Green Product Design Based on Fuzzy Hierarchy Evaluation Yu Tian

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1 4th Iteratoal Coferece o Machery, Materals ad Computg Techology (ICMMCT 2016) Gree Product Desg Based o Fuzzy Herarchy Evaluato Yu Ta Hebe Academy of Fe Arts, Shjazhuag , Cha Keywords: gree product, product desg, lfe cycle assessmet, fuzzy level evaluato Abstract. Evrometal problem has become a major challege for the survval ad developmet of huma socety twety-frst Cetury, ad t has become the cosesus of the commuty that the gree product s cosdered to be the oly way for the sustaable developmet of huma begs. Fuzzy AHP s a effectve method to deal wth the problem of mathematcal model, whch s dffcult to be abstracted as a aalytcal form, or s dffcult to aalyze the complex problem completely. I ths paper, we troduce the basc dea of fuzzy herarchy evaluato method based o the lfe cycle, ad apply t to the desg of gree product. 1. Itroducto For dustral desg, the core of the gree desg s "4R", that s, the Reduce, Reuse, Recycle ad Regeerate. Ths requres dustral desg ot oly to mmze materal cosumpto ad emssos of harmful substaces, but also to make products ad parts easy to recycle ad regeerate. It faces the whole lfe cycle of the product, ad t s a process from the cradle to the reproducto. It emphaszes that the cotrol measures should ot be take utl evrometal mpact of the product happes. Preveto should be adopted at the begg. Research shows that although the total cost of the desg s oly about 1%, but the cotrbuto rate of the desg for evrometal protecto s about 80% to 90%. Therefore, how to use the desg to mprove the evromet performace of the product has become a problem for desgers. Usually, the ma cosderato of tradtoal product desg s about the basc propertes of the product, such as fucto, qualty, lfe, cost, etc., ad rarely takesevrometal attrbutesto accout. The tradtoal desg process show Fgure 1. Tradtoal product desg s a process from the cradle to the grave.oce the desg ad maufacturg actvtes are completed, the product desgers ad techcas are o loger cocered about the problems the product lfe cycle.accordg to the tradtoal desg ad producto of products, whe the product eds ts servce lfe, the recyclg rate s low ad the eergy waste s serous. Fg. 1 The tradtoal desg process Gree desg s oe of the hot spots the dustral desg. It gves hgher requremets to the dustral desg. So t s ecessary ad very challegg to carry o the evaluato of gree products. From the perspectve of dustral desg, a product eeds to make ts socal beefts, ecoomc beefts ad evrometal beefts to acheve a comprehesve coordato the lfe The authors - Publshed by Atlats Press 798

2 cycle. At the same tme, t s beefcal too the evromet, huma's safety ad health. A good teral techology, the appearace of aesthetc ad huma-computer teracto are also mportatt for the product. Wth the pots metoed d above, these kds off products ca be regarded as the real gree products. Ths paper s based o the deas of gree product to desg the evaluato system. Ad accordg to the dea of ths paper, the defto about gree product cludes threee factors: the techcal factor, the evrometal factor, the ergoomc ad the aesthetcs factor. Three-dmesoal coordate system of gree products s bult Fgure F 2. Fg. 2 Three-dmesoall coordate system of gree products The evaluato dex of gree product desg should accordd wth the commo stadard s of dustral desg evaluato as a geeral product, ad the gree attrbute of gree product should be cosderedd the same tme. Of course, there s a cross betwee the two evaluato cotet. Because ths paper studes the dustral desg evaluato systemm of gree product, the evaluato dex system should focus o the factors that affect the dustral desg of gree product, ad also cosder the gree attrbute of gree product.schematcc desg elemets of evaluato dex system for gree product s show Fgure 3. Fg. 3 Schematc desg elemetss of evaluato dex system for gree product 2. The Costructo of Evaluato System for Gree Productt Desg Evaluato of the evrometal performace of gree products p caot focus o oe characterstc or a certa stage, whch requres a comprehes sve developmet of vso ad methods. Therefore, t s ecessary to troduce the lfe cycle assessmet (Lfe Cycle Assessmet, LCA) to the evaluato system of gree products. Accordg to the defto of Iteratoal Stadardzato Orgazato (ISO): product lfe cycle assessmet s a evaluato for system put output the product p lfe cycle ad ts potetal 799

