Industrial Organization

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Industrial Organization"

Transcription

1 Industrial Organization Session 4: The Monopoly Jiangli Dou School of Economics Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 1 / 43

2 Introduction In this session, we study a theory of a single seller facing competitive (price-taking) consumers in one or several markets, over one or several periods. This single seller is facing a downward sloping demand curve. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 2 / 43

3 Introduction In this session, we study a theory of a single seller facing competitive (price-taking) consumers in one or several markets, over one or several periods. This single seller is facing a downward sloping demand curve. Since consumers are always on their demand curve, the monopoly can determine either the price for the product or the quantity supplied. A decision about price implies a decision about quantity produced and vice versa, since price and quantity are related via the demand curve. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 2 / 43

4 The Monopoly s Profit-Maximization Problem The Monopoly s Profit-Maximization Problem The monopoly chooses Q m units of output to maxπ(q) = TR(Q) TC(Q). Q A necessary (but not sufficient) condition for Q m > 0 to be the monopoly s profit maximizing output is 0 = dπ(qm ) dq = dtr(qm ) dq dtc(qm ) dq = MR(Q m ) MC(Q m ). This implies that if a profit-maximizing monopoly produces a strictly positive output level Q m, then the profit output level must satisfy the condition MR(Q m ) = MC(Q m ). Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 3 / 43

5 The Monopoly s Profit-Maximization Problem The Monopoly s Profit-Maximization Problem Thus, the easiest method for finding the monopoly s profit-maximizing output level is first to solve for Q m from the above equation, and then to substitute it into the total profit function to check whether π(q m ) is greater than or equal to zero. If it is not, then the monopoly sets Q m = 0, and if profit is nonnegtive, then the output level solved from the above equation is the profit maximizing output level. After finding the monopoly s profit-maximizing output, the price charged by the monopoly can be found by substituting Q m into the demand function. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 4 / 43

6 The Monopoly s Profit-Maximization Problem The Monopoly s Profit-Maximization Problem: An Example For example: TC(Q) = F + cq 2 and p(q) = a bq. Then TR(Q) = p(q)q = aq bq 2 Hence, MR(Q) = a 2bQ and MC(Q) = 2cQ. If Q m > 0, it implies that Q m = a 2(b + c) and hence pm = a bq m a(b + 2c) = 2(b + c). Consequently, π(q m ) = TR(Q m ) TC(Q m ) = a2 4(b+c) F. Altogether, the monopoly s profit-maximizing output is given by { a Q m 2(b+c) if F a2 4(b+c) = 0 otherwise. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 5 / 43

7 Monopoly and Social Welfare Monopoly and Social Welfare Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 6 / 43

8 Monopoly and Social Welfare Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890: Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine and conspire with any other person or persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commence..., shall be deemed guilty of a felony. In what follows, we provide two arguments for why monopolies are discouraged. The conventional argument against a monopoly (deadweight loss). The social cost of a monopoly (rent seeking). Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 7 / 43

9 Monopoly and Social Welfare The conventional argument against monopoly Comparing the social welfare between the monopoly pricing and marginal cost pricing, we can find that social welfare under marginal-cost pricing associated with perfectly competitive markets is larger. The difference is called deadweight loss. Computation is needed. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 8 / 43

10 Monopoly and Social Welfare The social cost of a monopoly Firms wishing to obtain a monopoly status or wishing to maintaining a monopoly position, must allocate resources for that goal. Cases should not be considered as reducing welfare include: R&D leading to a patent monopoly right for seventeen years since the R&D improves technologies and results in new products. Bribes to politicians or civil servants for the purpose of getting exclusive business rights, since this constitutes only a transfer of wealth. Cases may be considered as reducing welfare include: Persuasive advertising, needed to convince consumers that alternative brands are inferior. Resources needed to preempt potential entrants from entering the industry. Also, excessive production or investment in capital for the purpose of making entry unprofitable for potential competitors. Lobbying costs, needed to convince the legislators that a particalar monopoly is not harmful, provided that these costs divert resources from productive activities. Excessive R&D resulting from a patent race. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 9 / 43

11 Discriminating Monopoly Discriminating Monopoly Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 10 / 43

12 Discriminating Monopoly Consumers are different: tastes, income, age, location. A firm can increases its profit by charging different prices to consumers with different characteristics. However, in order to be able to charge consumers different prices, a firm must possess the means for making arbitrage impossible. Examples: Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 11 / 43

13 Discriminating Monopoly Consumers are different: tastes, income, age, location. A firm can increases its profit by charging different prices to consumers with different characteristics. However, in order to be able to charge consumers different prices, a firm must possess the means for making arbitrage impossible. Examples: Firms can charge different prices at different locations. (The markets should be isolated by geography, by prohibitive taxes (such as tariffs), or by prohibitive transportation costs such as those resulting from product spoilage while being transported from one location to another.) Firms that provide services charge senior citizens lower prices than they charge younger consumers. (The firm must demand that senior citizens present their ID cards.) Firms can sell discount tickets to students. Book publishers manage to charge institutions higher prices than they charge individuals by selling hardcovers to institutions and softcovers to individuals. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 11 / 43

