 and 12 per cent respectively as per 1991 Census). Different states and union territories show a wide variation among them so far as the share of ST and SC population within the states/union territories is concerned (see statements 2.1R/U for details). It may further be seen that within a state/union territory, proportions of both ST and SC population are generally higher in the rural areas than in the urban areas Average Household Size : From statement 2.1R, it may be noted that for rural India, share of ST/SC in total population is a little less than their corresponding shares in total number of households. On the other hand, the share of 'other' category of persons in total population is more than its share with respect to number of households. The above findings indicate that the average household size of the ST/SC households is less than that for the 'other' category of households. This feature is observed for a majority of the states/union territories. However, such discriminating feature is not always observed in urban areas (see statement 2.1U) Distribution of Households by Household Type : In NSS 50th round ( ), each surveyed household was categorised under an appropriate 'household type'. The type /nature of work which fetched maximum income to the household during the reference period of 365 days preceding the date of survey determined its household type. The households were classified into 5 different household types for rural areas and 4 household types for urban areas. They were as follows : areas different household types rural 'self employed in agriculture','self employed in nonagriculture', 'agricultural labour', 'other labour' and others urban 'self employed', 'regular wage/ salaried', 'casual labour' and 'others' Distribution of Indian households by household type is given in statement 2.3A separately for each social group. The corresponding results for various states/union territories are given in statements 2.3R/U. In rural India, proportion of households depending on self employment was higher among 'other' households (58 per cent) compared to ST (44 per cent) and SC (31 per cent) households. On the other hand, proportion of 'rural labour' households was higher among ST (48 per cent) and SC (about 60 per cent) as compared to the 'other' households (30 per cent). In urban India too, proportion of households depending on self employment was higher for 'other' category (36 per cent) as compared to ST (22 per cent) and SC (25 per cent) households. Proportion of households depending on regular wage/salaried employment was almost the same for ST and 'other' category of households (44 per cent) as against 39 per cent among SC. Proportion of urban households depending on casual labour was higher among ST and SC (20 per cent and 28 per cent respectively) than among 'other' households (11 per cent). Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round

21 Chapter 4 Main Findings Statement 2.3A : Per thousand distribution of households of different social groups by household type India rural India social per 1000 distribution of households by household group type self employed in agricul- other sub- others all tural labour total agri- non- sub- labour (rural cultu- agri- total re culture Distribution of Households by Size Class of Land Possessed : Land possessed by a household is likely to be a very good indicator of the economic status of the household, at least for the rural areas. Thus distribution of the households of different social groups by size class of land possessed is compared in statement 2.4A for rural India to see the variation among different social groups. It may be seen that the proportion of households possessing less than 0.01 hectare of land during was higher among both STs and SCs compared to the other. The proportion of such households was the highest among SC (18 per cent). The corresponding proportion for ST households was about 13 per cent as against 11 per cent households with respect to the other social group. It is seen that as high as 72 per cent of the SC households possessed land up to 0.40 hectare (1 acre). labour) ST SC Other all urban India social group per 1000 distribution of households by household type self regular casual others all employed wage/ labour salaried ST SC Other all The corresponding proportions for ST and 'other' category of households were 43 per cent and 49 per cent respectively. It may also be noted that proportion of households possessing land of size more than 4.00 hectares was maximum for 'other' category of households (6 per cent) as compared to the ST (about 5 per cent) and SC households (1-2 per cent). A comparison of the said distribution at two time points i.e and reveals that during the period , the proportion of households under each of the following size classes of land possessed, viz., (i) 0.00 hectare, (ii) hectare, (iii) hectares, (iv) hectares and (v) 4.01 hectares & above, had decreased except for class (i) above with respect to ST households and class (ii) with respect to 'other' category of households. Such decreases in proportion of households in the above categories of land Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round

