8/28/2018. UAS110 Intro to UAV Systems 1: Overview and Background. UAS110 Intro to Unmanned Aerial Systems. Initial Definitions: UAV

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1 UAS110 Intro to Unmanned Aerial Systems 1: Overview & Background 2018 J. Sumey California University of PA rev. 8/28/18 Initial Definitions: UAV UAV = Unmanned Aerial Vehicle def: an unmanned (uninhabited) vehicle capable of sustained flight including a platform structure, aerodynamic elements, method of propulsion, and control system aerodynamic elements wings: a surface that can produce lift to offset weight of the craft control surfaces: produces directional control of the craft 2 Aka aerial torpedoes pilotless vehicle radio-controlled (RC) aircraft remotely controlled aircraft remotely piloted vehicle autonomous aircraft drone 3 1

2 Kinds of UAVs Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) generic term referring to any unmanned flying device may be remotely piloted and/or autonomous Remotely Piloted Vehicle (RPV) a UAV that is piloted / controlled from a remote location via data comm links drone a UAV with limited ability for unsophisticated missions i.e. a target drone incorrectly applied to all UAVs by the press 4 Initial Definitions: UAS UAS = Unmanned Aerial System def: a complete UAV-based system designed and deployed for a particular objective (mission) components Required air vehicle payload ground control station (GCS) communication link Optional launch/recovery system air vehicle carriers/transport equipment maintenance equipment 5 History of UAV Development 6 2

3 Early History UAVs initially driven by military applications, later leading into civilian applications "uncontrolled" stone thrown by prehistoric man Chinese rocket (13 th century) "controlled" / generate lift kite first UAV? 1883, Douglas Archibald measures wind velocity at altitudes to 1200' using an anemometer tied to a kite in 1887, he then attached cameras to kites, creating a reconnaissance UAV 7 Early History WWI true beginning of UAVs 1918, Charles Kettering develops the Kettering Aerial Torpedo ("Bug") for US Army could fly 75 mi at 50 mph and deliver 180 lb of explosives consulted with Orville Wright images from wikipedia.org 8 Early History 1924, Archibald Montgomery Low known as the "Father of Radio Guidance Systems" developed data communication links immune to engine noise interference credited with the world's first successful radio controlled flight 9 3

4 Early History 1939 (WWII), Radioplane Co. (later Northrop) builds thousands of target drones for US military , Germans develop and use V-1 and V-2 "Buzz Bomb" lethal drones built over 25, Wartime Vietnam War ( ), extensive use of reconnaissance UAVs by US military for low-altitude real-time photography launched (dropped) from C-130s, recovered by parachute sorties flown, recovered 1982, Israelis neutralize Syrian air defense system using UAVs for reconnaissance, decoys, and jamming 11 Wartime 1985, US Navy and Marine Corps purchase & deploy Pioneer UAV system 1990s, US Air Force finally jumps into UAVs and takes over control of all US military UAV programs and assets Desert Storm, numerous RPVs (Pointer, Pioneer) used in combat conditions 2000s, US military deploys Global Hawk during Iraq war in addition to Pioneer, Dragon Eye, Shadow, Hunter 12 4

5 21 st Century 9/11 (2001) terrorist attacks by Islamic terrorist group al- Queda on WTC and Pentagon using commercial airliners 2996 killed, 6000 injured, $10B infrastructure damage US Army had 30 unmanned aircraft at that time; more than 2000 by Overview of UAV Systems 14 UAS Components air vehicle(s) payloads mission planning / ground control station communication (data) links launch / recovery equipment ground support equipment 15 5

6 UAV Components airframe / platform propulsion system provides thrust flight controls provides directional control electric power system powers electronic components air data terminal airborne part of the communications link payload defines mission particulars 16 Payloads gives purpose to a UAV, often most costly component image acquisition for reconnaissance or surveillance still/video cameras, film, CCD, day/night, FLIR target designation for combat scenarios using laser weapons munitions, explosive, warhead sensors for data acquisition radar, environmental, chemical electronic warfare (EW) signal intelligence (eavesdropping) and signal jamming relays of data communication links 17 Ground Control Station the operational control center for the UAS video and telemetry downlink data from UAV is received & displayed command & control uplink data is sent may include ground data terminal for ground portion of communications link may be in the form of a briefcase or a mobile shelter with environmental control, survivability support, and long-range capability 18 6

7 Data Communication Links key subsystem that provides one- or two-way communications between pilot and air vehicle uplink command & control data from pilot/gcs to UAV low data rate of a few kilohertz (khz) downlink status and telemetry data from UAV to pilot/gcs low data rate for command acknowledgement and status high data rate megahertz (MHz) for sensor data, i.e. video 19 Communication Link Concerns security vulnerabilities of a wireless link interference / data corruption, jamming, hijacking line of sight (LOS) radio frequency transmissions do not "bend" and high frequencies (gigahertz, GHz) do not penetrate obstructions thus, UAV must be in LOS of GCS antennae unless some type of relay station is used 20 Launch / Recovery Equipment provides for transitions into and out of flight Launch methods conventional takeoff vertical ascent via rotary wing or thrust fan catapult / slingshot using pneumatic or hydraulic system hand launch Recovery methods conventional landing vertical descent via rotary wing or thrust fan nets parachute / parafoil 21 7

8 Ground Support Equipment as UAV systems become more electronically and mechanically complex, more extensive Ground Support Equipment (GSE) is required test & maintenance equipment meters, diagnostics, etc fuel supply petroleum, batteries, etc refueling equipment pumps, battery chargers, etc spare parts propellers, blades, control components generators transportation 22 Flight Control Methods manual: no inherent system for flight control or stabilization completely flown by remote pilot autonomous: includes computer system(s) to function as autopilot performs flight control, navigation, obstacle avoidance, etc. typically on-board hybrid / semi-autonomous manual control with stability assist 23 8