E conomics. Entrepreneurship and Economic Development in India : Challenges Ahead

Transcription

1 E conomics An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 107, Vol - XI (12), February , Page No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No Entrepreneurship and Economic Development in India : Challenges Ahead Entrepreneurship is the promotion of economic change. Entrepreneurial behaviour is supposed to be directed to materialistic objective of maximization of economic welfare. Entrepreneurial activity is a form giving activity- giving form to the wishes of the society to ideas, to the efforts of the factors and to the raw material they process through. These factors promote economic growth and development perspective for the emergence of entrepreneurship. Developing nations have begun to realise that for achieving the objectives of development, it is necessary to increase the quantity and quality of entrepreneurship in the country. It is possible for a country to have resources- labour, technology, technical knowledge and capital but its potentiality cannot be fully explored unless there are active and enthusiastic entrepreneurs who have the ability to organize the various factors of production. DR. MRITYUNJAY KUMAR Introduction : Entrepreneurship is the most important factor in the economic development of the country. It plays a very important and catalytic role in activating the factors of production leading to the overall economic development. The Entrepreneur organizes and utilizes the various factors and sets productive machinery in action. The availability of entrepreneurs therefore is the precondition for economic growth. The supply of entrepreneurs depends on the rate of profit and social climate. It is profit that induces the prospective entrepreneur to get into the business and start new activities or expand the existing activities. Profit, therefore is a factor which induces the entrepreneur to organize and utilize the factors of production for development. There is high degree of risk and uncertainty in economic world and in this context entrepreneurial behavior is important as development is a discontinuous process which itself proceeds with spurts. (1) Need for Entrepreneurial class : Balanced development of a country, extension of the benefits of economic progress to the backward areas and widespread diffusion of industrial units are the important dimensions of planned development. However, experience of less developed countries shows that their efforts for achieving the balanced regional development would not succeed until such time they are able to initiate a widely diffused, yet viable industrialization process which demands for promotion of new entrepreneurship- a vital factor of production for the success of any adventure. The dream of owning and operating a business is shared by majority of the population subject to constraints available to them. Entrepreneurs continue to strike out on their own which is motivated by the potential for profit, the freedom available in their own behavior and the ability to focus their efforts on what they truly enjoy. Some potential entrepreneurs prefer their own business in place of their successful careers in other organizations. Some others see entrepreneurship as an attractive option due to their personal problems. Thus, people who choose to start their own businesses assume many financial risks and work harder and longer than the average employee in an established organization but they are driven by the potential rewards and the great personal satisfaction that comes in the business ownership. In this context, monetary and achievement motivation have their own role in deciding the level of entrepreneurial behavior in the country. (2) Role of incentives and Subsidy for encouraging Entrepreneurial Behaviour : Incentives are motivational forces which improve productivity of entrepreneurs. They enable the entrepreneurs to take appropriate decisions and give capacity to implement them. In practice, incentives are concerned with actions to encourage productive activities. Generally, incentives Include three variables: concessions, subsidies and bounties. Professor of Economics, Govt. R.D.P.G. College, Mandla (Madhya Pradesh) Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XI (12) February

2 Incentives are financial as well as non-financial. These incentives are necessary to encourage entrepreneur for undertaking entrepreneurial activities and achieving their goals. Concessions are relaxations in policies and guidelines which motivate the environment to undertake a particular entrepreneurial activity in a given environment. They may be monetary reliefs and right to enjoy certain freedoms from restrictions imposed by the Government from time to time. Subsidy relates with a single lumpsum payment given by the government to an entrepreneur compensating him for the excess cost over administered price for a particular product or service. Thus, the basic purpose of incentives is to encourage an entrepreneur to undertake new entrepreneurial activities for increasing the supply of goods and services in the country. Entrepreneurs are generally not inclined to set up industries in underdeveloped and far flung areas of the country. These areas also lack the experience of industrial administration, departmental support system and environmental growth potentialities. Infrastructural facilities are also not available in these areas. So government provides incentives and other assistance to lure entrepreneurs to develop their units removing all these deficiencies. Basically, policy of incentives and assistance forces the entrepreneurs to locate their industrial units in areas as identified by the government rather than that of their own choice. The first generation entrepreneurs face many impediments and constraints. These are inadequate infrastructural facilities, distance between administrative organs and project sites, lack of supporting services like marketing intelligence, entrepreneurial guidance and training, technical consultancies and merchant banking facilities, lack of effective institution mechanism and ineffective orientation of promotional instructions developed by the Government. These constraints generally discourage entrepreneurs to undertake entrepreneurial activity. However, assistance, incentives and support system tend to mitigate some or all of the constraints. Industrial estates, industrial parks