22 Chapter 4 Main Findings Statement 2.4A : Per thousand distribution of households by size class of land possessed for various social groups living in rural India India rural size class social group of land possessed ST SC Other all (0.00 hectares) rd 50th 43rd@ 50th 43rd 50th 43rd 50th round round round round round round round round (1987- (1993- (1987- (1993- (1987- (1993- (1987- ( ) 94) 88) 94) 88) 94) 88) 94) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) & above a l l Neo-Buddhists of the state of Maharashtra were not considered for obtaining the distribution in col.(4) possessed classes were compensated by an increase in the proportion of households in the land possessed class hectare for each of the three social groups. The distribution of households of various social groups by size class of land possessed by state/union territory is shown in statement 2.4R Distribution of Households by Size Class of Land Cultivated : Amount of land actually cultivated by a household appears to be a better indicator of the economic status of the household than the amount of land possessed by it. Distribution of households by size class of land cultivated is given in statement 2.5R for the rural areas of different states/union territories/all-india. It may be seen that more than half (about 53 per cent) of the SC households cultivated land of size less than 0.01 hectare only during in rural India. The corresponding proportions for ST and other category of households were 30 per cent and 36 per cent respectively. The proportions of households cultivating up to 0.40 hectare (i.e. 1 acre) of land were of the order of 48 per cent for ST, 76 per cent for SC and 53 per cent for other category of households. The proportion of households cultivating larger holdings of size 4.01 hectares and above was maximum for 'other' category of households (a little more than 5 per cent). Between the two scheduled categories of households, the proportion of households operating such large holdings was higher among the households belonging to ST (4 per cent) than those belonging to SC (1 per cent) Distribution of Persons by Household Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (MPCE) Class : Household monthly expenditure, which serves as a proxy for household monthly income, reflects the standard of living of the members of a household to a large extent - the lower the value of the household consumer expenditure, the poorer are the members of the household. Based on the data on household consumer expenditure collected from the sample households surveyed in NSS 50th round ( ), distribution of persons by household MPCE class is obtained for each of the three social groups and the same is presented in Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round

23 Chapter 4 Main Findings statements 2.6R/U for different states/union territories/all-india. It is worth studying the said distributions for the different social groups side by side to see if there is any variation in the pattern of household MPCE among the social groups. This study assumes much more importance in view of the fact that the two indicators viz. household MPCE and the pattern of employment-unemployment are likely to be inter-dependent. It may be seen from statement 2.6R that in rural India, proportion of persons in each of the five lower MPCE classes (viz. less than Rs. 120, Rs , Rs , Rs & Rs ) was higher among STs and SCs than the 'other' social group. Between STs and SCs, proportions of persons in lower MPCE classes were higher among STs than the SCs. It may be seen that 9 per cent of STs living in rural India spent less than Rs. 120/- per month during the year ; the corresponding percentages for SCs and 'other' being 7 per cent and 3 per cent respectively. As high as 55 per cent of the STs in rural India spent up to Rs. 210/- per month during The corresponding percentages for the SCs and 'other' category of persons were 49 per cent and 33 per cent respectively. The proportion of persons in the highest MPCE class (i.e. those who spent more than Rs. 560/- per month) was higher among 'other' category of persons (6 per cent) than the STs and SCs (2 per cent each). In urban India too, proportion of persons in each of the six lower MPCE classes (i.e. less than Rs. 160, Rs , Rs , Rs , Rs & Rs ) was higher among STs and SCs than the 'other' category of persons. But contrary to the findings for the rural areas, in urban India, proportions of persons in these lower MPCE classes were higher among the SCs than STs. It may be noted from statement 2.6U that about 9 per cent of the SCs of urban India spent less than Rs. 160/- per month during as against the corresponding proportion of 7 per cent for the STs and 4 per cent for the 'other'. The proportion of persons spending more than Rs. 1055/- per month was 5 per cent for 'other' and only about 2 per cent for each of the STs and SCs Proportion of Households with no Literate Adult Member/Adult Female Member : The activity pattern of the members of a household is likely to be related with their level of literacy. Statements 2.7R/U give proportions of households having no literate adult (age 15 yrs. and above) member and no literate adult female member for different social groups of households at the state/union territory /all- India level, separately for rural and urban areas. The proportion of households with no literate adult member/female member was much higher among households belonging to the scheduled categories as compared to the 'other' category in both rural and urban India. Between the two scheduled categories proportion of such households was higher among STs in rural India and among SCs in urban India Per Thousand Distribution of Persons (Age 15 Years and Above) by General Education : The educational level attained by a person is highly related to his or her employment prospects. Statements 2.8R/U give the state/union territory/all- India level distribution of persons of age 15 years and above by their educational level for each of the three social groups separately. The results for all-india are summarised in statement 2.8A below. It may be seen from this statement that proportion of illiterates among the persons of age 15 years and above was much higher among the STs and SCs than the non-scheduled category of persons for both males and females in rural/urban areas of the country. Between the two scheduled categories, proportion of illiterates was higher among STs than SCs in the rural areas for both males and females. But in urban India, proportion of illiterates was higher among SCs than STs for both males and females. Proportion of persons with educational level as graduate and above was higher among the other category than the scheduled categories of persons for both males and females of rural/urban India. Between the two scheduled categories, proportion of persons with educational level as graduate and above was higher among the STs except Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round

