Economics of Snail Marketing: Implications for Extension Service Delivery in Delta State, Nigeria

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1 Experimental Agriculture & Horticulture Submitted on August 13th, 2012 Article ID: Ebewore Solomon Okeoghene and Achoja Felix Odemero Economics of Snail Marketing: Implications for Extension Service Delivery in Delta State, Nigeria Ebewore Solomon Okeoghene 1 and Achoja Felix Odemero 1* 1 Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Nigeria *Correspondence: Achoja Felix Odemero, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Nigeria. Tel: ; E mail: lixmero40@yahoo.com Abstract The study investigates the economics of snail marketing in Delta State, Nigeria. A multi stage random sampling procedure was used to select one hundred and twenty respondents from the study area. A well structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, gross margin and a multiple regression analysis. Results showed that 30.8% of the respondents were aged between years and all. Marketing of snail in Delta State is predominantly female activity. About 70.8% of them financed their snail marketing through personal savings. The predominant channel of distribution for snail was from gatherer / hunters to retailers and then consumers. Snail marketing was found to be profitable with the marketers making a gross margin of NI 64, 990. The rate of return on investment in snail marketing was about N60 for every N100 invested. The major constraint faced by the marketers was lack of finance. The regression results showed that marketing experience, quantity traded, educational level and transport were statistically significant and explained about 81% of the total variation in the profit made by the snail marketers. It was recommended among others, for snail marketers to form stronger co-operative societies so as to expand their scope of marketing. Keywords: Economics; Snail Marketing; Extension Service 1. Introduction The marketing of micro livestock is becoming popular due to the need to bridge the gap between protein requirement and actual protein consumed by the people (Ajibefun, 2000). Snail is one of such micro livestock that has recently attracted attention among farmers in Nigeria (Adesope, 2000; Akinnusi, 2000). According to Aboua (1995), Archachatina marginata meat contains 1.41% calcium while the shell contains 0.53% calcium and is a good source of magnesium and potassium. The consumption of snail meat by rural communities is governed more by culture than by social status (Ebenso, 2003). Snail meat is high in protein (37-51%) compared to that of guinea pig (20.3%), poultry (18.3%), fish (18%), cattle 17.5%), sheep (16.4%), and swine (14.5%) ( 2008). Bender (1992) reported that the amino acids in the protein of snail would complement the sources of protein by making good their relevant deficiency of lysine. Many species of edible land snails exist but the popular species of economic importance are the West African giant snails: Archachatina marginata, Achatina fulica and Achatina achatina. Snail meat popularly known as Congo meat is consumed in Nigeria and many countries in the world. They are used as food and source of income in Nigeria.Edible land snails are abundant during the wet season, when they are easily gathered at night and before dawn. These snails are now being ~ 1 ~

2 ISSNs: ; X Academic Research Centre of Canada domesticated (Ebenso 2002; Ebenso and Okafor 2002; Ebenso 2003) and production is on commercial scale in Nigeria. Heliciculture, which is the rearing of snail, is a branch of agriculture known since Roman times. In the ancient world snails were called cochlea, like the Latin word for a kind of spoon, which is what their shells were used for. Snails are invertebrates and hermaphrodites which belong to the phylum Mollusca. Snails are the largest group of molluscs constituting the largest animal group after arthropods (Yoloye, 1984). According to Murphy (2001), snails have been and are still a much sought after food and come to the table as a gastronomous delight. Snail marketing is gradually becoming popular, especially since the advent of snail domestication in this part of the world. Several intervention efforts have been made to develop the snail sub-sector of the Nigerian economy, yet the sector is still lagging behind compared to other livestock. Marketing of snail must be the missing variable in the intervention programme.this is because, according to Achoja (2005), marketing stimulates production and consumption in an economic system. Factors that underpin the performance of snail marketers have not been critically investigated. Such factors could serve useful purpose in packaging a development programme through extension services for the snail sub-sector. It is also necessary to investigate the marketing channel through which snails are marketed. Besides, there is a growing demand for snail locally and internationally (Imevbore and Ademosun 1993). Its marketing could serve as a source of income to the marketers. Investigating the cost and returns in snail marketing is therefore warranted. Information on the returns to management in the marketing of snail could serve as business incentive to potential snail marketers in the study area. After all, profit is the payment for entrepreneurship. Economics of snail marketing could be associated with some variables. These variables could have separate assumptions with respect to profit level in snail marketing. Hence there is the need to investigate factors that significantly influence return to management and profitability in snail marketing in the study area. There is an assumption that small scale snail marketing has the capacity to grow, thus empowering the marketers economically.yet the growth in the marketing of snail may be constrained by several problems. These constraints may significantly correlate with the success or failure (performance) in snail marketing in the study area. There is therefore the need to examine the constraints affecting snail marketing with a view to proffering solutions through extension services in Delta State, Nigeria. The broad objective of this study is to critically investigate the return to management in snail marketing in Delta State. The specific objectives are to: i. Examine the socioeconomic characteristics of snail marketers in the study area. ii. Investigate the marketing channel of snail marketing in the study area. iii. Analyze the returns to management in snail marketing in the study area. iv. Estimate the respondent's perception of the determinants of returns to management in the snail marketing in the study area. v. Identity the constraints to the marketing of snail in the study area. The study seeks to test the following hypotheses in its null form; Ho 1 : Some selected variables in snail marketing do not have any significant effect on returns to management in snail marketing. Ho 2 : Snail marketing is not profitable. The study will be of considerable economic importance because the snail sub-sector has much to offer as source of income, employment and self sufficiency in animal protein supply, to the people ~ 2 ~