3 evrometal mpact.iso Jue 1997 promulgated the ISO14040 stadard, whch has become the teratoal stadard to gude eterprses to eter the ISO14000 evrometal maagemet. The lfe cycle assessmet ISO14040 s dvded to four steps: goal ad scope defto, vetory aalyss, mpact assessmet ad terpretato. ISO adds to the terpretato of lfe cycle, whch explas the mutual coecto of the frst three steps. Also, the ISO framework s more detaled ad t s more helpful to gude the developmet of lfe cycle assessmet. The LCA coceptual framework ISO14000 s show Fgure 4. Fg.4 The LCA coceptual framework ISO14000 (1) Goal ad scope defto Determg the object ad scope s the frst step of LCA research, whch s the startg pot ad the foothold of the evaluato process. LCA frstly eed to determe the evaluato target, determe the target that s clearly eough to llustrate the evaluato object. The the purpose ad reaso for carryg out the LCA as well as the possble applcato eed to be explaed. It maly cotas that defe the product system, determe the boudary of the product system, ad defe the fucto ut. Ad the accordg to the evaluato objectves, the fucto of the object, the fuctoal ut, the system boudary, the evrometal mpact type ca be defed. These works vary greatly from the study objectve. It does ot have a fxed stadard patter to be appled. But t must reflect the basc drecto of the formato collecto ad aalyss. I addto, the LCA study s a repeated process, accordg to the collected data ad formato, t may modfy the tal set of the scope to meet the research objectves. I some cases, the research object tself may also eed to be ameded as a result of a certa lmtato. (2) Ivetory aalyss The task of vetory aalyss s to collect data, ad provde a varety of put ad output of the product system, as the bass for the ext step. Ivetory aalyss s a objectve ad quattatve process based o data for the eergy, materals, ad evrometal emssos the whole lfe cycle. (3) Impact assessmet I LCA, the mpact assessmet s a quattatve or qualtatve descrpto of the mpact of evrometal loads detfed the lst aalyss. Impact assessmet s the thrd stage of LCA, ad t s the core part of LCA whch s the key step the mplemetato. It evaluates the potetal evrometal mpact of the materal by usg the mpact type assocated wth the lst of results. (4) Iterpretato The purpose of the lfe cycle terpretato s to aalyze the results a trasparet way. The terpretato eeds to expla the lmtatos, report the results of the lfe cycle terpretato, ad provde a complete descrpto of the results of the LCA study as far as possble. I the dustral desg evaluato of gree products, products s regarded as the referece object, ad a reasoable evaluato dex system s establshed. By usg the correct evaluato method, the comprehesve evaluato score of the product s obtaed, ad the basc requremets of the product are determed. Accordg to the results, t ca be helpful to mprove the desg ad 800

4 producto. The comprehesve evaluato of the dustral desg for gree product s a comprehesve thkg model. I ths paper, a comprehesve evaluato system for gree product desg based o LCA s proposed. Fgure 5 shows the comprehesve evaluato system for gree product desg based o LCA. Fg.5 Comprehesve evaluato system for gree product desg based o LCA 3. Weghts Calculato of the Fuzzy Herarchy Evaluato The lfe cycle cludes the acqusto of raw materals, maufacturg, usg ad dsposal of waste recyclg. The desg ad maufacturg process of gree product s very complex. May factors have effects o the degree of gree, ad the effects are dfferet each stage of lfe cycle. Usg fuzzy mathematcs prcple to establsh the membershp fucto for quattatve evaluato, the fluece of some factors ca be quatfed, such as the cost of producto, resource utlzato, evrometal stadards, etc. The fluece of some factors s qualtatve. It must be supplemeted 801