14 Discriminating Monopoly In what follows, we do not analyze how the monopoly manages to segment the markets so that no arbitrage can take place between two markets with different market prices. Consider a monopoly selling in two differentiated markets, and assume that the two markets are isolated in the sense that the monopoly can charge different prices, and the consumers cannot perform abitrage by buying in the low price market and selling in the high price market. We now seek to investigate how a monopoly determines the output level (hence, the price) in each market. The monopoly chooses the output level sold in each market, q1 m, that solves q m 2 maxπ(q 1, q 2 ) = TR 1 (q 1 ) + TR 2 (q 2 ) TC(q 1 + q 2 ) q 1,q 2 and Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 12 / 43

15 Discriminating Monopoly If the monopoly sells a strictly positive amount in each market, the following two first order conditions are satisfied: 0 = π(qm 1, qm 2 ) q i = MR i (q m i ) MC(q m 1 + q m 2 ) for each i = 1, 2. Hence, the discriminating monopoly equates MR 1 (q1 m) = MR 2(q2 m) = MC(qm 1 + qm 2 ), when it sells the profit-maximizing output levels in each market. Intuition: If the monopoly chooses q1 m and qm 2 such that MR 1 (q1 m) > MR 2(q2 m ), then it is clear that the monopoly should tansfer one unit from market 2 to market 1. In this case, the reduction in revenue in market 2 is smaller than the increase in revenue in market 1. To solve for the profit-maximizing output levels q1 m and qm 2, we need to solve two equations with the two variables given in the equations above. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 13 / 43

16 Discriminating Monopoly Relationship between the market prices and the demand elasticities Since MR i (q m i ) = p m i (1 + 1 η i ), we can get that p m 2 > pm 1 if η 2 > η 1 (recalling that elasticity is a negative number). Hence we can get the following proposition. Proposition A discriminating monopoly selling a strictly positive amount in each market will charge a higher price at the market with the less elastic demand. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 14 / 43

17 Discriminating Monopoly Exercise Suppose that a monopoly can price discriminate between two markets: market 1, where the demand curve is given by q 1 = 2 p 1, and market 2, where the demand curve is given by q 2 = 4 p 2. Suppose that once the product is sold, it cannot be resold in the other market. That is, assume that arbitrage is impossible, say, due to strict custom inspections on the border between the two markets. Assume that the monopoly produces each unit at a cost of c = 1. 1 Calculate the profit-maximizing output level that the monopoly sells in each market. Calculate the price charged in each market. 2 Calculate the monopoly s profit level. 3 Suppose that markets 1 and 2 are now open, and all consumers are free to trade and to transfer the good costlessly between the markets. Thus, the monopoly can no longer price discriminate and has to charge a uniform price denoted by p, p = p 1 = p 2. Find the profit-maximizing value of p. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 15 / 43

18 The Cartel and the Multiplant Monopoly The Cartel and the Multiplant Monopoly Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 16 / 43

19 The Cartel and the Multiplant Monopoly The Cartel and the Multiplant Monopoly The cartel and the multiplant monopoly are forms of organizations and contractual agreements among plants, firms, or countries. For example: If we view the oil-producing countries as plants, the cartel is an organization that contracts with the contries on how much each would produce and hence on what would be the world price. IATA (International Air Transport Association), which regulates airfares. Bar Associations, which regulates attorneys. The multiplant monopoly is very similar to the cartel, except that all the plants are put under a single ownership. Examples... Thus, unlike the cartel, the multiplant monopoly has the power to decide whether to shut down some of its plants or whether to open several more. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 17 / 43

20 The Cartel and the Multiplant Monopoly The Cartel and the Multiplant Monopoly: Technologies There are N plants and the output level of plant i = 1, 2,..., N is q i. A line aggregate demand: p = a bq, where Q = N i=1 q i. Total cost function of plant i is: TC i (q i ) = F + cq 2 i. Hence, plant s average cost is AC i (q i ) = F q i + cq i, and marginal cost is: MC i (q i ) = 2cq i. The cartel organizes all the N plants by directing each plant to produce a certain amount to maximize the sum of the profits of all the N plants. max Π(q 1, q 2,..., q N ) = q 1,q 2,...,q N N π i (q i ) i=1 = [a b N N q i ]( q i ) i=1 i=1 N TC i (q i ) i=1 Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 18 / 43