3 Experimental Agriculture & Horticulture Vol. 2, Issue 1, 2013 of Delta State of Nigeria. But little or nothing has been done to determine profitability in this enterprise in Delta state, before now. This has assumed a unique research gap that ought to be critically investigated. It is believed that the study will provide an analytical framework for those currently engaged in the marketing of snail, to determine the actual level of their profitability and performance. Finally, it is hoped that the findings of this study will be of assistance to researchers who will identify other areas for further studies and a guide for policy makers. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 The Study Area This study was conducted in Delta State, Nigeria. Delta State lies between latitude 5 and 6 30 North and longitude 5 and 6 45 East. The state has an annual rainfall of about 2667mm in the coastal areas and 1905mm in the northern areas. The rainfall is heaviest in July with a short break in August. The state has an average temperature range of about 390c to 440c. Its natural vegetation can be demarcated into rainforest, freshwater forest and mangrove swamp forest. This makes Delta state an agriculturally advantaged state. The state has a total population of about 4,098,391 people according to National population census (2006). It comprises of twenty-five Local Government Areas demarcated into three agro-ecological zones, namely: Delta North, Delta Central, and Delta South agro-ecological zones. The major economic activity of the people is farming. The crops grown include tree crops such as rubber, oil palm; tuber crops such as cassava, yam, cocoyam; cereals such as maize and swamp rice; and assorted vegetable. The livestock commonly reared include pig, sheep, goat, poultry, fish and micro livestock such as snail, rabbit and grass cutter. 2.2 Sampling Procedure and Sample Size To avoid selectivity bias, a chance mechanism was employed to select the sampled snail marketers for the study. The sample for the study was obtained using multi-stage random sampling technique. It was considered appropriate because with this technique, every snail marketers in the study area had equal chance of being selected for the study. The multi-stage sampling method implies that a representative unit (the sample) is composed in a stepwise manner or stages. The procedure for multi-stage sampling procedure that was adopted in the study was as follows: Stage 1: Selection of L.G.As: Two L.G.As were randomly selected from the list of the L.G.As in each of the three agro-ecological zones. This gave a total of six L.G.As out of the twenty- five L.G.As. This gave 24% of the total L.G.As that was captured in the study. Stage 2: Selection of Markets: In each of the six selected L.G.As, two markets were selected giving a total of twelve markets. Stage 3: Selection of Respondents: Ten respondents were randomly selected from each of the twelve markets. This gave a total of one hundred and twenty respondents that were selected and used for studied. 2.3 Method of Data Collection Primary data were collected from snail marketers, through structured questionnaire/interview schedule. Data collected were on socio-economic characteristics of snail marketers, marketing channel of snail, costs incurred on and returns accrued to snail marketing, respondents perception of the determinants of profitability and the constraints to the marketing of snail in the study area. For effectiveness of data collection, two interpreters were employed for those who could not speak English. The data were collected for a period of three months. ~ 3 ~