and growth centers, concessional finance, fiscal incentives and different types of subsidies are quite effective in removing all these constraints. Some incentives are made available by the government at the time of promotion of business enterprises and some other incentives are available for a comparatively long period. During this period, they are expected to improve their competitive strength with existing units. Process of Centralisation Vs. Decentralisation : Locational or geographical mobility of entrepreneurs represents the drive and initiative to move to other places in search of better opportunities. For example, Marwaris and Sindhis in our country have moved to almost every corner of India to carryon business activities. Such a spirit helps to reduce regional imbalances in economic growth. Development of technological parts, computing hub centre at Banglore, cluster growth schemes and Special Economic Zones are the important dimension of centralised entrepreneurial behaviour at a particular place. There are three stages of entrepreneurial mobility. In the initial stage entrepreneurs are tied to their usual place of working. With gradual growth, they are likely to become relatively mobile within a limited area. When they become highly resourceful, greater degree of mobility occurs. This implies that in any country only a handful of entrepreneurs tend to be mobile. Industries have a tendency to congregate near one another as they need infrastructural facilities, skilled labour, repair and maintenance services, supply of raw materials, tools, parts and components from trade and are helped by inter industry counseling and sales. Added to these general causes is the availability of service facilities like banking, telecommunication, marketing, transport, freight etc." (3) To exploit these advantages and reap the consecutive benefits, the industrial estates programme was developed, which ensures artificial congregation of enterprises. Through this discussion, it is amply clear that industrial estate programme in India has its own significance and role in the development of economy. This programme can be a partial solution to many problems faced by developing Indian economy like poverty, unemployment, traditional skills obsolescence, selfreliance issues etc. However, increasing concentration of industries at one place creates environmental and other social problems and that is why they have forced the regulatory authorities to order the shifting of industries from concentrated area to other areas who need the ray of industrialization process. Eco Management : There are many signs that the global economy in its present form is unsustainable. Climate changes, local air pollution, loss of biodiversity and ecosystems, degradation of farm land, and massive depletion and waste of natural resources are some of the environmental signs of the system's failure to respect the natural constraints upon human activity. Human encroachment is undoubtedly bringing pressure on fragile ecosystem. 4 In race for economic growth, the environmental considerations are taking a backs and this trend, if continued, can prove as a disaster for mankind. Sever increasing concern about this adverse impact of industrial estates on the environment has led to development of terms like industrial ecology and eco industrial estates in an effort towards ecological modernization. Innovation and Patent Regime : There have been many positive changes in India in a very short time. Just a few years ago, the country was losing the battle to retain the best and the brightest of its engineers and computer scientists. The absence of an effective copyright law forced many of those scientists and technicians to emigrate to countries where their work would be protected from unfair exploitation by competitors. Recognizing this, the Government has already enacted the copyright law to protect the hard work and creativity of its Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XI (12) February

3 computer scientists. The result is a burgeoning high-tech industry producing some of the worlds most advanced software and employing thousands of workers who might have otherwise left the country for greater pastures elsewhere in the world. A major development was the recognition that knowledge based industry sectors can improve standard of living while protecting the environment. This prompted the Government to allow an Indian company Mahyco and a US firm Monsanto to commercialize, a biotechnology cotton variety. India has tremendous potential in other economic sectors as well. The pharmaceutical industry has some of the world class research based sectors. With some $ 2 billion exports, India is already the fourth leading supplier of bulk pharmaceutical products and active ingredients and thus pharmaceutical industry has established itself as a global player. India also posses the world's third largest pool of scientifically and technically trained personnel. In 2000, the Drug controller General of India (DCGI) received five applications for clinical trials involving flew drugs. In 2001, it has received some 80 applications. Indeed, in the number of applications filed under the world Intellectual Property organizations Patent Cooperation Treaty, India now ranks third on the developing countries list. The work of India's highly trained pharmaceutical researchers can only bear fruit if it is sheltered by strong intellectual property rights protection. The successful example set by the computer industry makes a sound patents regime that protects pharmaceutical products which will give the research in pharmaceuticals sector to flourish in the same way as the computer industry has given. As a member of WTO, India is committed under the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Right (TRIPS) to establish a patent regime by The Government has also enacted world class patents legislation in 2001 as a second set of revisions to its patent law which dates have from the 1970s. Conclusion : Basically entrepreneurship is the promotion of economic change. Entrepreneurial behaviour is supposed to be directed to materialistic objective of maximization of economic welfare. Entrepreneurial activity is a form giving activity- giving form to the wishes of the society to ideas, to the efforts of the factors and to the raw material they process through. These factors promote economic growth and development perspective for the emergence of entrepreneurship. Developing nations have begun to realise that for achieving the objectives of development, it is necessary to increase the quantity and quality of entrepreneurship in the country. It is possible for a country to have resources- labour, technology, technical knowledge and capital but its potentiality cannot be fully explored unless there are active and enthusiastic entrepreneurs who have the ability to organize the various factors of production. References : (1) Schumpeter, IA, The Theory of Economic Development, toarvard University Press, 1934, P. 42. (2) Gupta CS. & Khanka, S.S., Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management, Sultanchand & Sons, New Delhi, 2000 P. 123 & 124. (3) Raipuria, Kalyan, Economic Reforms and Resource Management, Chankya Publications, Delhi, 1996, P.106. (4) Shukla, MB. & Gupta, Ranjita Entrepreneurship Development in India Book Land India, 2003, P. 22. Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XI (12) February

4 E conomics An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 107, Vol - XI (12), February , Page No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No Price Spread In the Marketing of Fruits In Chandigarh The study on marketing costs, margins and price spreads revealed that the share of commission agents/local wholesalers and retailers in the consumer's rupee is very high where as producer's share is very less. As far as costs are concerned, the share of the intermediaries in the marketing cost is observed to be low where as the cost born by the producer's are more. So, due to large number and large margin of intermediaries and of high marketing costs especially, borne by the producer, the producer's share in the consumer's rupee is very low which is a matter of serious concern. SIMARJEET KAUR* & DR. SHAKUNTLA GUPTA** Introduction : From the day immemorial agriculture used to be the back bone of the Indian Economy and fruits shared a considerable part of the agriculture income. The Studies on marketing costs, marketing channels and margins play an important role to make policy by government for farmers and consumers. Such studies and research can assist the government to formulate policies and strategies for necessary reforms or measures to reduce the costs of the fruits and the huge margins earned by the traders, commission agents, wholesalers and retailers who act as a middlemen. The reforms would help the producer to get the optimum return on his crop/fruits and consumer will actually end up paying the price that is well justified. India economy has a huge dependence on agriculture. Every aspect of economic life in India is influenced by agriculture. Agriculture contributes to 17.1 per cent of the national income of India and it offers livelihood to nearly 50 per cent of its total population. Horticulture is an important industry among the land based agriculture system. Time to time important measures and polices have been made by government like Regulating markets, cooperative marketing and prices support to improve agriculture system and producer's share in consumer's rupee but still marketing system is dominated by middlemen (commission agents, wholesalers and retailers). An attempt has been made to study the marketing costs, marketing margins and price spread through alternative ways of fruit marketing in Chandigarh. Apple is selected for study as it is the important fruit being traded in Chandigarh fruit market. Attempt has been made to identify the problems faced by the fruit growers in the marketing of their produce. The study also suggest possible corrective measures to bring about the desired improvement in marketing of fruits in Chandigarh. The analysis of price spread, marketing costs and margins is an important method of examining the price spread in agricultural marketing. It is an important aspect since it reflects upon the share of the producers and different functionaries as well as marketing costs involved, out of the price paid by the consumers and the price received by the growers. The specific objectives of the study are (1) to examine the prevailing marketing channels for apple crop in Chandigarh fruit market, (2) to study the marketing margins and costs among alternative channels in the fruit market (3) to work out the producer's share in consumer's rupee. Several empirical studies have examined the marketing costs and margins at regional and national levels. For example or for instance, studies by Johl and Thakur (1968), Kochhar and Thakur (1971), Singh and Sidhu (1976), Swarup, R. and et. al. (1985), Gangwar and Singh (1998), Sharan, S.P. and et. al. (2002), Ladaniya, M.S. and et. al. (2003), Randev, A.K. (2005), Kaur, H. and et. al. (2007), reveals that as the distance and the number of intermediaries increases in marketing, the costs and margins increases thus reducing the efficiency and share of the grower in consumer's rupee. In the studies under review the producer's share in consumer's rupee varied between per cent in the channels where intermediaries are involved. The studies also reported high marketing cost in case of fruits. Transport cost, labour cost, loading, unloading expenses are major components of marketing costs. Data Base And Methodology : To achieve the objectives of the study, the selection of Chandigarh market is made because it is a big fruit market of apple crop. Two districts from Himachal Pradesh state for Apple crop was sampled from the list of districts growing this crop having maximum area under the crop. From Himachal *Research Scholar (Department of Economics), Punjabi University, Patiala (Punjab) **Professor (Department of Economics), Punjabi University, Patiala (Punjab) Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XI (12) February