5 by qualtatve judgmets, such as huma-computer teracto ad aesthetc. These factors are dffcult to be aalyzed by the tradtoal quattatve method, whch requres the troducto of lgustc varables to descrbe ad solve the problems. Ad the, the fuzzy formato s made by usg the method of fuzzy mathematcs. I short, the evaluato of gree products ca ot oly be decded by oe kd of dex. Comprehesve evaluato of mult dex should be used. Fuzzy herarchy evaluato method s a effectve method to deal wth the problem of mathematcal model, whch s dffcult to be abstracted as a aalytcal form, or t s dffcult to aalyze the complex problem completely. It provdes a powerful support for the mult crtera decso makg problem practcal applcato. Determg the weghts of the evaluato dexes s a mportat step the fuzzy aalytc herarchy process. The determato process cludes: the establshmet of weght judgmet matrx, weght calculato ad cosstecy check.fgure 6 s the weght determato process chart. Fg.6 weght determato process 3.1 Structure Weght Judgmet Matrx I the evaluato model, oe factor s decomposed to several related factors, whch have dfferet mpacts o the upper factor. These factors are called weght vector. Fuzzy aalytc herarchy process compares the relatve mportace of the factors ad gves the judgmets. These judgmets are represeted by the troducto of approprate scale values, whch costtute a judgmet matrx. The so-called judgmet matrx s a matrx whch s used to express the relatve mportace of each elemet each level. The establshmet of judgmet matrx s a very mportat step the fuzzy aalytc herarchy process. Accordg to the upper elemets U, B 1, B 2,,B are the lower elemets assocated wth the U.To aalyze the relatve mportace of each elemet the B layer to, a matrx ca be establshed as follows. 802

6 Table 1 the matrx U B 1 B 2 B B 1 b 11 b 12 b 1 B 2 b 21 b 22 b 2 B b 1 b 2 b I order to make the judgmet quattatve, 1 to 9 proportoal scale method, whch s proposed by Saaty, s geerally cted.values of the relatve mportace of B j to B k are measured by 1, 3, 5, 7, 4, 6, 8, ad ther recprocal. Table 2 shows the 1 to 9 proportoal scale method. Table 2 1 to 9 proportoal scale method Dgtal scale Comparso betwee B j ad B k Meag 1 B j ad B k are equally mportat B j =B k 3 B j s slghtly mportat B j =3B k 5 B j s more mportat B j =5B k 7 B j s sgfcatly mportat B j =7B k 9 B j s absolutely mportat B j =9B k 2,4,6,8 The mportace of B j ad B k the betwee the descrpto The recprocal B j s less mportat tha B k 3.2 Weght Calculato Accordg to the judgmet matrx, the egevectors of the judgmet matrx are calculated.the through the ormalzed processg, the egevectors ca satsfy the equato 1 W 1, the the weght calculato ca be obtaed. The method of calculatg the egevectors s show as follows: (1) Calculate the product of each le the matrx, M bj,, j 1,2,..., (1) j1 b j the formula s the elemet of the Row, colum j. (2) Calculate the N root mea square of M, W M, 1,2,..., (2) (3) Use ormalzed processg to obta the egevalues W W, 1,2,..., W 1 2 T W W, W,..., W s the egevector ad B ( 1,2,..., ) s the weght. N 1 (4) Calculate the maxmum egevalue 1 ( BW ) max (4) 1 W Where B s the judgmet matrx ad W s the weght vector. 3.3 Cosstecy Check of Judgmet Matrx The cosstecy test of judgmet matrx s the fault tolerace ad error aalyss. It meas that the judgmet matrx, the mportace of the elemets of the matrx s cosstet, caot appear cotradctory. Because of the complexty of the objectve thgs ad people's uderstadg of the dversty, the establshmet of the judgmet matrx may ot show the full cosstecy. It s ot possble to determe the value of b j, oly to estmate t.if there s a error the estmate, t s boud to lead to a devato of the egevalues.ths requres the cosstecy check of the judgmet matrx, ad wth the cosstecy check of the judgmet matrx, the coflct ca be avoded.i fact, the costructo of judgmet matrx, t does ot requre a complete cosstecy. It meas that the (3) 803