21 The Cartel and the Multiplant Monopoly The Cartel The cartel has to solve for N quantities, the N first-order conditions are given by 0 = Π q j = a 2b N q i MC j (q j ) = MR(Q) MC j (q j ), j = 1,..., N i=1 Since all plants have identical cost functions, we search for a symmetric equilibrium where the cartel directs each plant to produce the same output level. That is, q 1 = q 2 =... = q N = q. Hence a 2bNq = 2cq implying that q = a 2(bN + c). Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 19 / 43

22 The Cartel and the Multiplant Monopoly The Cartel The total cartel s output and the market price are given by Q = Nq = Na 2(bN + c) and p = a bq = a(bn + 2c) 2(bN + c). When N = 1, the cartel s output and price coincide with the pure monopoly levels. As the number of firms in the cartel increases (N increases), both the output level of each firm and the market price fall (q and p decrease). Hence, the total revenue and profit of each firm must fall with an increase in the number of cartel members. For this reason, many professional organizations, such as those of lawyers and accountants, impose restrictions on new candidates who wish to practice in their profession. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 20 / 43

23 The Cartel and the Multiplant Monopoly The multiplant monopoly The multiplant monopoly is very similar to the cartel, except that it has the authority (ownership) to shut down some plants, thereby saving variable and fixed costs associated with maintaining the plant. If we suppose that the multiplant monopoly can choose the number of plants, that is, N is a choice variable by the multiplant monopoly owner, then the question is: What is the profit-maximizing number of plants operated by the multiplant monopoly? Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 21 / 43

24 The Cartel and the Multiplant Monopoly The multiplant monopoly The answer is simple: given that the multiplant monopoly can add or discard plants, the monopoly would seek to adjust the number of plants to minimize the cost per unit of production. In other words, the multiplant monopoly will adjust the number of plants to minimize AC(q i ) = F q i + cq i for every plant in operation. F Hence, we get that q i = c, then we equating F c = a 2(bN+c) and solving for N yields that the profit maximizing number of plants is N m = a c 2b c F b. The number N m increases with an increase in the demand parameter a, and decreases with the fixed cost parameter of each plant F. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 22 / 43

25 Durable-Goods Monopolies Durable-Goods Monopolies Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 23 / 43

26 Durable-Goods Monopolies Durable-Goods Monopolies Flow goods means goods that are purchased repeatedly and that perish after usage, for example, food products such as apples and bananas, and many plastic and paper single-use products. Durable goods are bought only once in a long time and can be used for long time, for example, cars, houses, and land. Clearly, with the exception of land, all goods eventually perish, so these two concepts are relative to a certain time horizon that is relevant to consumers. Coase (1972) first pointed out that a monopoly selling a durable good will behave differently from the (familiar) monopoly selling a perishable good analyzed earlier in this chapter. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 24 / 43

27 Durable-Goods Monopolies Durable-Goods Monopolies A person (monopoly) who owns all the land in the world, and wants to sell it at the largest discounted profit. Suppose that the monopoly charges the monopoly price and sells half of its land by the end of this year. Next year, if population is not growing, the demand for land will be lower than the demand for land this year. Thus, the monopoly land price next year will be lower than the monopoly price this year. Given that the monopoly s next year price will be substantially lower than the monopoly land price this year, it is clear that those consumers who do not discount time too heavily would postpone buying land until next year. Hence, the current demand facing the monopoly falls, implying that the monopoly will charge a lower price than what a monopoly selling a perishable would charge. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 25 / 43

28 Durable-Goods Monopolies Durable-good monopoly facing a downward sloping demand A continuum of consumers have different valuations for the annual services of a car that are summarized by the familiar downward sloping demand curve. Consumers live for two periods, denoted by t = 1, 2; and a monopoly sells a durable product that lasts for two periods. The consumers have different valuations for the product summarized by the aggregate period t = 1 inverse demand function for one period of service given by p = 100 Q. In the following, we compare the monopoly s profit under two types of commercial transactions: selling and renting. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 26 / 43

29 Durable-Goods Monopolies Durable-good monopoly facing a downward sloping demand Definition By selling a product to a consumer, for a price of p S, the firm transfers all rights of ownership for using the product and getting the product back from the consumer, from the time of purchase extended indefinite. By renting a product to a consumer, for a price of p R, the renter maintains ownership of the product, but contracts with the consumer to allow the consumer to derive services from the product for a given period specified in the renting contract. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 27 / 43

30 Durable-Goods Monopolies Durable-good monopoly facing a downward sloping demand: A renting monopoly Assume that each period the monopoly rents a durable product for one period only. Assuming zero product cost, the monopoly would rent an amount determined by the condition MR(Q t ) = 100 2Q t = 0 = MC(Q t ), implying that Q R t = 50 and p R t = 50, and π R t = 2500 for t = 1, 2. Hence, the life-time sum of profits of the renting monopoly is given by π R = Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 28 / 43