5 Sr No Table 1.1 Price Spread of Apple in Chandigarh Fruit Market through Channel-I Name of functionary Rs. Per quintal % of consumer's price 1 Net share/price of producer Costs incurred by producer i. Transportation cost. 200 ii. Cleaning, plucking, waxing, grading 408 box & packaging iii. Loading and unloading 20 iv. Labour charges from farm to road 60 v. Insurance 8 vi. Himachal Pradesh Tax 13 Total cost Producer's sale price/commission Agent/Local Wholesaler's purchase price 4 Costs incurred by Commission Agent/Local Wholesaler 3300 i. Market 2 per cent 66 ii. 5 per cent 165 Total cost Commission Agent/Local Wholesaler's margin/share 6 Commission Agent/Local Wholesaler's sale price/retailer's purchase price Costs incurred by retailer i. Transportaion cost 62 ii. Cleaning & Packaging 60 iii. Labour charges, loading & unloading 25 iv. Apni Mandi Retailing Expense 150 Total cost Retailer's margin/share Retailer's sale price/consumer's purchase price Source: Field Survey, Channel: Producer-Commission Agent/Local Wholesaler-Retailer- Consumer Pradesh state Shimla and Kinnor districts have been selected for Apple crop. Two villages for Apple crop from each of selected districts have been sampled from the list of villages growing this crop having maximum area under the crop. From each village, 20 farmers are selected randomly and interviewed. Total sample consists of 80 farmers. A sample of 10 commission agents/traders/wholesalers and of 10 retailers have also been taken randomly from the list obtained from the office of the market committee Chandigarh. The data on prices, costs and other factors are collected from producers, commission agents, traders, pre-harvest contractors and retailers. Survey method is used to collect relevant data. The study covered the period from to The mode method is applied for calculating marketing margins, costs and price spreads. The marketing margins are calculated during the peak marketing periods of Apple crop. The marketing margins at purchaser's price are computed as a difference between price paid and price received by a specific agency in the marking sequences. The percentage margins for a product at producer's prices are computed as the ratio of the difference of the purchaser's and producer's prices to the producer's prices multiplied by hundred. The marketing costs such as transportation cost, the product prices received and paid varied from individual to individual and crop to crop. The variation in prices from farmer to farmer exists because of variation in quantity demanded for the quality of the produce. Therefore, average of marketing costs and weighted average of market prices in the case of Apple crop is considered. The sale price of the wholesaler, trader, retailer has been calculated as the simple average of the sale prices reported by the selected intermediaries during the peak period. Results and Discussions : There exists three important market channels for Apple crop which are : (i) Producer - Commission agent/local wholesaler- Retailer-Consumer. (ii) Producer - Pre-harvest contractor- Commission agent/local wholesaler-retailer-consumer. (iii) Producer-Commission agent/local wholesaler/ Retailer-Consumer. In the case of Apple crop the most common marketing channel is producer-commission agent/local wholesalerretailer-consumer as major portion of the apple produce is passed through this channel. The share of the producer in the consumer rupee in the case of Apple is per cent, 52.94per cent and per cent in channels I, II and III respectively. This variation in the percentage share may be due to the difference in the number of agencies working in a channel. The price spread (marketing costs and margins) was per cent, 47.06per cent and in three channels respectively. Of the three channels in the marketing of Apple the farmer received the highest share in channel III. In channel I the produce is brought to the market by producer and sold to the Commission agent/local wholesaler. In the channel II the farmers gave their orchard to the pre-harvest contactors. Pre-harvest contactors made a contract with the farmers before the harvesting of crop. They brought the produce in the market and sold it through the commission agents/local wholesalers. In the channel III wholesalers cum retailers sold the produce directly to the consumers. The marketing cost incurred by producer's found to be similar in channel I and III i.e. Rs. 709 per quintal which are per cent of the consumer's rupee. The producers incurred no marketing cost in channel II as they sold the produce directly to pre-harvest contractors. The major component of marketing cost of the producers are cost incurred on transportation, (Rs. 200 per quintal) cleaning, plucking, waxing, grading, box & packing (Rs. 408 per quintal). In channel I the wholesalers paid market fee at a rate of 2 per cent and commission at a rate of 5 per cent in the market. The commission agents/local wholesalers incurred a cost of 4.81 per cent and earned 8.33 per cent of the consumer's rupee. The retailers who received per cent of the consumer's rupee after incurring a cost equivalent to 7.35 per cent of the same. In channel II the total costs incurred by the pre-harvest Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XI (12) February

6 Table 1.2 Price Spread of Apple in Chandigarh Fruit Market through Channel-II % of Sr No Name of functionary Rs. Per quintal consumer's price 1 Net share/price of producer/preharvest Contractor's purchase price 2 Costs incurred by Pre-harvest contractor i. Transportation cost. 200 ii. Cleaning, plucking, waxing, grading 408 box & packaging iii. Loading and unloading 20 iv. Labour charges from farm to road 60 v. Insurance 8 vi. Himachal Pradesh Tax 13 Total cost Net share/price of Pre-harvest 3 Contractor 3250 Pre-harvest Contractor's 4 margin/share Pre-harvest Contractor's sale 3350 price/ Commission Agent/Local Wholesaler's Purchase Price 6 Costs incurred by Commission Agent/Local Wholesaler i. Market 2 per cent 67 ii. 5 per cent Total cost Commission Agent/Local Wholesaler's margin/share 8 Commission Agent/Local Wholesaler's sale price/retailer's purchase price 9 Costs incurred by retailer i. Transportaion cost 62 ii. Cleaning & Packaging 60 iii. Labour charges, loading & unloading 25 iv. Apni Mandi Retailing Expense 150 Total cost Retailer's margin/share Retailer's sale price/consumer's purchase price Source: Field Survey, Channel: Producer-Pre harvest contractor-commission Agent/Local Wholesaler-Retailer-Consumer contractors are found to be Rs. 709 per quintal which are per cent of the consumer's rupee. The commission agents/local wholesalers incurred a cost of 4.89 per cent and earned 8.33 per cent and the retailers incurred a cost of 6.19 per cent and earned per cent of the consumer's rupee. In channel III the total cost incurred by commission agents/local wholesalers cum retailers are found to be 6.66 per cent and earned per cent of the consumer's rupee. Conclusion : The study on marketing costs, margins and price spreads revealed that the share of commission agents/local wholesalers and retailers in the consumer's rupee is very high where as producer's share is very