7 equato b b b, (, j, k 1,2,..., ) does ot eed to be satsfed. Ths s determed by the j jk k complexty of the objectve thgs ad the dversty of people's uderstadg.however, t s ecessary to judge a geeral cosstecy.therefore, after fdg out max, t s ecessary to carry out the cosstecy check, whch s the guaratee codto for the cocluso. The procedure of cosstecy check s show as follows. (1) Calculate cosstecy dex CI Accordg to matrx theory, the matrx of order, the largest egevalue s sgle ad the largest egevalue s bgger tha. If the equato bj bjk bk, (, j, k 1,2,..., ) s set up, the judgmet matrx B has complete cosstecy. At ths momet, max, CI 0 ad other roots of the matrx are 0. I geeral, max s sgle ad CI 0. Whe the judgmet matrx s ot completely cosstet, the characterstc root wll also chage.we ca judge the cosstecy of the matrx accordg to the chage of characterstc root.i the aalytc herarchy process, we troduce the cosstecy dex of the judgmet matrx for judgmet, ad the cosstecy dex s CI. max CI (5) 1 Where s the umber of judgmet matrxes; max s the maxmum egevalue. The bgger the CI value s, the greater the degree of devato from the judgmet matrx may be. The smaller the CI value s, the better cosstecy of the judgmet matrx s gotte. Whe the judgmet matrx has a satsfactory cosstecy, max s slghtly bgger tha ad the other roots are close to 0. At ths pot, the weght vector from the characterstc root method ca well meet the requremets.ths s the bass of the cosstecy dex CI. (2) Determe the average radom cosstecy dex RI For dfferet levels of the judgmet matrx, the cosstecy error from people s judgmet s dfferet ad the CI value s also dfferet.geerally, whe the order gets bgger, the umber of elemets whch are eeded comparso gets bgger too. Because of the decrease of people's thkg ablty, the possblty of the cosstecy of judgmet crease, ad the value of CI becomes hgher.o the cotrary, the smaller the order umber s, the less lkely t s to cause the devato. I order to measure the cosstecy of dfferet order to determe whether the matrx s satsfed, the average radom cosstecy dex of the judgmet matrx s troduced. RI s a coeffcet ad t s calculated from 500 sample matrxes dfferet orders. The RI values dfferet orders are show Table 3. Table 3 RI values dfferet orders Order RI (3) Calculate the cosstecy rato For oe order ad two order matrx, the judgmet matrx s completely cosstet, ad t s ot ecessary to calculate the cosstecy dex. Whe 3, t eeds to calculate the rato of CI ad RI. CI CR (6) RI Whe CR<0.1, t s cosdered that the judgmet matrx has cosstecy. Otherwse, the matrx eeds to be modfed utl the CR s less tha Summary Gree product desg s maly egaged the product lfecycle desg a broad sese, from demad for product, product desg ad maufacture to product sales, use, abado ad recovery. The fluece of every stage the product lfecycle o huma begs ad evromet s cosdered equally. Wth the creasg deterorato of the global evromet, people pay more 804

8 ad more atteto to the study of evrometal ssues. Gree products ad gree desg has become a hot research topc. There are few researches o how to evaluate the dustral desg of gree product. From the curret research of gree product evaluato, the research results are almost about egeerg techology, few people stad the perspectve of dustral desg to carry out comprehesve evaluato of gree products. Ths paper s based o ths kd of backgroud ad have a meagful attempt. Refereces [1]. WeuleH,LfeCycleAalyss-astrategc elemetforfutureproductsad Maufacturg techologes.aalsofthecirp,1993,42(l): [2].Hu-KaWogadPaulD.Ells.Is MarketOretato Affected bythe ProductLfe Cycle, JouralofworldBusess,2007,3, 27 [3]. Fraser,Jule.Productoad Product Lfe Cycle.MaufacturgBusessTechology,2005,23(3):3 [4].BradeR.Alleby.ItegratgEvrometad Techology:DesgforEvromet.TheGreegofIdustralEcosystems,1994: ,Washgto,DC:Natoal Academy Press [5]. Krl D. Peev ad Ad. J. dero. Developmet of dsassembly le for refrgerator, Idustral Egeerg, 1994, Vol , p50-53 [6]. E. Zussma, A. krwet, G. Selger, Dsassembly-oreted Assessmet Methodology to Support Desg for Support Desg for Recyclg, Aals of the CIRP, Vol. 43-1, p9-14. [7]. Davd R. Wallace, Nam P. suh, Iformato-based Desg for Evrometal Problem Solovg, Aals of the CIRP, Vol. 42-1, p