24 Chapter 4 Main Findings Statement 2.8A : Per thousand distribution of persons of age 15 years and above by general education for different social groups India social group NSS 50th round per 000 distribution of persons (15 +) by level of general education not middle secondary all literate literate and upto primary rural males higher secondary graduate & above not record ed ST SC Other All rural females ST SC Other All urban males ST SC Other All urban females ST SC Other All for rural males for whom the said proportion was higher among SCs than STs School Attendance Rates Among the Children in the Age-Group 5-14 Years : School attendance rate among the children is supposed to be one of the important social indicators for assessing the status of progress of any particular group of people under study. Statement 2.9A gives the school attendance rates among the children in the age-group 5-14 years for different social groups for India as per NSS 38th(1983), 43rd ( ) and 50th ( ) rounds. The corresponding state/union territory level estimates for the 50th round are presented in statements 2.9R/U. It may be seen that school attendance rate was much higher among the children (5-14 years) of 'other' category of households as compared to the households belonging to the scheduled categories. This is true for both males and females of rural/urban areas. Between the two scheduled categories of households, school attendance rates for both males and females were higher among the Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round

25 Chapter 4 Main Findings Statement 2.9A : School attendance rates among the children in the age-group 5-14 yrs. (i.e. number of children attending the school per 1000 children in the age-group) for different social groups : India India social school attendance rates among children (5-14 yrs.) group male female rural ST SC * * 462 Other all urban ST SC * * 686 Other all Figures correspond to current enrolment rates. * Neo-Buddhists of Maharashtra are not considered under SC for obtaining the estimates. households belonging to SCs than the STs in rural India. In urban India however, school attendance rates among the children were a little more in ST households than the households belonging to SC. It may further be observed that the school attendance rates steadily increased during the period The rate of increase is found to be much higher during the period as compared to the period , and faster among groups with lower school attendance ratios. 4.3 Employed (Work - Force) General : The NSSO generates three different estimates of 'employed' (or work - force) from the data collected through its quinquennial employment-unemployment surveys. They are : (i) number of persons usually employed (i.e. those who had worked for a relatively longer period during a reference period of 365 days preceding the date of survey); (ii) average number of persons employed in a week (i.e. those who had worked at any time during a reference period of 7 days preceding the date of survey) and Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round (iii) average proportion of person-days of work during the week (i.e. working person-days in a week of those who had worked at any time during the reference period of 7 days preceding the date of survey divided by 7). Number of persons /person-days employed per thousand persons/person-days is referred to as work - force participation rate (WFPR) or worker population ratio (WPR) In the 50th round survey, estimates of WPR by social group have been generated with respect to all the three approaches (i), (ii) and (iii) above, to be hereinafter referred to as usual status (US), current weekly status (CWS) and current daily status (CDS) approaches respectively. In the US approach, the estimates of usually employed are provided in two categories -usually employed in the principal status (PS workers) and usually employed in the subsidiary status (SS workers). The two categories together constitute the total usually employed (all workers).