4 ISSNs: ; X Academic Research Centre of Canada 2.4 Method of Data Analysis The analysis of data was based on the specific objectives actualized in the study. Appropriate statistical tools (descriptive statistics, inferential statistics and conventional profit function) were adopted in data analysis. Objective iii was achieved using: Cost Equation Where TC = Total cost TVC = Total variable cost TFC = Total fixed cost TC = TVC + TFC (1) = P i X i + TFC (2) P i = Unit price of the ith input used X i = Quantity of the ith input used Revenue Equation Where TR = Total revenue P = Unit price of snail Q = Quantity of snail traded Gross Margin Equation Where GM = Gross margin FR = Total revenue TVC = Total variable cost Net Return on Investment Where TR = Total revenue TC = Total cost (investment) TR = P Q (3) GM = TR TVC (4) ROI = TR TC (5) ~ 4 ~

5 Experimental Agriculture & Horticulture Vol. 2, Issue 1, 2013 Rate of Return on Investment Test of Hypotheses RRI = TotalRevenue TotalCost (6) The inferential statistics which were used to test the stated hypothesis were: Ho 1 : Some selected variables in snail marketing do not have any significant effect on profit of snail marketers. Multiple regression analysis used was implicitly stated as; Where Y = f(x 1, X 2, X 3, X 4, X 5, X 6, +e) (7) Y = Profit made by snail marketers (N) X 1 = Level of education (years) X 2 = Years of experience X 3 = Cost of equipment (N) X 4 = Quantity traded (kg) X 5 = Transportation cost (N) X 6 = Age (years) e = Error term The model was specified explicitly in linear functions as follows: Where: Ho 2 : Y = b 0 + b 1 X 1 + b 2 X 2 + b 3 X 3 + b 4 X 4 + b 5 X 5 + b 6 X 6 + e (8) X 1, X 2, X 3 X 4, X 5 and X 6 are as defined earlier. Snail marketing is not profitable That is to say, the difference between total revenue (TR) and total cost (TC) is not significant. The Z-statistics was used to test the hypothesis of significant difference in the mean total revenue and total cost. The Z-statistics was calculated using this formula. Z = X 1 X 2 S 1 2 n + S n 2 (9) Where: X 1 = Mean of total revenue X 2 = Mean of total cost 2 S 1 2 S 2 = Variance of total revenue = Variance of total cost n 1 &n 2 = number of respondents ~ 5 ~

6 ISSNs: ; X Academic Research Centre of Canada 3. Results and Discussions 3.1 Socio Economic Characteristics of Snail Marketers Socio-economic factors play key roles in shaping the level of agricultural production, productivity and agribusiness. The socio economic characteristics of the respondent considered include age, marital status, educational level, gender and marketing experience. Gender Age (years) Marital status Educational level Marketing experience (years) Source of capital Source: field survey, 2010 Table 1. Socio-economic characteristics of respondents Variables Frequency (n = 120) Percentage (100) Gender Distribution of Respondents Male 0 0 Female Never married Married Divorced Widowed No formal education 0 0 Primary Secondary Higher / Tertiary Personal savings Friends and relatives Money lenders Co-operative society The gender distribution of the respondents is presented in table 1. The results revealed that all the snail marketers (100%) were females. This indicates that snail marketing is essentially an activity carried out by the women folk. This makes it necessary to recognize the role of women in snail marketing because they now assume major responsibilities. Any development program designed for snail marketers should be channeled through women groups. ~ 6 ~