31 Durable-Goods Monopolies Durable-good monopoly facing a downward sloping demand: A seller monopoly A seller monopoly knows that those consumers who purchase the durable good in t = 1 will not purchase in period t = 2. That is, in t = 2 the monopoly will face a demand for its product that is lower than the period t = 1 demand by exactly the amount it sold in t = 1. In period 2, the monopoly hence will have to sell at a lower price resulting from a lower demand, caused by its own earlier sales. Formally, we define this two period game as follows: The payoff to the monopoly is the total revenue generated by period 1 and period 2 sales. The strategies of the seller are the prices set in period 1, p 1, and the price set in period 2 as a function of the amount purchased in period 1, p 2 ( q 1 ). The strategies of the buyers are to buy or not to buy as a function of first period price, and to buy or not to buy as a function of second period price. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 29 / 43

32 Durable-Goods Monopolies Durable-good monopoly facing a downward sloping demand: A seller monopoly We look for a SPE for this simple game. The methodology for solving this finite horizon game is to solve it backwards. In the second period: The residual demand facing the monopoly in period 2 after it has sold q 1 units in period 1, given by q 2 = 100 q 1 p 2, or p 2 = 100 q 1 q 2. Since production was assumed to be costless, in the second period the monopoly sets MR 2 (q 2 ) = 100 q 1 2q 2 = 0 implying that q 2 = 50 q 1 2. Hence, the second period price and profit levels ar given by p 2 = 50 q 1 2, and π 2 = p 2 q 2 = (50 q 1 2 ) 2. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 30 / 43

33 Durable-Goods Monopolies Durable-good monopoly facing a downward sloping demand: A seller monopoly In the first period: Suppose that the monopolist sells in the first period to q 1 buyers with the highest reservation prices. Then, the marginal buyer, with a reservation price 100 q 1, will be indifferent between purchasing in the first period (gaining utility of 2(100 q 1 ) p 1 ) and buying in the second period (gaining utility of (100 q 1 ) p 2 = (100 q 1 ) (50 q 1 2 )). Thus, 2(100 q 1 ) p 1 = (100 q 1 ) (50 q 1 2 ), which implies that p 1 = q 1 2. (NOTE) In a SPE the selling monopoly chooses a first period output level q 1 that solves max q 1 (π 1 + π 2 ) = (150 3q 1 2 )q 1 + (50 q 1 2 )2 yielding a first order condition given by 0 = 100 5q 1 2. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 31 / 43

34 Durable-Goods Monopolies Durable-good monopoly facing a downward sloping demand: A seller monopoly Denoting the solution values by a superscript S, we have that q S 1 = 40, qs 2 = 30, ps 2 = 30 and ps 1 = 90.Hence, Π S = p S 1 qs 1 + ps 2 qs 2 = 4500 < 5000 = ΠR. A monopoly selling a durable goods earns a lower profit than a renting monopoly. The intuition is that rational consumers are able to calculate that a selling durable good monopoly would lower future prices due to future fall in the demand resulting from having some consumers purchasing the durable product in earlier periods. This calculation reduces the willingness of consumers to pay high prices in the first period the monopoly offers the product for sale. In other words, since the monopoly cannot commit itself not to reduce future prices, the monopoly is induced to lower its first period price. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 32 / 43

35 Durable-Goods Monopolies Durable-good monopoly facing a downward sloping demand Then, whether we can claim that monopolies have the incentive to produce less than an optimal level of durability (e.g., light bulbs that burn very fast)? Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 33 / 43

36 Durable-Goods Monopolies Durable-good monopoly facing a downward sloping demand The following analysis is based on Chapter A monopoly firm sells light bulbs with variable durability. A consumer, who lives for two periods, desires light services for two periods. The consumer is willing to pay an amount V (V > 0) per each period of light services. On the supply side, assume that light bulb producing firms possess the technology for producing two types of light bulbs: a short durability light bulb yielding light services for one period only, and a long durability light bulb yielding light services for two periods. The unit cost of producing the short durability light bulb is denoted by c S, and the unit cost of producing a long durability light bulb is denoted by c L, where 0 < c S < V, 0 < c L < V, and c S < c L. There is no discounting. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 34 / 43

37 Durable-Goods Monopolies Durable-good monopoly facing a downward sloping demand: Monopoly firm producing light bulbs We are going to analyze market equilibria under extreme market structures: monopoly and perfect competition. The monopoly firm has the option of selling short- or long-durability light bulbs and to charge a monopoly price for either type of bulbs. Next let s analyze when the monopoly would choose to produce shortor long-durability light bulbs. The monopoly needs to compare its profit under those two cases. Suppose that the monopoly sells short-durability light bulbs. Then, since the consumer is willing to pay V per period of light services, the monopoly would charge p S = V per period and would sell two units (one unit per period). Hence, the profit of a monopoly selling short durability light bulbs is given by π S = 2(V c S ). Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 35 / 43