26 Chapter 4 Main Findings The US approach adopted for classification of the population does not take into consideration the changes in the activity pattern caused by seasonal fluctuations. The estimates of WPR according to CWS/CDS approaches give the average weekly/daily picture of employment. It may be noted that the difference in the two rates of WPR according to CWS & CDS approaches give an idea about the extent of underemployment of those who had some employment during the week Estimates of Employed According to US/CWS/CDS Approaches : For studying the disparities in the WPRs among various regions and social groups, according to US/CWS/CDS approaches, estimates of WPR ( ) for different states/union territories/all-india are presented in statements 3.3.1R/U (US approach-ps workers), 3.3.2R/U (US approach-all workers i.e. PS & SS workers combined), 3.3.3R/U (CWS approach) and 3.3.4R/U (CDS approach), separately for males and females. The estimates for India are summarized below in statement 3.3A It may seen that in rural India, proportion of persons employed in the principal status according to US approach was higher among STs than SCs and other, for both males and females. For rural males, these proportions were 58 per cent for STs, 54 per cent for SCs and 53 per cent for 'other' category of persons. For rural females, the corresponding proportions were 37 per cent for STs, 25 per cent for SCs and 21 per cent for other. In Urban India, the proportion of persons employed in the principal status according to US approach was of the same order for males (50 to 52 per cent) with respect to each of the three social groups whereas for urban females, it is seen that such proportion was higher among the STs (18 per cent) than SCs (16 per cent) and other (11 per cent) A comparison of WPRs based on the two US approaches (i.e. employed based on PS workers and all workers) reveals that proportion of SS workers was much higher among females than the males in each of the three social groups for both rural and urban India Changes in the Employment Level : It is worthwhile to see if there has been any change in the employment level for different social groups over the past couple of years. Statement 3.3A : Number of persons employed per 1000 persons (WPR) during for different social groups India approach worker population ratio (WPR) ST SC Other All male female male female male female male female (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) rural US (PS workers) US (all workers) CWS CDS urban US (PS workers) US (all workers) CWS CDS Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round

27 Chapter 4 Main Findings For studying this, the proportions of usually employed as per NSS 38th, 43rd and 50th rounds are discussed below. Statement 3.6A gives the proportion of 'all workers' based on these three rounds for each of the three social groups for India. It may be seen from the above statement that proportion of 'all workers' according to the usual status remained almost same during the period as it was during the year 1983 for both males and females of different social groups except for SC females of rural India and ST females of urban India for whom a little decline in the proportions was observed. 4.4 Unemployed General : As in the case of 'employed', for unemployed also, three kinds of estimates are obtained following the three different approaches. These are : i) number of persons usually unemployed based on 'usual status' approach, ii) number of persons unemployed on an average in a week based on the 'weekly status' approach and iii) average number of person-days of unemployment during the reference period of seven days preceding the date of survey. The first estimate indicates the number of persons unemployed for a relatively longer period during a reference period of 365 days and approximates to an indicator of the chronic unemployment. Some of the unemployed on the basis of this criterion, might be working in a subsidiary capacity. One can, therefore, get another estimate of the unemployed excluding those employed in a subsidiary capacity during the reference period. The former can be called the usually unemployed according to the principal status (PS) and the latter, the usually unemployed excluding the subsidiary status workers (US adjusted); admittedly the latter estimate will be lower than the former. The estimate based on the weekly status gives the average weekly picture during the survey year and includes both chronic unemployment and Statement 3.6A: Number of persons usually employed per 1000 persons (WPR-all workers) for NSS 38th, 43rd and 50th rounds India round worker population ratio (WPR) : all workers(us) (year) ST SC Other All male female male female male female male female (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) rural 38th(1983) rd( ) th( ) urban 38th(1983) rd( ) th( ) also the intermittent unemployment of those categorised as usually employed caused by seasonal fluctuations in the labour market. The third estimate based on the daily status concept gives average level of unemployment on a day during the survey Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round