7 Experimental Agriculture & Horticulture Vol. 2, Issue 1, Age Distribution of Snail Marketers Table 1 also shows that majority of the respondents (3 0.8%) were between the age range of the years. This implies that people who market snail were within the ages defined by FAO (1994) as economically productive age group in a population Marital Status of Snail Marketers Also, 75% of the marketers were married. This indicates that married people were more involved in snail marketing in the study area probably to increase household income. This is in line with findings by Yusuf (2002) Educational Attainment The study also shows that all the respondents (100%) had one form of formal education or the other Marketing Experience of Snail Marketers It was also found that majority of the snail marketers had (83.3%) above 5 years marketing experience. Just as the old adage will say, experience is the best teacher. The number of years in the business of snail traders enables them to know the best ways to make profit avoid losses and the little secrets of the business Sources of Capital of Snail Marketers It is obvious that most of the respondents (70.8%) use their personal savings as their source of capital, Yusuf (2003) in the study on factors affecting supply of locally produced rice identified credit as a problem in marketing. It was also found that snail is readily available during rainy season and return is highest during dry season. This is in line with the fact that snails undergo aestivation during dry season, making them unavailable to snail gatherers, and thus increase in price as a result of scarcity. 3.2 Snail Marketing Channel The result of snail marketing channel is presented in table 2 Table 2 revealed that 60% of the marketers bought snail from gatherers, 68.30% of the marketers belong to the category of retailer, while majority of the snails were sold to consumers (70.8%).Thus the common channel involves gatherers/hunters, retailers and consumers. This was in line with the findings of Eze et al. (2006). Thus, the snail marketing channel in the study area can be illustrated as, by the flow chart in figure 1. Gatherer/hunter Retailer Consumers Figure 1 Flow chart showing snail marketing channel in Delta State, Nigeria ~ 7 ~

8 ISSNs: ; X Academic Research Centre of Canada Table 2. Snail marketing channel Variables Frequency (n = 120) Percentage (100%) Category of marketers Producer / hunter Assemblers Wholesalers Retailers Who do you buy snail from? Producers Assemblers Wholesalers Retailers Who do you sell snail to? Wholesalers Retailers Consumer Source: Field Survey, Costs and Returns in Snail Marketing Summary of cost and return in snail marketing is presented in table 3. The various cost incurred and the revenue obtained from sales were estimated based on the prevailing market price as at the period of survey. From the results, the average purchase price of snail for 1kg was N476.46k while the selling price was N815.06k. The gross margin was estimated at N164, 990 for kg, while the profit per kg was N287.94kg. The net return on investment in snail marketing was about N60. This shows that, the rate of return on investment was N60 for every Nl00 invested in snail marketing. This finding was similar to the earlier report of Okeke-Agulu et al. (2010), who reported rate of return on investment of N186 for every N100 invested in snail production. The implication of this was that, snail production was more profitable than snail marketing. This shows that snail marketing in the study area was a profitable business. This level of snail profitability can in actual fact be higher with more efficient management and better marketing system. Moreover, the relatively lower input cost can make the enterprise an all corners affair since the resource poor members of the society can embark on this activity to complement their income. Rate of Return on Investment (RRI) = TotalRevenue TotalCost , = 59.73% Table 3. Average costs and returns in snail marketing Items Mean (N) Percentage of Total Revenue Total cost (TVC) 276, Total revenue (TR) 441,210 Gross margin (GM) 164, Source: Field survey, 2010 ~ 8 ~

9 Experimental Agriculture & Horticulture Vol. 2, Issue 1, Snail Marketer s Perception of the Determinants of Profitability in Snail Marketing Table 4 shows that the respondents perceived quantity traded (X = 4.89), marketing experience (X = 4.87), dry season (X = 4.74) and market price of snail (X = 3.94) as the major determinants of profitability. Rahman et al. (2003) indicate that length of time in agribusiness can be linked to age and experience which may explain the tendency to adopt innovations. Also, snails aestivate during dry season, making them unavailable, thus increase in price and more profit. Table 4. Distribution of Respondents perception of the determinants of profitability Variables Std. deviation Mean/percentage Rank of mean Quantity traded (97.8) 1 st Marketing experience (97.4) 2 nd Dry season (94.8) 3 rd Market price of snail (78.8) 4 th Age (46.4) 5 th Educational level (40.6) 6 th Cost of equipment (34.4) 7 th Likert scale: 1 = strongly disagree, 2 =disagree, 3 = undecided, 4 = agree, 5 strongly agree 3.5 Constraints to the Marketing of Snail Snail marketing is the study area was hindered by several factors including; lack of finance, numerous sellers, road network / transport, perishability and lack of market information. The findings of the study shows that lack of finance was the only serious problem (X=3.71) of snail marketing. Other constraints were considered as not serious (see Table 5). Table 5. Distribution of Constraints to the marketing of snail Constraint Mean score Percentage Rank Lack of finance st * Perishability nd Price fluctuation rd Lack of market Information th Numerous sellers th Road network / transport th Source: field survey, 2010 * = serious problem. Likert Scale: 1= not very serious; 2= not serious; 3 undecided; 4 serious; 5 very serious. ~ 9 ~

