Contents. Preface. Part A Propedeutics of Dealing with the Information Market 1. xiii

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1 Preface xiii Part A Propedeutics of Dealing with the Information Market 1 1 History of Exploring the Information Market Knowledge Workers in the Knowledge Economy Information Economy as Fourth Sector Information Superhighways New Economy Digital Information Services M-Commerce Information Market Today: Digital Online Information and Network Economy Conclusion Bibliography 19 2 Information as Economic Good Economic Goods Information Goods Digital Information on the Information Market The Economic Significance of the Information Market Conclusion Bibliography 31 3 Economic Particularities of Information Goods Market Failure for Information Goods First-Copy-Cost Effect Information Asymmetries Network Effects for Information Goods Information as Public Good Interdependence of Economic Particularities Conclusion Bibliography 69

2 vi Contents Part B Information Society 75 4 Information Sociology Information Society and Knowledge Society Information and Knowledge Infrastructure The Informational City and Glocality The Digital Divide Deviant Information Behavior Information Subcultures: Hackers, Crackers, Crashers Dark Web: Information Behavior of Terrorist Groups Political Science Conclusion Bibliography Information Law Legal Protection of Information Technical Information: Patents and Utility Models Aesthetic-Commercial Information: Registered Design Advertising Information: Trademark Law Works: Copyright Law Creative Commons and Copyleft Legal Protection of Software Person-Related Information: Data Protection Law Content on the Internet: Telemedia Law Adjacent Fields of Law Information Criminal Law International Information Law? Conclusion Bibliography Information Ethics Ethics of a New Culture Professional Behavior Free Access to Knowledge Privacy Intellectual Property Conclusion Bibliography 177

3 vii Part C Digital Information Goods Business, Market and Press Information Digital Information Products for and about Business and the Press Clients on the Market for Business, Market and Press Information Business Information Company Dossiers Credit Information Product Information Addresses Market Data Structural, Market and Industry Data Stock Market Information Time Series News Media Observation: Press Reviews and Media Resonance Analyses Providers Pricing Strategies Conclusion Bibliography Legal Information Legal Documents and Their Demanders Primary Legal Information I: Legal Norms Primary Legal Information II: Cases / Decisions Secondary Legal Information: Expert Annotations and Specialist Literature Tertiary Legal Information: Citations and Other References Providers Pricing Models Conclusion Bibliography STM Information Information in Science, Technology and Medicine The Production Process of STM Information Digital and Print Products Journal Impact Factor STM ebooks Patents and Utility Models Digital Object Identifiers (DOI) 235

4 viii Contents 9.8 Information Services with Bibliographic References to STM Publications STM Facts The STM Market: Publishers, Libraries and Scientists Conclusion Bibliography Search Tools and Content Aggregators Typology of Search Tools and Content Aggregators Online Search Engines Content Aggregators (Hosts) Conclusion Bibliography Web 2.0 Services Social Software File-Sharing Services Social Bookmarking Collaborative Construction of a Knowledge Base Social Networks Conclusion Bibliography Online Music and Internet TV Commercial Music Distribution on the World Wide Web Internet Television Conclusion Bibliography Digital Games Console and PC Games Digital Versions of Traditional Games Gambling Video Games Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (MMORPGs) Social Games Games with a Purpose Conclusion Bibliography Software The Software Market Software Development Globalization and Offshoring 320

5 ix 14.4 Conclusion Bibliography Online Advertising Forms of Advertising on the Internet Banner Advertising Target-Group Specific Online Advertising Advertising in Digital Games Advertising Context-Specific Advertising Viral Marketing Conclusion Bibliography 342 Part D Competitive Strategies of Information Providers Strategic Framework Porter s Model of Industry Structure Analysis Nalebuff s and Brandenburger s Value Net The Value Net s Elements Value Nets for Information Goods Business and Business Field Strategies Competitive Advantages Strategic Variables for Designing Value Nets Conclusion Bibliography Timing of Market Entry Innovators and Imitators Advantages and Disadvantages for First Movers First-Mover Advantages on Information Markets Empirical Proofs for First-Mover Advantages Second-Mover Advantages Conclusion Bibliography Pricing Product and Pricing Policy Forms of Price Differentiation Conclusion Bibliography 420

6 x Contents 19 Managing Compatibility and Standardization Compatibility Standards and Standardization Relevance of Standards Forms of Standards Determining Factors of Standardization Standards on Information Markets Effects of Compatibility Standards Upwards and Downwards Compatibility Strategies of Standardization Options of Proactive Behavior Options of Passive Behavior Opening a Standard as Trade-Off Issue Conclusion Bibliography Complement Management Kinds of Complementary Relationships Starting Points for Creating Indirect Network Effects Strategic Variants of the Complement Range Conclusion Bibliography Copy Protection Management Development of Copyright for Information Goods Digital Rights Management Systems (DRMS) Advantages and Disadvantages of DRMS Copy Protection and Network Effects Media Asset Value Maps Conclusion Bibliography Signaling Market Failure Due to Information Asymmetries Market Communication via Signals Approaches to Reducing Product-Related Quality Insecurities Signals in Strategic Market Communication Conclusion Bibliography Lock-In Management Switching Costs and Lock-In Switching Costs in Information Good Economy From Accidental Lock-In to Planned Lock-In 518

7 xi 23.4 The Lock-In Cycle Conclusion Bibliography 532 Part E The Illegal Information Market: Piracy Possible Causes of Piracy Piracy of Information Goods Consumer Characteristics Sense of Justice and Prices Morals and Social Norms Designing Products and Services Conclusion Bibliography Economic Consequences of Piracy Object of Consideration Consequences of Piracy from a Welfare-Theoretical Perspective Consequences of Piracy from Dynamic Points of View Conclusion Bibliography Strategic Starting Points for Dealing with Piracy Strategic Action in View of Piracy Measures Against Illegal Offers Improving Legal Offers Developing New Business Models Conclusion Bibliography 574 Glossary 577 Index of Names 591 Subject Index 609