28 Chapter 4 Main Findings year. It is the most inclusive rate of 'unemployment' capturing the unemployed days of the chronically unemployed, the unemployed days of the usually employed who become intermittently unemployed during the reference week, and the unemployed days of those classified as employed according to the priority criterion of current weekly status. State/union territory/all-india level estimates of proportion of unemployed (PU), i.e. number of persons unemployed per thousand persons, as per the US, CWS and CDS approaches for different social groups are presented in statements 4.0.1R/U(PS), 4.0.2R/U(US adjusted), 4.0.3R/U(CWS) and 4.0.4R/U(CDS) respectively Estimates of Unemployed at All- India Level : The estimates of PUs as per the different approaches for each of the three social groups are summarised below in statement 4.1A for India. It may be seen that proportion of unemployed (PU) during was higher in urban areas of the country than in rural areas for both males and females of the different social groups, except for ST females according to CWS and CDS approaches and SC females according to CDS approach only. In rural India, proportion of chronically unemployed was highest for the 'other' category of persons for both males and females. Between the two scheduled categories of rural households, proportion of chronically unemployed among males was found to be higher among the SCs than STs. However, for rural females, no significant difference in the proportion of chronically unemployed was observed between the two scheduled categories. Among urban males of the country, contrary to the rural areas, proportion of chronically unemployed was higher among the scheduled categories of persons than in the non-scheduled category. The said proportion of chronically unemployed (PS) among the urban males was highest for the STs (2.9 per cent) followed by the corresponding proportions of 2.6 per cent for SCs and 2.4 per cent for other category of persons. For urban females, proportion of chronically unemployed was less for STs (0.4 per cent) than the persons belonging to the SCs/'other' category ( per cent). Statement 4.1A : Number of persons unemployed per 1000 persons (PU) during for different social groups India approach proportion of unemployed (PU) social group ST SC Other All male female male female male female male female (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) rural PS 6(10) 2(7) 9(17) 3(10) 12(22) 4(17) 11(20) 3(14) US adjusted 5 (8) 2(3) 6(12) 1(4) 9(16) 3(10) 8(14) 3(8) CWS 13(22) 8(21) 19(34) 11(37) 16(30) 8(30) 16(30) 8(30) CDS 24(43) 13(38) 43(81) 20(81) 27(51) 11(51) 30(56) 13(56) urban PS 29(54) 4(22) 26(50) 10(57) 24(45) 11(90) 24(45) 11(83) US adjusted 26(47) 4(17) 24(46) 9(44) 21(39) 11(69) 22(40) 10(62) CWS 33(62) 6(31) 33(63) 12(63) 27(51) 13(91) 28(52) 13(84) CDS 45(85) 8(45) 49(96) 17(99) 33(62) 14(110) 36(67) 14(105) Figures in parentheses give the corresponding unemployment rates (i.e. number of unemployed per 1000 persons in the labour force) Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round

29 Chapter 4 Main Findings Changes in the Proportions of Unemployed Over the Period : For making an assessment as regards whether there has been any change in the proportion of unemployed over the past few years, the proportions of unemployed (PU) according to US approach based on three NSS rounds i.e. 38th (1983), 43rd ( ) and 50th ( ) for different social groups are presented in statement 4.2A for India. The corresponding proportions according to CWS and CDS approaches are given in statement 4.2B. The procedural change incorporated in the 50th round in the classification of persons under the three broad groups 'employed', 'unemployed' and 'out of labour force' (see chapter 2 for details) is perhaps not likely to affect the said comparability of the estimates of PUs adversely. It may be observed that during the period , proportion of usually unemployed increased for both rural and urban males/females of the different social groups for the country except for ST males of urban India for whom there was apparently a decline in the proportion during the said period. The proportion of usually unemployed in rural/urban India during the period shows a sharp decline for both males and females with respect to the Statement 4.2A : Number of persons usually unemployed' per 1000 persons (PU) for different social groups based on NSS 38th, 43rd and 50th rounds according to usual status India NSS round proportion of usually unemployed (PU) (year) approach PS US adjusted ST SC Other All ST SC Other All M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)(13) (14) (15) (16) (17) rural 38th (1983) (7) (4) (18)(15) (24)(17) (21)(14) (5) (1) (12)(5) (16)(8) (14) (7) 43rd ( ) (14)(21) (25)(49) (32)(34) (28)(35) (7)(14) (16)(31) (21)(22)(18)(24) 50th ( ) (10) (7) (17)(10) (22)(17) (20)(14) (8) (3) (12) (4) (16)(10)(14) (8) urban 38th (1983) (50)(17) (63)(48) (58)(77)(59)(69) (43)(15) (51)(29) (51)(55)(51)(49) 43rd ( ) (47)(33) (67)(62) (60)(97)(61)(85) (43)(20) (56)(36) (51)(67)(52)(62) 50th ( )_(54)(22) (50)(57) (45)(90)(45)(83) (47)(17) (46)(44)(39) (69)(40)(62) ( M: male; F: female) Figures in parentheses give the corresponding unemployment rates (i.e. number of unemployed per 1000 persons in the labour force) Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round