10 ISSNs: ; X Academic Research Centre of Canada 3.6 Test of Hypothesis One Ho 1 : The selected variables do not have any significant effect on the profitability in snail marketing In this study, two regression analysis (linear and semi log) were used to analyze the effect of some selected variables as it influence profit of snail marketers. The linear functional form in the regression analysis gave more statistically significant coefficients and higher magnitudes of R square and F value, and was chosen as the lead equation. In the estimated regression model attempt was made to identify which of the coefficients of the selected variables provide a statistically significant contribution to the specified model. The significance of the parameter estimate of the model was evaluated by means oft-test at 1% and 5% levels of significance. Four of the six parameter included in the model were significant. This parameter relates to educational level (X 1 ), marketing experience (X 2 ), quantity traded (X 4 ), and transportation cost (X 5 ). The R 2 is the coefficient of multiple determinations which measures the extent to which the variation in the dependent variable is explained by the regressors. The F value measures the goodness of fit of the model. The R 2 of the estimated model shows that about 81% of the total variation in the profit made by the snail marketers was explained by the explanatory variables, while the remaining 19% unexplained was due to the variables not included in the model which was the error term. Since only marketing experience, quantity traded, transportation and educational level was significant, it therefore means that only these four variables contributed to 81% variation of the dependent variable Educational Level (X 1 ) This had a positive relationship with the profit of snail marketers. This indicated that the level of education to a large extent had a great influence on profit. This is in line with the findings of Ogunniyi (2009) in snail production Marketing Experience (X 2 ) The marketing experience is expected to bear a positive relationship with profit of snail marketers. The result showed that marketing experience had a positive relationship and was statistically significant. This implies that marketers with more years of experience tend to earn more profit in snail marketing than marketers with less years of experience. Also, profit made by snail marketers will increase as the marketers experience in snail marketing increases. This corroborates the finding of Ogunniyi (2009), who reported that experience was a significant factor in snail production. Just as the old adage will say, experience is the best teacher. The number of years in the business of the trader enables him/her to know the best ways to make profit and the little secrets of the business Cost of Equipment (X 3 ) The result revealed that cost of equipment had a positive relationship with profit made by snail marketers, the fact that cost of equipment used was not statistically significant in the model, may suggest that equipment used in snail marketing was not capital intensive Quantity Traded (X 4 ) This had a positive relationship with profit of snail marketers and was statistically significant at 1% level of significance. This is in conformity with a priori expectation that profit would increase as the quantity of snail increases. This is to say, the more the quantity of snail traded, the more the profit Transportation Cost (X 5 ) ~ 10 ~

11 Experimental Agriculture & Horticulture Vol. 2, Issue 1, 2013 This had a negative relationship with the profit of snail marketers and was significant. This implies that, as transportation cost increases, profit of snail marketers will decrease and vise versa. Any government policy that can reduce the transportation cost per kilometer will lead to growth in the profitability in snail marketing in Delta State, Nigeria Age (X 6 ) This had a negative coefficient and shows that age had an inverse relationship with the profit of snail marketers. It was also not significant. At this junction, the null hypothesis which stated that selected variables did not have any significant effect on profit of snail marketers was rejected and the alternative hypothesis accepted. This implies that profitability in snail marketing involves combined effects of multi-variate factors that are captured in the model as presented in table 6. Extension advice on snail marketing must embrace the relevant variables. Table 6. Summary of regression result Variables Coefficient(B) Std. error t-stat p-value(sig.) Constant Educational level * Marketing experience * Cost of equipment ** Quantity traded * Transportation cost * Age ** Source: Field survey, 2010 R R square Adjusted R Standard error estimate F-value P-Value **Not significant.. (P >0.05) *Significant... (P <0.05) 3.7 Test of Hypothesis Two H 02 : Snail marketing is not profitable This was tested using Z-test. The result in table 7 shows that the difference between total revenue (TR) and total cost (TC) (net profit) was significant at 1% level of significance with a Z- value of 7.01 which had a P-value (0.000) that was less than As a result of this, the hypothesis which postulated that there was no significant difference between total revenue and total cost was rejected ~ 11 ~