38 Durable-Goods Monopolies Monopoly firm producing light bulbs Suppose that the monopoly sells long-durability light bulbs. since the light bulb lasts for two periods, the monopoly would charge p L = 2V. Hence, the profit of a monopoly selling long durability light bulbs is given by π L = 2V c L. We would like to know under which condition the monopoly produces long- or short durability light bulbs. Clearly, the monopoly produces short-durability bulbs if π S > π L. Proposition A monopoly producer of light bulbs would minimize the production cost per unit of duration of the light bulbs. Formally, the monopoly would produce short durability light bulbs if 2c S < c L, and would produce long durability bulbs if 2c S > c L. The monopoly s decision about which type of bulb to produce depends only on cost minimization and not on the market conditions, such as the demand structure. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 36 / 43

39 Durable-Goods Monopolies Competitive light bulb industry Under perfect competition, the price of each type of light bulb drops to its unit cost. Hence, p S = c S and p L = c L. The consumer who desires two periods of light services would purchase a short duration light bulb if 2p S < p L, or, if 2c S < c L. Otherwise, consumers purchases long durability light bulbs. Proposition The durability of light bulbs is independent of the market structure. The firms would choose the level of durability that minimizes the production cost per unit of time of the product s services. It is important to note that this analysis assumes that our consumer is only concerned with the length of time service is provided by the product and does not attach any other value for durability per se. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 37 / 43

40 Durable-Goods Monopolies Durable-good monopoly facing a discrete demand We now provide an example which demonstrates that Coase s Conjecture is false when the number of consumers is finite. Let s consider an economy with two consumers living only for two periods. Both consumers desire car services for the two periods of their lives, however, the consumers differ in their willingness to pay for car services. The maximum amount a consumer denoted by H is willing to pay for one period of car service is V H, and the maximum amount a consumer denoted by L is willing to pay for one period car service is V L. We assume that the consumers willingness to pay per period of car service are substantially different and V H > 2V L > 0. Because the product is durable, consumers buy it once in their life either at t = 1 or t = 2. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 38 / 43

41 Durable-Goods Monopolies Durable-good monopoly facing a discrete demand The utility functions for consumers type i = H, L are given by 2V i p 1 if he buys a car in period 1 U i = V i p 2 if he buys a car in period 2 0 if he does not buy a car in any period. On the production side, we assume that there is only one firm producing cars, at zero cost. The monopoly firm lives for two periods and maximizes the sum of profits from the sales during the two periods. We denote by q t the amount produced and sold by the monopoly, and by p t the period t price of a car set by the monopoly in period t = 1, 2. The monopoly chooses p 1 and p 2 to maximize the sum of revenue from two periods worth of sales given by π = p 1 q 1 + p 2 q 2. We implicitly assume that there is no discounting. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 39 / 43

42 Durable-Goods Monopolies A renting monopoly Suppose now that the monopoly firm does not sell cars, but instead rents car for one period only. Thus, each consumer who rents a car in t = 1 has to return the car at the end of the first period and rent it again in the second period. We denote by pt R the rental price for one period of renting in period t. Since car rentals last for one period only, it is sufficient to calculate the price for each period separately. Since the renting firm is a monopoly, it has two options: (1) setting pt R = V H, which induces only consumer H to rent a car each period, while consumer L will not rent; (2) setting pt R = V L, which induces both consumers to rent a car each period. In the first case, the two period profit is π R = 2V H, and in the second case, π R = 4V L. Hence, a renting monopoly would rent cars only to the high valuation consumers by setting a rental price equal to pt R = V H and it will earn a two period profit of π R = 2V H. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 40 / 43

43 Durable-Goods Monopolies A seller monopoly Now suppose that the monopoly sells the car to consumers. We denote the selling price by pt S, t = 1, 2. The period one selling price, p1 S, means that the consumer pays for two periods of using the car (compared with the renting price p1 R that entitles the consumer to use the car only for period 1 only). If consumer H purchases in period 1, only consumer L demands a car in the second period; the monopoly will maximize second period profit by setting p S 2 = V L and will earn a second period profit of π 2 = V L (the monopoly will extract all surplus from consumer L). If consumer H does not buy in period 1, then in the second period the monopoly faces the entire demand, hence, the monopoly charges p S 2 = V H (selling only to consumer H) yielding a second period profit of π 2 = V H. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 41 / 43

44 Durable-Goods Monopolies A seller monopoly In the first period, the monopoly sets p1 S, and consumers decide whether to purchase or not. Since consumer L knows that the price in the last period will never fall below V L, consumer L will buy in the first period at any price below 2V L. Hence, if the seller sets p S 1 = 2V L both consumers would purchase initially. Clearly, the monopoly will not set p S 1 > 2V H because this price exceeds the two period sum of consumer H s valuation. Therefore, we now check whether p S 1 = 2V H is the profit maximizing first period price for the seller monopoly. From the second period analysis we conclude that consumer H earns a utility of zero whether or not he buys the product in the first period. Hence buying the product is an optimal response for consumer H to the first period price p S 1 = 2V H. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 42 / 43

45 Durable-Goods Monopolies Durable-good monopoly facing a discrete demand Thus, in a SPE, p S 1 = 2V H, consumer H buys in period 1, p S 2 = V L, consumer L buys in period 2, constitute a SPE equilibrium path for this game. Proposition A durable good selling monopoly facing a discrete demand will (1) charge a first period selling price that is equal to the sum of the per period rental prices,p S 1 = 2pR t ; (2) earn a higher profit than the renting monopoly, that is, π S = 2V H + V L > 2V H = π R. Thus, in the case of discrete demand, a selling monopoly can extract a higher surplus from consumers than the renting monopoly. Since selling enables the monopoly to price discriminate among different consumers by setting prices which would induce different consumers to purchase at different time periods. Jiangli Dou (School of Economics) Industrial Organization 43 / 43

Monopoly. Cost. Average total cost. Quantity of Output

Monopoly. Cost. Average total cost. Quantity of Output While a competitive firm is a price taker, a monopoly firm is a price maker. A firm is considered a monopoly if... it is the sole seller of its product. its product does not have close substitutes. The

More information

Monopolistic Markets. Regulation

Monopolistic Markets. Regulation Monopolistic Markets Regulation Comparison of monopolistic and competitive equilibrium output The profits of a monopolist are maximized when MC(Q M ) = P(Q M ) + Q P (Q M ) negative In a competitive market:

More information

Monopoly. While a competitive firm is a price taker, a monopoly firm is a price maker.

Monopoly. While a competitive firm is a price taker, a monopoly firm is a price maker. Monopoly Monopoly While a competitive firm is a price taker, a monopoly firm is a price maker. Monopoly A firm is considered a monopoly if... it is the sole seller of its product. its product does not

More information

Monopoly. Chapter 15

Monopoly. Chapter 15 Monopoly Chapter 15 Monopoly While a competitive firm is a price taker, a monopoly firm is a price maker. Monopoly u A firm is considered a monopoly if... it is the sole seller of its product. its product

More information

Chapter 13 MODELS OF MONOPOLY. Copyright 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Chapter 13 MODELS OF MONOPOLY. Copyright 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Chapter 13 MODELS OF MONOPOLY Copyright 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. 1 Monopoly A monopoly is a single supplier to a market This firm may choose to produce

More information

iv. The monopolist will receive economic profits as long as price is greater than the average total cost

iv. The monopolist will receive economic profits as long as price is greater than the average total cost Chapter 15: Monopoly (Lecture Outline) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Monopolies have no close competitors and,

More information

Monopolistic Markets. Causes of Monopolies

Monopolistic Markets. Causes of Monopolies Monopolistic Markets Causes of Monopolies The causes of monopolization Monoplositic resources Only one firm owns a resource which is crucial for production (e.g. diamond monopol of DeBeers). Monopols created

More information

Renting or Selling A Strategic Choice in a Durable Good Market

Renting or Selling A Strategic Choice in a Durable Good Market Renting or Selling A Strategic Choice in a Durable Good Market Manas Paul Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research Gen. Vaidya Marg Goregaon (East) Bombay 400 065. Sougata Poddar Department of Economics

More information

Agenda. Profit Maximization by a Monopolist. 1. Profit Maximization by a Monopolist. 2. Marginal Revenue. 3. Profit Maximization Exercise

Agenda. Profit Maximization by a Monopolist. 1. Profit Maximization by a Monopolist. 2. Marginal Revenue. 3. Profit Maximization Exercise Agenda 1. Profit Maximization by a Monopolist 2. Marginal Revenue 3. Profit Maximization Exercise 4. Effect of Elasticities on Monopoly Price 5. Comparative Statics of Monopoly 6. Monopolist with Multiple

More information

Advanced Microeconomic Theory. Chapter 7: Monopoly

Advanced Microeconomic Theory. Chapter 7: Monopoly Advanced Microeconomic Theory Chapter 7: Monopoly Outline Barriers to Entry Profit Maximization under Monopoly Welfare Loss of Monopoly Multiplant Monopolist Price Discrimination Advertising in Monopoly

More information

Marginal willingness to pay (WTP). The maximum amount a consumer will spend for an extra unit of the good.