30 Chapter 4 Main Findings different social groups except for (i) urban ST males as per the principal status and (ii) rural ST males/urban ST males/ urban SC females/ urban other females as per the usual status (adjusted) for whom an increase in the proportion of unemployed is noticed during the period. So far as the estimates according to CWS and CDS approaches are concerned, it is only possible to comment on the changes in the proportion of unemployed during the period as a whole and not separately for the two time periods and since social group level estimates of PUs were not released for It may be seen from statement 4.2B that there has been a decline in the proportion of unemployed according to both CWS and CDS approaches during the period for all the categories except for urban SC females according to CWS approach and other urban females according to both CWS and CDS approaches. Statement 4.2B : Number of persons usually unemployed' per 1000 persons (PU) for different social groups based on NSS 38th, 43rd and 50th rounds according to current status India NSS round proportion of usually unemployed (PU) (year) CWS CDS ST SC Other All ST SC Other All M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) rural 38th (1983) (22) (28)(52)(69)(35)(38)(37)(43) (51)(63)(119)(149)(67)(78)(75)(90) 43rd not released not released ( ) (42)(44) (46)(67) 50th ( ) (22)(21) (34)(37)(30)(30)(30)(30) (43)(38) (81) (81)(51)(51)(56)(56) urban 38th (1983) (67)(34)(74)(57)(66)(81)(67)(75) (94)(86)(126)(111)(89)(112)(92)(110) 43rd not released not released ( ) (66)(92) (88)(120) 50th ( ) (62)(31)(63)(63)(51)(91)(52)(84) (85)(45)(96)(99)(62)(110) (67)(105) ( M: male; F: female) Figures in parentheses give the corresponding unemployment rates (i.e. number of unemployed per 1000 persons in the labour force) Tables for CWS and CDS by social groups were not released for NSS 43rd round. Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round

31 Chapter 4 Main Findings 4.5 Labour Force General: Labour force, or in others words, the 'economically active' population refers to the population which supplies or seeks to supply labour for production and therefore, includes both 'employed' and 'unemployed'. For measuring the labour force participation, all the three measures adopted for classification of the population viz. usual status, current weekly status and current daily status are used. The current daily status gives only the labour force person-days. Further, the labour force measured in terms of usual status includes persons who had for a relatively longer part of the year either worked or were looking for work and also those who had worked at least for some time from among the rest. Thus, on the basis of usual status, two estimates can be obtained - one based on the principal status only and other considering For seeing the labour force participation rates (LFPR) i.e. the number of persons in the labour force per 1000 persons by state/union territory/all-india X social group separately for males and females, reference may be made to statements 5.0.1R/U (usual principal status), 5.0.2R/U (usual principal and subsidiary statuses combined), 5.0.3R/U (CWS) and 5.0.4R/U (CDS) respectively. The estimates of LFPR for all-india according to the different approaches by social group are however summarised below in statement 5.0A. It may be noted that in rural India, proportion of economically active persons was highest among the STs followed by SCs. This is true for both males and females. For urban males of the country, proportion of economically active persons was a little higher among STs and other (53-55 per cent) than SCs (52-53 per cent). For urban females, the above proportion was highest among STs followed by SCs as observed for rural India. Statement 5.0A : Number of persons in the labour force per 1000 persons (LFPR) during for different social groups India approach labour force participation rate (LFPR) ST SC Other All male female male female male female male female (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) rural US (PS only) US(PS&SS comb.) CWS CDS urban US (PS only) US(PS&SS comb.) CWS CDS both the principal as well as the subsidiary statuses. Report No.425 : Employment and Unemployment Situation Among Social Groups in India, : NSS 50th Round

32 Fig. 1: Distribution of households by household type Rural India 500 households per ST SC Others 0 self-employed in agr. agr. labour others household type Fig. 2: Distribution of households by household type 500 Urban India Households per ST SC Others 0 self-employed wage/salaried casual labour others household type

33 Fig. 3: Distribution of persons by household MPCE 400 Rural India Persons per ST SC Others 0 < or more MPCE (Rs.) Fig. 4: Distribution of persons by household MPCE Urban India Persons per ST SC Others 50 0 < or more MPCE (Rs.)

34 Fig. 5: Proportion of persons usually employed 600 Rural India 500 persons per ST SC Others male female male female ps workers all workers Fig. 6: Proportion of persons usually employed 600 Urban India 500 persons per ST SC Others male female male female ps workers all workers

35 Fig. 7: Proportion of persons usually unemployed 12 Rural India 10 persons per ST SC Others 2 0 male female male female principal status us adjusted Fig. 8: Proportion of persons usually unemployed 30 Urban India persons per ST SC Others 5 0 male female male female principal status us adjusted

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