12 ISSNs: ; X Academic Research Centre of Canada and the alternative hypothesis was accepted. The conclusion was that snail marketing was profitable in the study area. Table 7. Z-test showing the differences of mean between total cost and total revenue Mean (N) Std. Deviation df Z cal Sig. TR TC Conclusion/Recommendations Snail marketing is a seasonal and profitable economic venture if efficiently managed. Snail marketing can be with other agricultural product on a part-time basis. It is capital intensive and not labour intensive. Profit made in snail marketing is influenced by a combination of factors such as dry season, years of experience and quantity traded. The major problem confronting the marketer was lack of finance. Snail marketing can be improved if extension officers step up their contracts with snail marketers. Snail marketers required more marketing information that can improve their profitability in snail marketing. In order to improve the profitability of snail marketing, the following recommendations are made: 1. Snail marketers should have access to credit facilities from lending institutions in order to expand and improve their scale of operation. 2. Snail marketers are encouraged to form co-operative societies so as to expand their scope of marketing. 3. There is need for Delta State Agricultural Development Programme to embark on proactive extension exercise considering the fact that majority of the snail marketers are illiterate. Literacy is a noble attribute for learning and adoption of innovations. References [1] Abou, F. (1995), Proximate analysis and material contents of two giant African snails consumed in Ivory Coast. Tropical science (England), 35, [2] Achoja, F.O. (2005). Marketing of Agricultural products in Delta State. A Technical paper Delivered to Local Government Superintendents/ officers, Asaba, Delta State. (Unpublished) [3] Adesope, O. M. (2000). Attitude of Household in Niger Delta zone towards snail meat consumption. In S. N. Ukachukwu, et al. (Eds.). Animal production in the new millennium: Challenges and option. Zaria: NSAP secretariat. [4] Ajibefun, I. A. (2000). Economic Analysis of Contribution of Livestock Production to Household income in Ondo State, Nigeria (pp ). Proceedings of 27 th Annual Conference of Nigeria. [5] Akinnusi, O. (1998). Introduction to snail and snail farming (pp. 6-8). Omage science Publisher, Lagos, Nigeria [6] Bender, A. (1992). Meat and Meat products in Human Nutrition in Developing Countries, FAO Food and Nutrition (P.53). Rome: FAO (1992). [7] Ebenso, I. E. (2003). Molluscicidal effects of neem extract on edible tropical land snail. Pest management science (England). ~ 12 ~

13 Experimental Agriculture & Horticulture Vol. 2, Issue 1, 2013 [8] Ebenso, I. E. (2003). Nutritive potentials of white snail in Nigeria. Discovery and innovation (Kenya). [9] Ebenso, I. E., & Okafor, N. M. (2002). Alternative diets for growing Archachatina marginata snails in south-eastern Nigeria. Tropical science (England), 42(3), [10] Eze, C. C., Ohajianya, D. O., & Oguoma, N. N. O. (2006). Analysis of Land snail Marketing in Owerri Agricultural Zone of Imo State, Nigeria. Animal production Research Advances 2(2), [11] Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) (1994). World Development Report. Rome. [12] Imevbore, E. A., & Ademosun, A. A. (1993). The nutritive value of the African giant Land snail. Journal of animal production research, 8(2), [13] Murphy, B. (2001). Breeding and growing snails commercially in Australia. Rural Industries research and development cooperation. [14] Oguniyi, L. T. (2009). Economic Analysis of snail production in Ibadan, Oyo State. International Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2(1), [15] Okeke-Agulu, K. I., Mailumo, S. S., & Adepoju, S. O. (2010). Agribusiness Entrepreneurship in Nigeria: The case of snail farming in Ngor Okpala LGA, Imo State, Nigeria. Proceedings of the 24 th Annual National Conference of Farm Management Association of Nigeria. [16] Rahman, S. A., & Mali, J. N. (2003). Price responsiveness of maize and rice farmers in Nigeria. The Nigeria Journal of Scientific research, 4(1), [17] Yoloye, V. L. (1984). Molluscs for Mankind. Inaugural Lecture. IIorin, Nigeria University of IIorin. [18] Yusuf, O. A. (2002). Economic Analysis of snail production and Marketing in Ibadan Metropolis. Unpublished B. Tech Project. Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension. Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo. ~ 13 ~