less. As far as costs are concerned, the share of the intermediaries in the marketing cost is observed to be low where as the cost born by the producer's are more. So, due to large number and large margin of intermediaries and of high marketing costs especially, borne by the producer, the producer's share in the consumer's rupee is very low which is a matter of serious concern. The study further brings out that the total costs incurred at producer's level are rupees 709 per quintal. The costs incurred at retailer's level are Rs. 297 per quintal. The net sale price of per quintal of fruit earned by the producer is Rs for Apple in channel-i, Rs in channel-ii and Rs in channel-iii. The average margin per quintal of Apple crop earned by the commission agents/local wholesalers and retailers are observed to be Rs. 400 and Rs respectively. References : (1) Johl, S.S.; and Thakur, D.S. (1968), Marketing of Apples in Himachal Pradesh, Annual Research Report, Department of Economics and Sociology, PAU, Ludhiana, pp (2) Kochhar, H.L.; and Thakur, D.S. (1971), Marketing of Apples in Himachal Pradesh, Agriculture Marketing, Vol. 18, No.5, pp (3) Singh, B.; and Sidhu, D.S. (1976), Marketing of Mangoes in Punjab State, A Research Report, Department of Economics and Sociology, PAU, Ludhiana, p (4) Swarup, R.; and et al. (1985), Price Spread and Marketing Margins for Himachal Apples: Temporal and Spatial Analysis Indian journal of Agriculture Economics, Vol 40, No. 3, pp (5) Gangwar, L.S.; and Shayam Singh (1998), Price Spread and Marketing Margins for Nagpur Mandarins A case Study, Indian journal of Agriculture Economics, Vol.53, No.3,pp.394. (6) Sharan, S.P.; and et al. (2002), Marketing of Kinnow in Rajasthan A National level Quarterly Journal on Agriculture Marketing, Vol.45, No- 3,pp.2-4. (7) Ladaniya, M.S.; and et al. (2003), Price Spread of Pomegranate, Indian Journal of Agriculture Economics, Vol.58.No.3, pp (8) Randev, A.K.; (2005), Marketing of Apple in Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh-India, Indian Journal of Agricultural Marketing, Vol. 19, No.3,pp (9) Kaur, Harsimranjeet; and et al. (2007), Price Spreads and Marketing Efficiency of Kinnow in Shriganganagar district of Rajsthan: A Temporal Study, Indian journal of Agricultural Marketing, Vol. 21, No.2,pp Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XI (12) February

7 E conomics An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 107, Vol - XI (12), February , Page No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No cenelcee ieeboeerpeerûùee efjeûeejebûes «eeceerce efpejeveele cenlje DeLe&MeeŒe Je efveleermeeœe ÙeebÛee ieeboeerpeer pejeuûee mebyeboe ceevele keâejce veweflekeâlee leer DeLe&keâejCeeJejÛe DeJeuebyegve Demeles. Mees<eve keâ ve hewmee efceujeces cncepes les Deveweflekeâ ceevele nesles. Deefnbmee Je Øesce Ùee leljeejej DeeefLe&keâ efveùeceebûeer keâmeesšer ueejeejeer Demes ieeboeerpeervee Jeešle nesles. DeeefLe&keâ efveùeceebvee meeceeefpekeâ Je veweflekeâ efveùeceeheemetve Deueie keâjces lùeebvee ceevùe vejnles. keâejce meieus ØeMve ns DeLe&keâejCeeheemetveÛe efvecee&ce nesleele. Demes lùeebûes cele nesles. ieeboeerpeerûùee efjeûeejebûee JÙeòeâercelelJeeÛee Yeejleemen mebhetce& peieejej ØeYeeJe efometve Ùeslees. lùeebveer ceeb[uesues efjeûeej Deepener peieeuee Je ceevejeer efjekeâemeeuee GheÙegòeâ "jleele. lùeebûeer meeoeer jenceer DeeefCe efkeâceeve iejpee mjeerkeâejuùeeme peieeleerue Je osmeeleerue Deveskeâ ØeMve efcešleerue. «eeceerce YeejleeÛee efjekeâeme nesjetve osme JewÛeejerkeâ  Ÿee mebheve nesjetve lùeebûes DeeefLe&keâ Je meeceeefpekeâ ØeMve keâceer nesjetve melùe Je Øesce Ùee efjeûeejeuee efmjekeâej cees"ÿee ØeceeCeele nesf&ue «eeceesåeesie Jee{tve ßeceeuee Øeefle e efceusue Je DeeoMe& meceepe JÙeJemLee efvecee&ce nesf&ue. Øee.[e@.Deeyeemeensye nebies ÖÆüÖŸ ÖÖ ÖÖÓ Öß Öê ¾Ö ÖÖ ü Æêü Öã»Ö³ÖãŸÖ þֹý ÖÖ Öê ÖÆêüŸÖ. úö ü Ö ˆŸ ÖÖ ü Ö Æêü ÖÏÖÆü ú ¾Ö ¾Ö ÎêúŸÖÖ µööó µöö Ö üã Ö ü ÃÖÓ²ÖÓ ÖÖ¾Ö ü ÖÆêü. Æêü ÃÖÓ²ÖÓ Ö îü ÖÓ ü Ö Ö¾Ö ÖÖŸÖ üö Æü»µÖÖÃÖ ÖÆüÖ ÖÖ Ô ¾Ö Óü ÖÖ Ô ÖÖ Ö üûã ÖŸÖߟÖÃÖã üö êü ÖÖ Öß ÖÏ ÖŸÖß ÆüÖê¾Öæ Ö úÿöê. ÖÖÓ Öß Öà Öê ÖÙ Ö ú ¾Ö ÖÖ ü Æêü ¾Ö ú ÃÖŸÖ ¾Ö ÖÙ Ö ú ÖÖêÂÖ Ö ÖÖ»Ö껵ÖÖ ÖÔ¾µÖ¾Öà ÖÖ üöêóµööãö ÖÖê ü šêü¾öæ Ö ÖÖÓ ü»öê»öê ÖÆêüŸÖ. µöö ¾Ö ÖÖ üöó ÖÖ ¾Ö ú ÃÖŸÖ- ¾Ö úãö Ö Öᯙ ÖÖ ÖÙ Ö ú Ûà ֟Öß Öß ÖµÖÖÔ üö ÖÖÆüß. úöê ÖŸµÖÖÆüß Ûà ֟Öß Ö µöê ŸµÖÖÓ Öê ¾Ö ÖÖ ü ŸÖê¾Öœêü Ö ˆ ÖµÖãŒŸÖ ¾Ö ÖÆüŸ¾ÖÖ Öê ÃÖ»µÖÖ Öê üãöÿöê. ÖÖ Ö Öß ¾Ö Öã ü¾öšü Ö Öê ÃÖÓŸÖã»Ö Ö ÃÖÖ¾Öê ÃÖê ÖÖÓ Öß Öà Öê ÖŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖê. ÖÖêšü Ö ÖÏ ÖÖ ÖÖ¾Ö üß»ö Öã ÓŸÖ¾Ö Öã ú êú¾öôû ÖÖµÖÖ³ÖãŸÖ ˆªÖê ÖÖŸÖ ÃÖÖ¾Öß. Öê ü Ö Ö µöê ÖîÃÖÙ Ö ú ÃÖÖ Ö ÖÃÖÓ Ö Öß ¾Ö ÁÖ Ö µööó µöö ¾ÖÖ Ö üöÿöæ Ö ˆŸ ÖÖ ü Ö ú ü µöö¾ö ü ÖÖÓ Öß µöö ¾Ö ÖÖ üöÿö ³Ö ü ÖÆêü. ŸµÖÖ Öãôêû ÃÖ ü úö ü ÖÖ ¾ÖÖ Ö¾Öß ÆüÃŸÖ Öê Ö ú Öß ÆüÖêŸÖÖê. ŸÖÃÖê Ö ˆŸ ÖÖ ü Ö ¾Ö ÖÖ Ö Öß µööó Öê ÃÖÓŸÖã»Ö Ö üöæüÿöê. ¾µÖŒŸÖß Ö Ö»µÖÖ Ö ü ÖÖ ú Öß šêü¾öæ Ö Ö ÃÖã Öß ÆüÖê ú Ö úÿööê ÃÖê ÖÖÓ Öß Öê ÖŸÖ ÖÆêü. Æü Ö Öê Ö ³ÖÖê Ö¾ÖÖ üß ÖϾÖé Öß ŸµÖÖÓ ÖÖ ÖÖ µö ÖÖÆüß. ˆ Ö³ÖÖê Ö ÖµÖÖÔ üßÿö šêü¾ö»µööãö ÃÖÖ Ö ÖÃÖÖ Öã ÖÏß Öê ÖŸÖ Ö ÆüÖê¾Öæ Ö ˆŸ ÖÖ ü ÖÖ Öß ÖÏ ÎúµÖÖ ÃÖŸÖŸÖ ÖÖ»ÖŸÖ üæüö¾öß. ÆüÖ ŸµÖÖ ÖÖ Ö ÖÖ üûâ ü úöê Ö ÖÆêü. µööÿöã Ö Ö ŸµÖÖ ÖÖ ÃÖÖ ÖÖ Ö ú ú»µöö ÖÖ ÖÖ ¾Ö ÖÖ ü üãöæ Ö µöêÿööê. µööó Ó Ö ú Ö üÿöß Öê ˆŸ ÖÖ ü Ö ú¹ý Ö ÖÖ Ö Öß Öã ÓŸÖ¾Ö Öã ú ÖÖêšü Ö ÖÏ ÖÖ ÖÖŸÖ ¾ÖÖœü»µÖÖÃÖ ÃÖÓŸÖã»Ö Ö Ö ÖÖÔ Ö ÆüÖê¾Öæ ÖµÖê Æü Öæ Ö ÖÖ Ö Öß Öê ÖÖŸÖ ÖãÓŸÖ¾Ö Öã ú ÖÖêšü Ö ÖÏ ÖÖ ÖÖŸÖ ÖÃÖÖ¾Öß. ³ÖÖ ŸÖÖüÃÖÖ ü µöö ÖÖßֻÖÖê úãöó µöê µöö êü ÖÖ»ÖÖ µööó Ö úß ú ü ÖÖ Öß ¾Ö ÖÆü üß ú ü ÖÖ Öß Ö ü Ö ÖÖÆüß ÃÖê ŸµÖÖÓ Öê ÖŸÖ ÖÆêü. ÖãÓŸÖ¾Ö Öã ú ÖÖêšü Ö ÖÏ ÖÖ ÖÖŸÖ ÖÖ»µÖÖÃÖ ˆªÖê ÖÖÓ Öê êú üß ú ü Ö ÆüÖê¾Öæ Ö Ö Ö Öê ÖÏ Ö Ö ÖÖÔ Ö ÆüÖêŸÖᯙ Æêü ŸÖë¾ÆüÖ ŸµÖÖÓ Öß ÃÖÖÓ ÖŸÖ»Öê úö ü Ö ˆŸ ÖÖ ü ÖÖ ÖÖ ÆêüŸÖã ÆüÖ Ö üã Ö üö µöö Ö ü ÖÖ ³ÖÖ Ö¾Ö Öê ÆüÖ ÖÆêü. ŸÖÃÖê Ö ˆŸ ÖÖ ü Ö Æêü à ÖÖ ÖµÖ ÃÖÖ Ö Ö ÃÖÖ Ö ÖÏß, ÁÖ Ö, ˆŸ ÖÖ ü Ö ŸÖÓ Ö, ÃÖÖê Öß ¾Ö Æü»Ö úß ˆ Ö ú ü Öê µööó µöö ÃÖÆüÖµµÖÖ Öê ú üÿöö µöêÿöß»ö ŸµÖÖ Öãôêû ÖÖêšüß ÖãÓŸÖ¾Ö Öã ú Ö úöê. ÖÖÓ Öß Öà µöö ÖŸÖê ÖÔ¾µÖ¾Öà ÖêŸÖ Öã ÖÔ üöê Ö ÖÖ üö Öß Ûà ֟Öß üöæãü Ö úÿöê. Ö ü Ö Ö Ö»Ö Öã ¾Ö ãú üß ü ˆªÖê ÖÖ ÖÖ ¾Ö úöãö ú¹ý Ö ÖêŸÖß ¾Ö ÖêŸÖß Öã ü ú ˆªÖê ÖÖÓ ÖÖ ÖÏÖ ÖÖ µö ü»öê ŸÖ ü ¾ÖÖœü ÖÖ µöö»ööê úãöó µöê µöö ÃÖ ÖõÖÖ Ö ÖÖÔ Ö ÆüÖê ÖÖ ü ÖÖÆüߟÖ. Æü Ö Öê Ö üöê Ö ÖÖ ü ÖÙ ÖŸÖß ÆüÖêŸÖ üöæüß»ö. ŸµÖÖ Öãôêû ÖÖÓ Öß Öà Öê ¾Ö ÖÖ ü Ö üß²ö»ööê úöó µöö ÖÙ Ö ú, ÃÖÖ ÖÖ Ö ú ú»µöö ÖÖÃÖÖšüß ˆ ÖµÖÖê ÖÖ Öê ÃÖ»µÖÖ Öê üãöæ Ö µöêÿöê. ÃÖÖ ÖÖ Ö ú ¾Ö ÖÙ Ö ú Ö¾Ö ÖÖ ÖÖ ÖÖ ÖÔ ÖÖÓ Öß Öà Öß Ö ÖÖ»ÖÖ üö Ö¾Ö»ÖÖ ŸµÖÖ Öãôêû ŸÖê Ö Ö üö Ö ü ÖÆêüŸÖ, üöò»öã üöòµö, üã úß Ö, ÖÖê Ö»Öê µööó ÖÖ ŸµÖÖÓ µöö¾ö ü ÖϳÖÖ¾Ö Ö ü»öö. ŸµÖÖ Ö, ÃÖÖ Öß üöæü Öß, ØÆüÃÖÖ, ÃÖ ÖÖ ÖŸÖÖ µööó ÖÖ Öã üã úö ü ú¹ý Ö ŸµÖÖÓ Öß ÃÖ¾ÖÖì üµö, Ö ÖÔ, üö Ö úö ü Ö, ÃÖ ÖÖ Ö úö ü Ö, ÖÏÖ ÖÖêªÖê Ö, ¾Ö ¾ÖÃŸÖ µöö ÃÖÓ²ÖÓ Öß ¾Ö ÖÖ ü ÖÖÓ ü»öê ŸµÖÖ Öãôêû Ö ÖÖŸÖ ÖÖÓ Öß Öß µöö ¾Ö ÖÖ üö¾ö ü ÃÖ¾ÖÖÔŸÖ ÖÖÃŸÖ Ö ÖÖÔ ÖÖ»Öß. êü ÖÖŸÖᯙ ¾Ö Ö ÖÖŸÖᯙ úöæüß ¾ÖªÖ ÖßšüÖŸÖæ Ö ÖÖÓ Öß Öß µöö ¾Ö ÖÖ üö¾ö ü Ö ÖÖÔ ÆüÖêŸÖÖŸÖ. ŸµÖÖÃÖÖšüß Ã¾ÖŸÖÓ Ö ¾Ö³ÖÖ Ö ÖÆê üÿö. ( ÖÓ üß Ö ü, ³ÖÖ Ö»Ö Öæ ü, ¾ÖÖ üö ÖÃÖß, ü»»öß) (1) ÖÏÖ ÖÃ¾Ö üö µö : ÖÏÖ Öß Ö ³ÖÖ üÿööÿö Öê üß Ã¾ÖµÖÓ Öæ ÖÔ ÆüÖêŸÖß. ŸÖë¾ÆüÖ ˆŸ ÖÖ ü Ö, ¾ÖŸÖ ü Ö ¾Ö ˆ ÖµÖÖê Ö (ˆ Ö³ÖÖê Ö) Æêü ÃÖ ÖÖ Ö ÃÖŸÖ, úö ü Ö ÖêŸÖß ÃÖ Öé ü ÆüÖêŸÖß. ŸµÖÖ Öãôêû ÃÖãŒŸÖ ²Öê úö üß, ÖÆü üß ú ü ÖÖ ú êü ÖêœüÖ Ö¾ÆüŸÖÖ. Æü Öæ Ö ÖÖÓ Öß Æü ÖŸÖÖŸÖ Ö üö ³ÖÖ üÿö Öê ü Ö Ö µöê ÖÖÓ üÿööê ÖÆêü. ŸµÖÖ Öãôêû Öê ü Ö ú êü Ö»ÖÖ ÃÖÖ ÃÖÓ êü Ö DeLe&MeeŒe efjeyeeie ØecegKe, meew.kesâ.sme.kesâ.ceneefjeåeeueùe, yeer[ (ceneje ^) Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XI (12) February