Marginal willingness to pay (WTP). The maximum amount a consumer will spend for an extra unit of the good. McPeak Lecture 10 PAI 723 The competitive model. Marginal willingness to pay (WTP). The maximum amount a consumer will spend for an extra unit of the good. As we derived a demand curve for an individual

More information

CHAPTER NINE MONOPOLY

CHAPTER NINE MONOPOLY CHAPTER NINE MONOPOLY This chapter examines how a market controlled by a single producer behaves. What price will a monopolist charge for his output? How much will he produce? The basic characteristics

More information

ECN 3103 INDUSTRIAL ORGANISATION

ECN 3103 INDUSTRIAL ORGANISATION ECN 3103 INDUSTRIAL ORGANISATION 3. Monopoly Mr. Sydney Armstrong Lecturer 1 The University of Guyana 1 Semester 1, 2016 OUR PLAN Monopoly Reference for reviewing these concepts: Carlton, Perloff, Modern

More information

Eco 300 Intermediate Micro

Eco 300 Intermediate Micro Eco 300 Intermediate Micro Instructor: Amalia Jerison Office Hours: T 12:00-1:00, Th 12:00-1:00, and by appointment BA 127A, aj4575@albany.edu A. Jerison (BA 127A) Eco 300 Spring 2010 1 / 61 Monopoly Market

More information

Monopoly. PowerPoint Slides prepared by: Andreea CHIRITESCU Eastern Illinois University

Monopoly. PowerPoint Slides prepared by: Andreea CHIRITESCU Eastern Illinois University 15 Monopoly PowerPoint Slides prepared by: Andreea CHIRITESCU Eastern Illinois University 1 Market power Why Monopolies Arise Alters the relationship between a firm s costs and the selling price Monopoly

More information

Market structures. Why Monopolies Arise. Why Monopolies Arise. Market power. Monopoly. Monopoly resources

Market structures. Why Monopolies Arise. Why Monopolies Arise. Market power. Monopoly. Monopoly resources Market structures Why Monopolies Arise Market power Alters the relationship between a firm s costs and the selling price Charges a price that exceeds marginal cost A high price reduces the quantity purchased

More information

14.01 Principles of Microeconomics, Fall 2007 Chia-Hui Chen November 7, Lecture 22

14.01 Principles of Microeconomics, Fall 2007 Chia-Hui Chen November 7, Lecture 22 Monopoly. Principles of Microeconomics, Fall Chia-Hui Chen November, Lecture Monopoly Outline. Chap : Monopoly. Chap : Shift in Demand and Effect of Tax Monopoly The monopolist is the single supply-side

More information

Market structure 1: Perfect Competition The perfectly competitive firm is a price taker: it cannot influence the price that is paid for its product.

Market structure 1: Perfect Competition The perfectly competitive firm is a price taker: it cannot influence the price that is paid for its product. Market structure 1: Perfect Competition The perfectly competitive firm is a price taker: it cannot influence the price that is paid for its product. This arises due to consumers indifference between the

More information

Econ Microeconomic Analysis and Policy

Econ Microeconomic Analysis and Policy ECON 500 Microeconomic Theory Econ 500 - Microeconomic Analysis and Policy Monopoly Monopoly A monopoly is a single firm that serves an entire market and faces the market demand curve for its output. Unlike

More information

ECON 2100 Principles of Microeconomics (Summer 2016) Monopoly

ECON 2100 Principles of Microeconomics (Summer 2016) Monopoly ECON 21 Principles of Microeconomics (Summer 216) Monopoly Relevant readings from the textbook: Mankiw, Ch. 15 Monopoly Suggested problems from the textbook: Chapter 15 Questions for Review (Page 323):

More information

7 The Optimum of Monopoly, Price Discrimination

7 The Optimum of Monopoly, Price Discrimination Microeconomics I - Lecture #7, March 31, 2009 7 The Optimum of Monopoly, Price Discrimination 7.1 Monopoly Up to now we have analyzed the behavior of a competitive industry, a market structure that is

More information

FINALTERM EXAMINATION FALL 2006

FINALTERM EXAMINATION FALL 2006 FINALTERM EXAMINATION FALL 2006 QUESTION NO: 1 (MARKS: 1) - PLEASE CHOOSE ONE Compared to the equilibrium price and quantity sold in a competitive market, a monopolist Will charge a price and sell a quantity.

More information

Monopoly. 3 Microeconomics LESSON 5. Introduction and Description. Time Required. Materials

Monopoly. 3 Microeconomics LESSON 5. Introduction and Description. Time Required. Materials LESSON 5 Monopoly Introduction and Description Lesson 5 extends the theory of the firm to the model of a Students will see that the profit-maximization rules for the monopoly are the same as they were

More information

Chapter 10: Monopoly

Chapter 10: Monopoly Chapter 10: Monopoly Answers to Study Exercise Question 1 a) horizontal; downward sloping b) marginal revenue; marginal cost; equals; is greater than c) greater than d) less than Question 2 a) Total revenue

More information

Chapter 10 Pure Monopoly

Chapter 10 Pure Monopoly Chapter 10 Pure Monopoly Multiple Choice Questions 1. Pure monopoly means: A. any market in which the demand curve to the firm is downsloping. B. a standardized product being produced by many firms. C.