8 ü ü ü»öö. Öê êü ú Ö ü Öæ ÖÔ Ö Ö üö µö ÃÖÖ¾Öê. úö ü Ö ŸµÖÖŸÖ ÃÖÖ Öß üöæü Öß ¾Ö ÃÖÓà éúÿöß Öê ÖŸÖ Ö êú»öê ÖÖŸÖ ÖÆêü. Öê ü ÖŸÖ ˆŸ ÖÖ üßÿö ÆüÖê ÖÖ üö ú ÖÖ ÖÖ»Ö ˆªÖê ÖÖ µöö ÖÖ µö ÖÖŸÖæ Ö ÖÆü üö ú ê µöê¾öæ»öö Ö»ÖÖ. ŸµÖÖŸÖã Ö ÖŒ úö ÖÖ»Ö Öê ü ÖŸÖ ¾Ö æú Ö ÖÆü üö ú êü ÖîÃÖÖ µöê¾öæ»öö Ö»ÖÖ. µööÿöã Ö Öê ü Ö Öê ÖÖêÂÖ Ö ÆüÖê¾Öæ»ÖÖ Ö»Öê. ŸµÖÖ Öãôêû éúâöß ÃÖÓ Ö Ö ÆüÖê¾Öæ Ö Öê ü ÖÓ Öê Öã Ö¹ý Öß¾Ö Ö ÖÖ»Öê ÖÖ Æü Öê. ŸÖ ü Ö ³ÖÖ üÿöö ÖÖ úöµöö ÖÖ»Ö ü ÆüÖê Ô»Ö. Öê ü Ö Öß ¾Öî Ö êü (þֵÖÓ Öæ ÖÔ ÖÖ¾Ö) (1) ü Ö ÖÖ Ö ü Öê ü úß ÃÖÖ¾Öß. (2) Ö ¾Ö ¾ÖÃ Ö µööÿö þֵÖÓ Öæ ÖÔŸÖÖ. (3) ÖÙ Ö ú üâ ü Ö Ã¾ÖµÖÓ Öæ ÖÔ. (4) Ã¾Ö ûÿöö ¾Ö ÃÖÖÓ ü ÖÖ µöö Öß ÃÖÖêµÖ. (5) Ö ÖÔ ÖÖôûÖ, ü¾öö ÖÖ ÖÖ, ÖÖôûÖ, ÖÖ ü ÖéÆü, ÖÏÖ ÖÔ ÖÖ Ã Öôû, ÃÖ ÖÖ Ö ÖÓ üß ü. (6) Öã üöóãööšüß ÖÖêšêü ¾Ö ÖêôûÖÃÖÖšüß Öî üö Ö. (7) éúâöß Ö µöê Ö Ö üß Ö êú µöö¾ößÿö. (8) ¾µÖ¾ÖÆüÖ ü ÃÖÆü úö üß ŸÖŸ¾ÖÖ ÖãÃÖÖ ü µöö¾öêÿö. (9) ÖÖŸÖß ¾µÖ¾Öà ÖÖ ÖÃÖÖ¾Öß. (10) ÖÖ¾Ö ÖÖ úö ü³öö ü ÖÏÖ Ö ÖÓ ÖÖµÖŸÖ ÖÖ±ÔúŸÖ - ÖÓ Ö ú Öê üß. (11) ˆŸ ÖÖ ü Ö Ã ÖÖ Ö ú ²ÖÖ Ö ü Öêšêü»ÖÖ ÖãÃÖ¹ý Ö ÃÖÖ¾Öê. µöö Ö¾ÖÖµÖ ÖÏÖ Öß Ö üö ü üµöö ÖÖ ÖÏ Ö ÃÖã ü ÖÖ ü ÖÖÆüß. (2) ¾Ö ¾ÖÃŸÖ : ÆüÃÖÓ ú ÖÖ ÖÖÔ Öê êü ÖÖŸÖ ÖÙ Ö ú ÃÖ ÖŸÖÖ Ö ÖÖÔ Ö ú ü Öê Æü Ö Öê ¾Ö ¾ÖÃŸÖ ÆüÖêµÖ. ³ÖÖÓ ü¾ö»ö ÖÖÆüß µöö ¾Ö úöãöö ²Ö üöê²ö ü Ö ŸÖ ü Ö ü úöó µöö ÃÖÓ Ö Öß Ö µöê ¾ÖÖœü ÆüÖêŸÖ ÖÖŸÖê. Ö ÓüŸÖã µöö ÃÖÓ Ö Öß ¾ÖÖœüß ÖÖ ±úöµö üö ±úœÿö ÖÖêšü Ö ¾Ö ÖÖÔ»ÖÖ Ö ÖôûŸÖÖ Ö üß²ööó ÖÖ êü Öᯙ ÖôûüÖ»ÖÖ ÖÖÆüß Öê. ¾Ö ¾ÖßÖÖ Öß ÃÖÓ ú» Ö ÖÖ ÖÖÓ Öß Öà Öß ÖÏ Ö Ö Ö ±Ïú êúÿö ÃÖŸÖÖÓ ÖÖ ÖÖÓ æü Ö ŸµÖÖÃÖÖšüß ¾Ö ¾ÖÃŸÖ Ö Öß ŸÖµÖÖ ü êú»öö ÆüÖêŸÖÖ. µöö µöö Ö ÖÖ êü ÁÖß ÖÓŸÖÖ ÖÖ ÃÖ ÖÖ ÖÖ Öê ¾Ö ¾ÖÃŸÖ ²Ö Ö µöö Öê Ö¾ÆüÖ Ö ŸµÖÖÓ Öß êú»öê ÆüÖêŸÖê. µöö ÖÖ Ö ÖÏ ŸÖÃÖÖ ü ü Æü Öæ Ö ' Ö Ö ÖÖ»ÖÖ»Ö ÃÖê¾ÖÖ Òüà ü' ¾Ö ÖÖÔ µöê Öê µöö ÖÖ¾ÖÖ Öê Ö Öß Ö ÖÖÔ Ö êú»öö. Öê Ö Ö Öê ÃÖê¾ÖÖ ÖÏÖ Ö Æü Öæ Ö Öêôû Ö»Öê ÖÖŸÖê. ŸµÖÖ Öãôêû ²Ö ÖÖ Ö µööó ÖÖ ÖÖÓ Öß Öß ¾µÖÖ ÖÖ üß üö Ö Öã Ö Æü ÖŸÖ ÃÖŸÖ. ³ÖÖÓ ü¾ö»ö üö üöó Öß ¾Ö ¾µÖÖ ÖÖ µööó Öß Ö ü Öê Öê ÖÖ ÖÖÃŸÖ ÃÖÓ Ö Öß ²ÖÖôû Öã ÖµÖê Æü Öæ Ö Ö¾ÆüÖ Ö êú»öê ŸµÖÖ Öãôêû ¾Ö ÖÔ¾ÖßÆüß Ö ÃÖ ÖÖ Ö ÖÙ ÖŸÖß ÆüÖê µööãö Ö üÿö ÆüÖê Ô»Ö, µööÿöã Ö Ö ÃÖŸµÖ ¾Ö ØÆüÃÖÖ Ö ÖÖÔ Ö ÆüÖê¾Öæ Ö ÃÖ ÖÖ ÖÖŸÖ Ö ü ÖÏÆü ¾Öé Öß ÖÖê ÖÖÃÖ»Öß ÖÖ Ô»Ö ¾Ö ÃÖ ÖÖ ÖÖŸÖ ¾ÖÂÖ ÖŸÖÖ üöæü ÖÖ ü ÖÖÆüß Æü Ö Öê Ö ¾Ö ÖÔ ÃÖÓ ÖÂÖÖÔ ÖÖ ÖÏ Ö Ö ÖÖÔ Ö ÆüÖê ÖÖ ü ÖÖÆüß. Ö µöö ¾Ö ¾ÖßÖÖ»ÖÖ ¾ÖÖ üãöö ÖÃÖ»µÖÖ Öãôêû Æüß ú» Ö ÖÖ ÃÖÖ úö ü ÖÖ»µÖÖÃÖ Öé ¾Öß¾Ö ü ÃÖ ÖŸÖÖ Ö ÖÖÔ Ö ÆüÖê µööãö ¾Öêôû»ÖÖ Ö ÖÖ ü ÖÖÆüß. ¾Ö ¾ÖÃŸÖ ü Ö ÖÖ : (1) ÖÖ Ö¾Öß Ã¾Ö³ÖÖ¾Ö ÃÖã ÖÖ ü Öê ÖŒµÖ ÖÖÆüß. ŸµÖÖ Öãôêû µööÿö ³ÖÖÓ ü¾ö»ö üö üöó ÖÖ Ã¾ÖŸÖ: Ö µöê ÃÖã ÖÖ ü ÖÖ ú ü µööãö ÃÖÓ Öß ÖÆêü. (2) Ö ü Öê Öê ÖÖ ÖÖßÖß Öß ÃÖÓ Ö Öß ÃÖ ÖÖ Ö ú»µöö ÖÖÃÖÖšüß ÃÖÖ¾Öß. (3) ˆ Ö³ÖÖê Ö ¾Ö ÃÖÓ Ö Öß µööó µöö¾ö ü ÖµÖÓ Ö ÖÖÃÖÖšüß úöµöªö ÖÖ Ö ÖÖ ü Öê µööãö ÖÖÓ Öß Öß Öß µöö ú» Ö ÖêŸÖ Æü ü úÿö ÖÖÆüß. (4) µöö ú» Ö Öê Öãôêû ÃÖÓ Ö Öß ÖÖ ˆ Ö³ÖÖê Ö Ã¾ÖÖ ÖÖÔÃÖÖšüß ú üÿöö µöê ÖÖ ü ÖÖÆüß. (5) µöö Öãôêû ˆŸ Ö Ö ¾Ö ú ÖÖ Ö ¾ÖêŸÖ Ö µööÿö ú Öß ÓŸÖ ü üö Æü»Ö. (3) Ã¾Ö êü Öß : Ã¾Ö êü Öß Æêü üö Ö úßµö ÖÃ Ö ÆüÖêµÖ. ¾Ö êü Öß ˆŸ ÖÖ ü Ö ÖÖ ¾ÖÖ Ö ü Ö ú üÿöö. êü ÖŸÖÖᯙ ˆŸ ÖÖ ü ÖÖ ÖÖ ¾ÖÖ Ö ü ú üö¾öö. ÆüÖ ˆ êü Ö Öã µöÿö: êü ÖÖŸÖᯙ ˆªÖê ÖÖÓ ÖÖ ÃÖÓ ü Ö Ö êü Öê ÆüÖ ÆüÖêŸÖÖ. µööÿöã Ö Öôû ÖÖ üß ÃÖÓ Ö Öß êü ÖÖŸÖ Ö üöæãü Ö úÿöê ¾Ö êü Ö Ã¾ÖÖ¾Ö»ÖÓ²Öß ²Ö Öã Ö úÿööê.»ööê úöó ÖÖ úö Ö Öôãû Ö ˆŸ Ö Ö ¾ÖÖœêü»Ö. Ã¾Ö üöâ Òü ³Ö ÖÖ Ö Ö ÖÖÔ Ö ú ü µööãööšüß Öã¾Öá»ÖÖê úö Ö µö üôû úöó Öß Ö Ö»µÖÖ ÖŸÖãÃÖã Öß Ö µöê Ã¾Ö êü Öß ¾ÖÂÖµÖß ¾Ö ÖÖ ü ÖÖÓ ü»öê ÆüÖêŸÖê. Ö ü êü ÖÖŸÖã Ö ÆüÖê ÖÖ üß ÖµÖÖŸÖ ÖÖÓ²Ö¾Öã Ö êü ÖÖŸÖß»Ö Ö ü êü ÖÖŸÖ ÖÖ ÖÖ üß ÃÖÓ Ö Öß ÖÖÓ²Öê»Ö. Ö ü Ã¾Ö êü Öß ÖÖ ¾Ö»ÖÓ²Ö êú»öö ÖÖÆüß ŸÖ ü ˆŸ Ö Ö ú Öß üöææü Ö»ÖÖê úöó ÖÖ üö ü üµööÿö Ö¾Ö Ö Ö ÖÖ¾Öê»ÖÖ Öê»Ö. ŸµÖÖÃÖÖšüß ØÆü ã üãÿöö ÖÖŸÖᯙ ¾µÖÖ Ö µööó ÖÖ Öã úôû ú üÿöö µöê µööãöö ü Öê ÖÆêü. Ö ÖŸÖ ¾Ö ÖÔ ¾Ö ¾µÖÖ ÖÖ üß µööó Öß ÃÖ¾ÖÖÕ ÖÖ ÖϾÖÖÃÖ ú Ö ÆüÖê Ô»Ö µööãööšüß úöµöì ú üö¾öê. (4) ÃÖ¾ÖÖì üµö : ÃÖ¾ÖÖì üµö Æü Ö Öê ÃÖ¾ÖÖÔ Öê ú»µöö Ö ÆüÖêµÖ. ÖÖò ÖÔ üã úß Ö µööó µöö Un to the last µöö ÖãÃŸÖ úö Öê ³ÖÖÂÖÖÓŸÖ ü ÃÖ¾ÖÖì üµö µöö ÖÖ¾ÖÖ Öê êú»öê ÖÆêü. µööÿö ÃÖ¾ÖÔ Ö ü úöó Öê ú»µöö Ö Öê ÖßŸÖ ÖÆêü. ²Öê Öò Ö µööó Öß ú»µöö ÖÖ Öß ú» Ö ÖÖ Öã üß ¾ÖÖ ü»µöö Öê ÃÖ¾ÖÖì üµöö Öß ú» Ö ÖÖ ÖÖÓ æü Ö ÃÖÖ ÖÖ Ö ú ¾Ö üö Ö úßµö ãü: ÖÖ¾Ö ü ˆ ÖÖµÖ ÃÖÖÓ ÖŸÖ»ÖÖ. µöö ú» Ö ÖêŸÖ ÖÖÓ Ö»µÖÖ ÖãÓ ÖÖ ÖÖ Ã¾Öß úö ü ú¹ý Ö ¾ÖÖ Ô ü ÖÖê üß ÖÖ ŸµÖÖ Ö ú ü µöö Öê ÃÖÖÓ ÖŸÖ»Öê ÖÆêü. ÖÖÓ Öß Öß ÖÓŸÖ ü ÃÖ¾ÖÖì üµöö Öß ú» Ö ÖÖ ÖϳÖÖ¾Öß Ö Öê ¾Ö ÖÖê²ÖÖ ³ÖÖ¾Öê µööó Öß üö²ö¾ö»öß. µööÿöã Ö Ö ³Öæ üö Ö, ÁÖ Ö üö Ö µöö Öôû¾Öôûß ¾ÖÖœüŸÖ Ö껵ÖÖ. ÖÖÓ Öß Öà ÖÖ Öê ÖßŸÖ ÃÖ¾ÖÖì üµö. (1) ÃÖ¾ÖÖÔ µöö ú»µöö ÖÖŸÖ ¾µÖŒŸÖß Öê ú»µöö Ö. (2) ÖêŸÖ ú üß, úö Ö ÖÖ ü µööó µöö Ö Ö µööãööšüß. (3) úöµööô ÖãÃÖÖ ü Öæ»µÖ (ˆŸ Ö Ö). (4) ÖÏŸµÖê úö»öö Ö ü ÖÖ ÖãŸÖáÃÖÖšüß ÃÖ ÖÖ Ö ÃÖÓ Öß. µööÿöã Ö Ö ÃÖ¾ÖÖì üµöß ÃÖ ÖÖ Ö Ö ÖÖÔ Ö ÆüÖê Ô»Ö ¾Ö ÃÖ ÖÖ ÖŸÖÖ üöæãü Ö ÃÖ ÖÖ Ö Ö üöê µö ÖãŒŸÖ üöæãü Ö ŸµÖÖÓ Öê üö ü üµö Ö ü ÆüÖê Ô»Ö ¾Ö ŸÖÖê ³ÖŸÖß ÖÖÃÖæ Ö ãü ü ÃÖê»Ö. ÃÖ¾ÖÔ Ö ÖÖÔ ÖÖ ¾Ö ÖÖŸÖß ÖÖ Ö ü ü ÃÖ¾ÖÖì üµö ÃÖ ÖÖ ÖÖŸÖ êú»öö ÖÖ Ô»Ö. úö Ö ÖÖ ü- ÖÖ»Ö ú, Ö Öß Ö üö ü- ãúôû ÃÖê ÃÖÓ ÖÂÖÔ üöæü ÖÖ ü ÖÖÆüߟÖ. ÃÖ¾ÖÖì üµö úöµöô úÿµööô Ö¾ÖÖµÖ ÃÖ¾ÖÖì üµöß ÃÖ ÖÖ Ö Ö ÖÖÔ Ö ÆüÖê ÖÖ ü ÖÖÆüß. ŸµÖÖÓ Öß ÖÖ Ö¾ÖŸÖêÃÖÖšüß ÃÖŸÖŸÖ úöµöô ú üÿö üöæüö¾öê. Ö ü ÖÖ Ö Ö Ã¾Ö üö µö, ØÆüÃÖÖ ¾Ö ÎúÖÓŸÖß, ÃÖÖ ÖãŸ¾Ö Ö Ö üö Ö úö ü Ö ÖÖÏ Ö³ÖŒŸÖß Ö Ö üö Ö³ÖŒŸÖß, ÖŸ Ö ÖÖ Ö ¾Ö ¾Ö ÖÖ Ö, à Öã»Ö ¾Ö ÃÖã Ö, ÖÖê Ö ¾Ö ÃÖ¾ÖÖì üµö µööó ÖÖ ³ÖãŸÖ Öã¾ÖÔ ÃÖ Ö ¾ÖµÖ ÖÖÓ Öß Öà µöö ¹ý ÖÖ Öê Ö ÖÖÃÖ ÖÖê ü ÖÏ Ö Ö Ö»ÖÖ. Ö Ã üö Ö µöö Ö µöê ÃÖÖ ÖÖ Ö¾Ö Öé ¾ÖߟֻÖÖ¾Ö ü ÆüÖêŸÖÖ µöö¾ö ü Öãœêü ¾ÖÀ¾ÖÖÃÖ ²ÖÃÖ ÖÖ ü ÖÖÆüß. ÖÖÓ Öß Öß µöö ÖŸÖê ˆ üö Ö ÖÖ Ö¾Öß ÃÖ üöóÿö Ö ü úöê ÖŸÖÖ ÃÖê»Ö ŸÖ ü ÃÖ¾ÖÖÔ Öê ÖÖßÖßŸÖ ÖÖÃŸÖ ÆüŸÖ ÆüÖ ÖÆêü. ŸµÖÖÃÖÖšüß Ã¾Ö üö µö Ö¾Ö µö ú ÖÆêü. ŸµÖÖÃÖÖšüß üöâ ÒüÖ Öê ÃÖê¾Ö ú ÃÖÖ¾ÖÔ Ö Ö ú ÖÖ ÖÖÔ Öê Ö Öôû¾ÖÖµÖ Öê ÖÆêüŸÖ. µööó Ö úß ú ü Ö : µöó Ö ¾Ö µööó Ö úß ú ü ÖÖ Öãôêû ãü ÖãÔ Ö Ö ÖÖÔ Ö ÆüÖê µöö Öß ÖÖÃŸÖ ÖŒµÖŸÖÖ ÖÆêü. µöö šü úö Öß ³ÖÖÓ ü¾ö»öö Öß ˆ Ö»Ö²Ö ÖŸÖÖ ÖÖÃŸÖ ¾Ö ÁÖ ÖÖ Öß ú Öß ÖÆêü. ÖÖ šü úö Öß µööó Ö úß ú ü ÖÖ Öß Ö ü Ö ÖÖÓ Öß Öà ÖÖ ¾ÖÖ üÿö ÆüÖêŸÖß. ŸµÖÖ Ö ÖÏ ÖÖ Öê ÖÖ Ö¾ÖÖ Öê Ö üß ü Æêü êü Öᯙ ú µöó Ö ÖÆêü ŸµÖÖ ÖÖ Ö µööê µö ¾ÖÖ Ö ü ú ü Öê Ö¾Ö µö ú ÖÆêü. ³ÖÖ üÿöö ÃÖÖ ü µöö ÖÓ ü ÖÏÖµÖ êü ÖÖŸÖ µöó ÖÖ Öãôêû ²Öê üöê Ö ÖÖ üßÿö ¾ÖÖœü ÆüÖê Ô»Ö. ŸµÖÖ Öãôêû ÖÖêšü Ö ˆªÖê ÖÖ¾Ö ü ÖÖÃÖ ÖÖ Öß ÖÖ»Ö úß ÃÖÖ¾Öß ŸÖÃÖê Ö ŸÖ ü Öê ÖÖŸÖ»Ö Ö㈪Öê ÖÖÓ ÖÖ ÖÏÖêŸÃÖÖÆü Ö ªÖ¾Öê. Ö Öã ÖŒŸÖß ÖÖ ¾ÖÖ Ö ü ú¹ý Ö ˆŸ ÖÖ ü Ö êú»öê ÖÖ¾Öê. Öã²Ö»Ö ú ÃÖÓÃÖÖ Ö Öê ¾ÖÖ Ö¹ý Ö ÖîªÖê Ö úß ú ü Ö ú ü µöö¾ö ü ÖÖÓ Öß Öß µöö ¾Ö ÖÖ üöÿö ³Ö ü üãöæ Ö µöêÿöê. Ö Ö Ö ÃÖÓ Ö Öß Öê ÃÖÖšêü ú Öß ÆüÖê¾Öæ ÖµÖêŸÖ Æü Öæ Ö ŸµÖÖ ÖÖ úö ü úãö üß Öê ¾ÖÖ Ö ü ú üö¾öö. ¾Ö êú üß ú ü Ö : ¾ÖßÖã Öê ˆŸ ÖÖ ü Ö ûöê ü Ö ÖÏ ÖÖ ÖÖŸÖ Öê ú šü úö Öß êú»öê ÖÖ¾Öê. Öê Öê ú¹ý Ö ÖÏÖ Öß Ö ³ÖÖ üÿöö ÖÖ ¾Ö úöãö ÆüÖê¾Öæ Ö üöê Ö ÖÖ ü ¾ÖÖœê ü»ö ¾Ö ÖÏÖ Öß Ö ³ÖÖ ÖÖŸÖæ Ö»ÖÖê ú ÖÆü üö ú ê µöê ÖÖ ü ÖÖÆüߟÖ. ˆªÖê ÖÖ Öê êú üß ú ü Ö ÖÖ»µÖÖÃÖ ÖÆü üö Öß»ÖÖê úãöó µöö ¾ÖÖœæ ü Ö, ÃÖÖ ÖÖ Ö ú ¾Ö ÖÙ Ö ú ÖÏ Ö Ö ÖÖÔ Ö ÆüÖêŸÖß»Ö. üöæü µöö ÖÖ ¾Ö ÖÖê Ö ü Ö ü ÖÓ ÖÖ ÖÏ Ö Ö ÖÖÔ Ö ÆüÖê Ô»Ö. Ö üöê µö, ÖÖ Öß Öã ü¾öšüö Ö Ö ÖÖ µöö ÃÖÖêµÖß µöö ÃÖ¾ÖÖÕ¾Ö ü ÖÖêšüÖ ŸÖÖ Ö Ö ê ü»ö. µööÿöã Ö Ö Öãœê ü ÖÏ ã üâö Ö, ØÆüÃÖÖ, ÖÖ ÖÖ ü µööÿö ¾ÖÖœü ÆüÖê Ô»Ö. úö ÖÖêšü Ö Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XI (12) February

9 úö Ö ü Ö ü Öß Öê ÖÖ Öê ü ÖŸÖ Ö üö Ö üöÿöã Ö Ö ü µöö«üö ê ü ˆŸ ÖÖ ü Ö êú»µööãö ˆŸ ÖÖ ü ÖÖŸÖ ÖÏ ÖÓ ü ¾ÖÖœü ÆüÖê Ô»Ö ¾Ö ÖŒŸÖê üö üß Ö ÖÖÔ Ö ÆüÖê ÖÖ ü ÖÖÆüß. ³ÖÖ üÿöö Ö µöê ÁÖ Ö ÖŒŸÖß ÖÖêšü Ö ÖÏ ÖÖ ÖÖ¾Ö ü ÃÖæ Ö ÁÖ Ö ÆüÖ Ö üÿö ÖÖ Ö¾ÖÓŸÖ ÖÆêü. ŸµÖÖ Öãôêû ŸµÖÖ ÖÖ îü ÖÓ ü Ö ˆ ÖµÖÖê Ö (¾ÖÖ Ö ü) êú»öö ÖÖ¾ÖÖ. ÖÏÖ Öß Ö úöôûöÿö ÆüÃŸÖ ú»öê µöö ³ÖÖ üÿößµö ¾ÖßÖã Ö Ö ÖÏ ÃÖ ü ÆüÖꟵÖÖ. ŸµÖÖ Öãôêû ÁÖ Ö ÖŒŸÖß µöö šü úö Öß µöó ÖÖ ÖÖ ¾ÖÖ Ö ü ú¹ý ÖµÖê ¾Ö»Ö Öã ¾Ö ãú üß ü ˆªÖê ÖÖ µöö ÃÖÆüÖµµÖÖ Öê ¾Ö êú üß ú ü ÖÖÃÖ ÖÖ»Ö ÖÖ êü¾öæ Ö ÖÏÖ Öß Ö ³ÖÖ üÿöö ÖÖ ¾Ö úöãö ú üö¾öö. ÁÖ Ö ÖÏ ŸÖšüÖ : ÁÖ ÖÖ»ÖÖ ÖÏ ŸÖšüÖ ÖÖÓ Öß Öß µöö ¾Ö ÖÖ üö Öãôêû ÖôûÖ»Öß. ³ÖÖÓ ü¾ö»öö Öê ÖÖ ÁÖ Ö ÃÖÓ Ö Öß ú Öß ÁÖêšü ÖÆêü Æêü ÖÖÓ Öß Öà µöö ¾Ö ÖÖ üöÿöã Ö üãöæ Ö µöêÿöê. ÁÖ Ö Æü Ö Öê Ö úö Ö êú»µööãö Ö üöê µö ˆ Ö Ö üöæüÿöê. ŸµÖÖ Ö²Ö üöê²ö ü ÖÖ Ö ÃÖ ú ÖŒŸÖß êü Öᯙ ÖÖÓ Ö»Öß üöæüÿöê. ÖÖ ü üß ú ÁÖ Ö Æêü ÖÏŸµÖê ú ÖÖ Ö¾ÖÖ Öê Ö ¾Ö Ö úÿöô¾µö ÖÆêü. µööÿöæ Ö Ö ÖÓ ü Ö ÖôûŸÖÖê. ŸµÖÖ Öãôêû úö Ö Ö ú üÿöö ÃÖã ü Ö Öê¾Öæ ÖµÖêŸÖ ÃÖê ÖÖÓ Öß Öß Æü ÖŸÖ. ÖÙ Ö ú ¾Ö ÖÖ ü : ÖÔ ÖÖÃ Ö ¾Ö ÖŸÖß ÖÖÃ Ö µööó ÖÖ ÖÖÓ Öß Öß Ö¾Öôû ÖÖ ÃÖÓ²ÖÓ Ö ÖÖ ÖŸÖ úö ü Ö Öî ŸÖ úÿöö ŸÖß ÖÔ úö ü ÖÖ¾Ö ü Ö ¾Ö»ÖÓ²Öã Ö ÃÖŸÖê. ÖÖêÂÖ Ö ú¹ý Ö ÖîÃÖÖ Öôû¾Ö Öê Æü Ö Öê ŸÖê Öî ŸÖ ú ÖÖ ÖŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖê. Ó ÆüÃÖÖ ¾Ö ÖÏê Ö µöö ŸÖŸ¾ÖÖ¾Ö ü ÖÙ Ö ú ÖµÖ ÖÖÓ Öß úãööê üß»öö¾öö¾öß ÃÖê ÖÖÓ Öß Öà ÖÖ ¾ÖÖ üÿö ÆüÖêŸÖê. ÖÙ Ö ú ÖµÖ ÖÖÓ ÖÖ ÃÖÖ ÖÖ Ö ú ¾Ö Öî ŸÖ ú ÖµÖ ÖÖ ÖÖÃÖæ Ö»Ö Ö ú ü Öê ŸµÖÖÓ ÖÖ ÖÖ µö Ö¾ÆüŸÖê. úö ü Ö ÃÖ Öôêû ÖÏ Ö Æêü ÖÔ úö ü ÖÖ ÖÖÃÖæ Ö Ö Ö ÖÖÔ Ö ÆüÖêŸÖÖŸÖ. ÃÖê ŸµÖÖÓ Öê ÖŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖê. Öæ»µÖ ÖÖ Ö Ö : ÖÖÓ Öß Öà µöö ¾Ö ÖÖ üöó ÖÖ ¾µÖŒŸÖß ÖŸ¾ÖÖ ÖÖ ³ÖÖ üÿööãöæü ÃÖÓ Öæ ÖÔ Ö ÖÖ¾Ö ü ÖϳÖÖ¾Ö üãöæ Ö µöêÿööê. ŸµÖÖÓ Öß ÖÖÓ ü»öê»öê ¾Ö ÖÖ ü Ö ÖÆüß Ö ÖÖ»ÖÖ ¾Ö ÖÖ Ö¾Öß ¾Ö úöãöö»öö ˆ ÖµÖãŒŸÖ šü üÿööÿö. ŸµÖÖÓ Öß ÃÖÖ Öß üöæü Öß Ö Ö ú ÖÖ Ö Ö ü ÖÖ Ã¾Öß úö ü»µööãö Ö ÖÖŸÖᯙ ¾Ö êü ÖÖŸÖß»Ö Ö Öê ú ÖÏ Ö Ö üÿöß»ö. ÖÏÖ Öß Ö ³ÖÖ üÿöö ÖÖ ¾Ö úöãö ÆüÖê¾Öæ Ö êü Ö ¾Öî ÖÖ üß ú üâ ü Ö ÃÖÓ Ö Ö ÆüÖê¾Öæ Ö ŸµÖÖÓ Öê ÖÙ Ö ú ¾Ö ÃÖÖ ÖÖ Ö ú ÖÏ Ö ú Öß ÆüÖê¾Öæ Ö ÃÖŸµÖ ¾Ö ÖÏê Ö µöö ¾Ö ÖÖ üö ÖÖ ÛÃ¾Ö úö ü ÖÖêšü Ö ÖÏ ÖÖ ÖÖŸÖ ÆüÖê Ô»Ö ÖÏÖ ÖÖêªÖê Ö ¾ÖÖœæü Ö ÁÖ ÖÖ»ÖÖ ÖÏ ŸÖšüÖ Öôêû»Ö ¾Ö Ö ü ÖÔ ÃÖ ÖÖ Ö ¾µÖ¾Öà ÖÖ Ö ÖÖÔ Ö ÆüÖê Ô»Ö. ÃÖÓ ü³öô : (1) ÖÖê Ö ÖÆüÖŸ ÖÖ ÖÖÓ Öß ÖÖ - ¹ý Ö ÃÖÖ ü Öß - ÖÓ ü ú, Ûà ֟ÖÖ ÖÏ úö Ö Ö Öã Öê (2) ÖÙ Ö ú ¾Ö ÖÖ üöó ÖÖ ŸÖÆüÖÃÖ - ÖÏÖ. üöµö Öê»Ö ú ü, üöò. üöµö Öß - ¾ÖªÖ ²ÖãŒÃÖ Öî Óü ÖÖ²ÖÖ ü (3) ÖÖÓ Öß ¾Ö ÖÖ ü ü ÖÔ Ö - üö Ö úö ü Ö - ²ÖÖôûÖÃÖÖÆêü²Ö ³ÖÖ ü êü, ³ÖÖ ú Ö ÖÖÔ Ö úö üß ÖÆüÖ üöâ Òü ÖÖÓ Öß Ã ÖÖ ü ú Ö Öß Öã Öê (4) ÖÔ²ÖÖê Ö - Ö üöšü¾öö üö ÖÔ ÖÖÃÖ Ö Ö üâö ê ü Öê ¾ÖÖÙÂÖ ú ÃÖÓ ÖÖê Ö Ö ÖÏ úö Ö Ö, ÖÖ ÖÔ ÖÓ ü - 15 Ó ú ú. (5) ÖÙ Ö ú ¾Ö ÖÖ üöó ÖÖ ŸÖÆüÖÃÖ - üöò.²öß. üß. Ó Öôêû, ¹ý ÖÖ ÖÏ úö Ö Ö -»ÖÖŸÖã ü, (6) ÖÔÃÖÓ¾ÖÖ ü - ÖÓ ü 34, Ó ú -2 Öã»Öî-ÃÖ ëü²ö ü Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XI (12) February

10 a E conomics An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 107, Vol - XI (12), February , Page No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No ceneveiej yevelee Yeesheeue SJeb efjekeâeme Ùeespevee (Øee he) 2021 Yeesheeue efjekeâeme Ùeespevee (2021) cew ØemleeefJele DeeJeemeerÙe efjekeâeme nsleg nskeäšsùej Yetefce ØemleeefJele keâer ief&, pees efkeâ Jele&ceeve efjekeâefmele #es$e kesâ Deefleefjòeâ nw~ Fmeer Øekeâej JeeefCeefpÙekeâ 955 nskeäšsùej, DeewÅeesefiekeâ efjekeâeme nskeäšsùej, meeje&peefvekeâ SJeb Deæ&-meeJe&peefvekeâ GheÙeesie kesâ efjekeâeme nsleg nskeäšsùej, meeje&peefvekeâ mesjee SJeb megefjeoeedeew nsleg nskeäšsùej, ÙeeleeÙeele kesâ Debleie&le 196 nskeäšsùej, Deceeso- Øeceeso Yetefce GheÙeesie kesâ Debleie&le ueieyeie 5882 nskeäšsùej Yetefce efjekeâeme Ùeespevee cew ØemleeefJele keâer ief& nw~ Gòeâ ØemleeJe Yeejle mejkeâej Éeje peejer Ùet.[er.heer.Sheâ.DeeF&.ceeie&oefMe&keâe kesâ ØeeJeOeeveeW keâer hetce& he mes hetefle& keâjles nq~ kesâjeue DeewÅeesefiekeâ efjekeâeme nsleg ceeie&oefme&keâe kesâ ceeve mes keâce Yetefce Deejef#ele keâer ief& nw, keäùeewefkeâ Yeesheeue Menj kesâ heeme, cec[eroerhe SJeb heeruetkesì[er DeewÅeesefiekeâ #es$e Deueie mes efjekeâefmele efkeâùee ieùee nw~ hetpee pewve uokcks a] >hyks a vksj,frgkfld Lekjdks a dk 'kgj Hkksiky fodkl dh jkg ij rsth ls py im+k gsa fuekz.k {ks= dh dbz ukeh&fxjkeh daifu;ks a ds ;gka vk tkus ds ckn O;kikj&O;olk; es c<+ksrrjh ns[kh tk jgh gsa 'kgj es a fj;y,lvsv dk dkjksckj yxkrkj QSyrk tk jgk gsa ß,d?kj gks vius liuks a dkþ vke vkneh ds bl [;ky dks lkdkj djus] cspus es a tqvh daifu;ka phtks a dks xgjkbz ls le>dj 'kgj es a nlrd ns jgh gsa edku dh pkgr es a 'kgj dk,slk folrkj gqvk gs fd vc Hkksiky ls yxs vkscsnqyykxat] jk;lsu] lhgksj] csjfl;k rd vkrs&tkrs 'kgj vksj xkao ds chp dh nwjh yxhkx [kre gksrh fn[kkbz nsrh gs- bl 'kgj es a vk jgs cm+ s&cm+ s ekwy 'kgj dh jksud c<+kus okys gsa] ftlls jkstxkj ds voljks a es a c<+ksrjh gks jgh gsa jkt/kkuh ds,d uofufezr 'kkwfiax ekwy es a vke turk dh c<+rh :fp dks m ksxifr;ks a us c[kwch le> fy;k gsa edku dh dherks a es a ;gka Hkh finys,d lky es a gj txg btkqk gqvk gsa blds ckotwn] nwljs 'kgjks a dh rqyuk es a ;gka edku vc Hkh vke vkneh dh igqap es a gsa 20 ls 35 yk[k :- ds chp edku miyc/k gsaa ns'k ds nwljs cm+ s 'kgjks a ds eqdkcys ;g nj vk/kh gsa nwljh rjq Hkksiky dks iq.ks dh rjg,tqds'kuy gc cukus dh ;kstuk ij Hkh dke 'kq: gks x;k gsa Hkksiky es a Ldwy vkwq QS'ku vkfdzvsdv] us'kuy balvhv~;wv vkwq QS'ku VsDuksykWth] ukv~; fo ky; lesr dbz ljdkjh lalfkku vk tkus ls ;gka fofhkuu fo"k;ks a ds ;ksx; ;qokvks a dh Vhe rs;kj gks jgh gsa blds lkfk gh 74 bathfu;fjax] 4 esfvdy] 3 Ms avy] 30 esustes av balvhv~;wv~l ds dkj.k f'k{kk ds {ks= es a Hkksiky dh igpku,tqds'kuy gc ds :i es a cu jgh gs- bafm;u balvhv~;wv vkwq buqkwes Z'ku VsDuksykWth dks Hkh Hkksiky es a tehu nh xbz gsa ;g lalfkku tynh gh dke djuk 'kq: dj nsxka ;gka cu jgk,el Hkh u, lky es a dke djuk 'kq: dj nsxka Hkksiky ds eamhnhi {ks= esa izkwdvj,asm xsacy] Y;wfiu vksj,pbzth tslh cgqjk"vªh; daifu;ka vius dkjksckj dks c<+k jgh gsa] ftuls LFkkuh; yksxks a dks jkstxkj fey jgk gsa gky gh esa izkwdvj,asm xsacy us 800 djksm+ :- dh ykxr ls eamhnhi esa ubz bdkbz 'kq: djus dk QSlyk fd;k gsa nwljh vksj,pbzth IykaV us viuh mriknu {kerk,d yk[k Vu rd igqapk nh gsa xzsqkbv dk bruk mriknu ns'k ds vksj fdlh Hkh IykaV esa ugha gksrka eamhnhi {ks= ls gh gj lky 5]000 djksm+ :- rd ds lkekuksa dk fu;kzr fd;k tk jgk gs vksj 11]000 djksm+ :- dher ds leku dk mriknu gks jgk gsa ;gka vklikl dk bykdk Hkh m ksx O;kikj dh xfrfof/k dk folrkj djus ds vuqdwy gsa Hkksiky vksj vklikl ds bykdksa esa c<+rh O;kolkf;d xfrfof/k;kas vksj ;krk;kr ds ncko dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,s esvªksesu bz- /kju us ;gka esvªks jsy pykus dk izlrko fn;k FkkA jkt; ljdkj Hkh mls eatwjh ns pqdh gsa Hkksiky esa ts,u,u;wvkj,e ;kstuk ds rgr pykbz tk jgh cl lqfo/kk us turk dks dkqh lgwfy;rsa nh gsaa 'kgj dh vk/kqfud yks& yksj clksa ds ifcyd izkbosv ikvzujf'ki ekwmy dks iwjs ns'k esa 'kgjh ifjogu ds {ks= esa lozjs"b ifcyd izkbosv ikvzujf'ki ¼ihihih½ ekwmy pquk x;k gsa ;g,d ek= 'kgj gs tgka vki cm+s rkykc ds fdukjs cls ou fogkj esa 'ksjksa dh ngkm+ lqu ldrs gsa] ogha rkykc ds nwljh rjq,sfrgkfld bekjrksa dks Hkh ns[k ldrs gsaa bldh [kwclwjrh ckwyhoqm dks Hkh 'kgj dh vksj vkdf"kzr dj jgh gsa finys lky fcx ch vksj lsq vyh [kku lesr dbz ukephu dykdkj fqyeksa dh 'kwfvax ds fy;s ;gka vk pqds gsaa funsz'kd izdk'k >k us viuh finyh nks fqyeksa dh 'kwfvax ;gha dh gs vksj 'kgj esa miyc/k yksds'ku vksj twfu;j dykdkjksa dh Hkh rkjhq fny [kksydj dh meneùekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ (DeLe&MeeŒe efjeyeeie), efjeåeemeeiej ØeyebOe mebmleeve, Yeesheeue (ceoùeøeosme) Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XI (12) February

11 a gsa ivdfkk ys[kd :eh tkq+jh Hkh viuh fqye ßxyh xyh pksj gsþ dh 'kwfvax Hkksiky esa finys lky dj pqds gsaa bl 'kgj dh vkcksgok dqn,slh gs fd tks ;gka vk tkrk gs og ;gha dk gksdj jg tkrk gsa ßHkksiky esa fodkl nsj ls 'kq: gqvk] exj finys dqn lkyksa esa tks rjddh gqbz gs og dkfcys rkjhq gsa vc 'kgj gj rjg ls c<+ jgk gs] pkgs f'k{kk dk {ks= gks] LokLF; lsokvksa dh ckr gks ;k fqj vke yksxks a ds fy, ewyhkwr lqfo/kkvks a dh ckra 'kgj dh lm+ds vc egkuxjksa dh lm+dksa dks VDdj ns jgh gsa esvªks Hkh vkus okys odr esa yksxksa dh ftanxh dks vklk cuk,xhaß 'kgj egkuxj dk :i ysrs gq,s Hkh 'kkar vksj i;kzoj.k ds vuqdwy gsa ;kstuk vo/kkj.kk 2021 dh vo/kkj.kk % Hkksiky fodkl ;kstuk 2005 dh vo/kkj.kk es a vkrefuhkzj miuxjksa ds fodkl ds ek/;e ls uxj dh Hkkoh fodkl izfø;k dks izlrkfor fd;k gsa fodkl ;kstuk 2005 esa 7 miuxjksa ds fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk fufgr gsa ftlesa ls 5 miuxj vfkkzr eq[; 'kgj] ch-,p-bz-,y-] ch-,p-,y- ¼lsok uxj½ jkt/kkuh iz{ks=] csjkx<+,oa 2 vu; mi uxj feljksn tks e.mhnhi ds lehi gs,oa usojh tks Nksyk,oa ujflag ekxz ds e/ ; gs- feljksn esa 8 yk[k tula[;k,oa usojh esa 2-5 tula[;k izlrkfor FkhA Hkksiky fodkl ;kstuk 2021 fueukuqlkj vo/kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr gs% ¼1½ ;qfdr;qdr Hkwfe mi;ksx fu/kkzj.k ds vk/kkj ij l?ku fodkla ¼2½ uxj ds e/;,oa ckg~; uxjh; {ks=ksa esa l{ke,oa lqxe ;krk;kr lajpuka ¼3½ uslfxzd lalk/ku,oa uxjh; /kjksgj dk laj{k.ka ¼4½ uxjh; {ks= ds fy,,dhd`r tyiznk;,oa eyogu iz.kkyh dk fodkl] fo'ks"kr%,sls {ks=ksa esa tks orzeku esa izkd`frd :i ls vlac) gsa ¼5½,sfrgkfld egro ds LFky tks jktkhkkst] vqxku,oa eqxydky ds le; es a Lekjdks a@lfkyks a dk laj{k.k,oa mudk j[kj[kkoa ¼6½ fu;kstu,oa fodkl fu;eu ds ek/;e ls?kuh vkcknh okys {ks=ksa ls tula[;k dk fodsunzhdj.k djuk ftlls ;krk;kr lqxe gks,oa iznw"k.k dh lel;k,sa lekir gksaa ¼7½ uxj ds lokzaxh.k fodkl ds mís'; ls izlrkfor nwjxkeh izlrkoksa dks dk;e j[kuka ¼8½ thou iks"kd ewy;ksa dk laj{k.k,oa iqumzi;ksx izfø;k dk lekos'ka ¼9½ lqnwj laosnu iz.kkyh,oa HkkSxksfyd lwpuk iz.kkyh ds fo'ys"k.k ls izkir lahkkouk,a,oa vojks/k dks vk/kkj ekudj] izlrkfor fodkl gsrq Hkwfe dh mi;qdrrk dk fu/kkzj.k dj l{ke fodkl ;kstuk izlrko lqfuf'pr djuka izlrkfor fodkl ;kstuk ¼2021½ % Hkksiky fodkl ;kstuk ¼2021½ es a izlrkfor vkoklh; fodkl gsrq gsdvs;j Hkwfe izlrkfor dh xbz gs tks fd orzeku fodflr {ks= ds vfrfjdr gsa blh izdkj okf.kft;d 955 gsdvs;j] vks ksfxd fodkl gsdvs;j] lkoztfud,oa v/k&lkoztfud mi;ksx ds fodkl gsrq gsdvs;j] lkoztfud lsok,oa lqfo/kk;sa gsrq gsdvs;j] ;krk;kr ds varxzr 196 gsdvs;j] vkeksn izeksn Hkwfe mi;ksx ds varxzr yxhkx 5882 gsdvs;j Hkwfe fodkl ;kstuk esa izlrkfor dh xbz gs mdr izlrko Hkkjr ljdkj Ø- Hkwfe mi;ksx {ks=qy ¼gsDVj esa½ izfr'kr orzeku izlrkfor dqy orzeku izlrkfor dqy 1- vkoklh; okf.kft;d vks ksfxd lkzotfud,oa v/kzlkoztfud 5- lkoztfud lsok,oa lqfo/kk;sa 6- ;krk;kr,oa }kjk tkjh ;w-mh-ih-,q-vkbz- ekxznf'kzdk ds izko/kkuks a dh iw.kz:i ls iwfrz djrs gsaa dsoy vks ksfxd fodkl gsrq ekxznf'kzdk ds eku ls de Hkwfe vkjf{kr dh xbz gs D;ksafd Hkksiky 'kgj ds ikl] e.mhnhi,oa ihyw[ksm+h vks ksfxd {ks= vyx ls fodflr fd;k x;k gsa o"kz 2021 ds fy;s vuqekfur tula[;k 32 yk[k ds fy;s 10 gsdvs;j izfr gtkj O;fDr ds eku ls 32 gtkj gsdvs;j Hkwfe dh vko';drk izfrikfnr dh xbz Fkh] ijurq fodkl ;kstuk esa 'kgjh mi;ksx gsrq dqy gsdvs;j Hkwfe izlrkfor dh xbz gs bldk eq[; dkj.k gs Hkksiky dh HkkSxksfyd flfkfr dks ns[krs gq;s vkeksn&izeksn Hkwfe mi;ksx ds vurxzr gsdvs;j gsdvj Hkwfe izlrkfor dh xbz gs tks fd dqy izlrkfor Hkwfe dk yxhkx izfr'kr Hkwfe gksrh gsa bl izdkj fodkl ;kstuk 2021 izk:i ek= gs bldk iqu% fuekz.k izlrkfor gsa lanhkz % ¼1½ Hkksiky fodkl ;kstuk 2021 ¼izk:i½ lapkyuky; uxj rfkk xzke fuos'k e/;izns'k Hkksiky- ¼2½ bf.m;k VqMs 25 tuojh ¼3½ Hkksiky & bfrgkl] iqjkrro] lald`fr,oa i;zvu] izdk'kd o"kz&2002] vk;qdr iqjkrro vfhkys[kkxkj,oa laxzgky; e-iz-] Hkksiky- ¼4½ Hkksiky fodkl ;kstuk & ¼5½ e/;izns'k &,d HkkSxksfyd v/;;u] MkW- iznhrk dqekj] MkW- Jh jeu 'kekz] izdk'kd e/;izns'k fgunh xzafk vdkneh] HkksikyA ¼6½ uxjh; lekt 'kkl=a ys[kd MkW0 Mh-lh- e/;izns'k fgunh jkt; xzafk vdkneh Hkksiky laldj.k 1989 i`"b Øekad 84- Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XI (12) February ifjogu vkeksn&izeksn tyl=ksr & & & & 9- d`f"k ¼xzkeh.k {ks=½ ou ¼lajf{kr ou½ & & & & dqy {ks=qy dqy 'kgjh {ks=qy izlrkfor Hkwfe mi;ksx ¼2021½