More information

Lecture 2: Market Structure I (Perfect Competition and Monopoly)

Lecture 2: Market Structure I (Perfect Competition and Monopoly) Lecture 2: Market Structure I (Perfect Competition and Monopoly) EC 105. Industrial Organization Matt Shum HSS, California Institute of Technology October 1, 2012 EC 105. Industrial Organization ( Matt

More information

Econ 2113: Principles of Microeconomics. Spring 2009 ECU

Econ 2113: Principles of Microeconomics. Spring 2009 ECU Econ 2113: Principles of Microeconomics Spring 2009 ECU Chapter 12 Monopoly Market Power Market power is the ability to influence the market, and in particular the market price, by influencing the total

More information

ECON 115. Industrial Organization

ECON 115. Industrial Organization ECON 115 Industrial Organization 1. Linear (3rd Degree) Price Discrimination First Hour QUIZ Second Hour Introduction to Price Discrimination Third-degree price discrimination Two Rules Examples of price

More information

Monopoly Monopoly occurs when there is a single seller of a good or service. Despite this simple definition that is usually given in textbooks, we

Monopoly Monopoly occurs when there is a single seller of a good or service. Despite this simple definition that is usually given in textbooks, we Monopoly Monopoly occurs when there is a single seller of a good or service. Despite this simple definition that is usually given in textbooks, we must criticize it a bit. Monopoly occurs when there is

More information

Section I (20 questions; 1 mark each)

Section I (20 questions; 1 mark each) Foundation Course in Managerial Economics- Solution Set- 1 Final Examination Marks- 100 Section I (20 questions; 1 mark each) 1. Which of the following statements is not true? a. Societies face an important

More information

13 C H A P T E R O U T L I N E

13 C H A P T E R O U T L I N E PEARSON PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS E L E V E N T H E D I T I O N CASE FAIR OSTER Prepared by: Fernando Quijano w/shelly Tefft 2of 37 PART III MARKET IMPERFECTIONS AND THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT Monopoly

More information

Economics 101 Midterm Exam #2. April 9, Instructions

Economics 101 Midterm Exam #2. April 9, Instructions Economics 101 Spring 2009 Professor Wallace Economics 101 Midterm Exam #2 April 9, 2009 Instructions Do not open the exam until you are instructed to begin. You will need a #2 lead pencil. If you do not

More information

PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS E L E V E N T H E D I T I O N CASE FAIR OSTER. PEARSON Prepared by: Fernando Quijano w/shelly Tefft

PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS E L E V E N T H E D I T I O N CASE FAIR OSTER. PEARSON Prepared by: Fernando Quijano w/shelly Tefft PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS E L E V E N T H E D I T I O N CASE FAIR OSTER PEARSON Prepared by: Fernando Quijano w/shelly Tefft 2 of 25 PART III MARKET IMPERFECTIONS AND THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT Monopoly

More information

Pricing with Market Power

Pricing with Market Power Chapter 7 Pricing with Market Power 7.1 Motives and objectives Broadly The model of perfect competition is extreme (and hence wonderfully powerful and simple) because of its assumption that each firm believes

More information

Basic Monopoly Pricing and Product Strategies

Basic Monopoly Pricing and Product Strategies Chapter 3 Basic Monopoly Pricing and Product Strategies Industrial 1 Introduction A monopolist has the power to set prices Consider how the monopolist exercises this power Focus in this section on a single-product

More information

EconS 301 Intermediate Microeconomics Review Session #9 Chapter 12: Capturing Surplus

EconS 301 Intermediate Microeconomics Review Session #9 Chapter 12: Capturing Surplus EconS 30 Intermediate Microeconomics Review Session #9 Chapter : Capturing Surplus. With second-degree price discrimination a) The firm tries to price each unit at the consumer s reservation price. b)

More information

Economics of Managerial Decision Making (MGEC 611) SAMPLE EXAM

Economics of Managerial Decision Making (MGEC 611) SAMPLE EXAM Economics of Managerial Decision Making (MGEC 611) SAMPLE EXAM QUESTION 1 Short Questions. This part consists of three short, stand-alone questions of lower math intensity. Please provide an answer or

More information

Industrial Organization Lecture 4: Monopoly

Industrial Organization Lecture 4: Monopoly Industrial Organization Lecture 4: Monopoly Nicolas Schutz Nicolas Schutz Monopoly 1 / 59 Definition Definition: A firm is a monopoly if it is the only supplier of a product in a market. A monopolist s

More information

Chapter Eleven. Monopoly

Chapter Eleven. Monopoly Chapter Eleven Monopoly Topics Monopoly Profit Maximization. Effects of a Shift of the Demand Curve. Market Power. Welfare Effects of Monopoly. Cost Advantages That Create Monopolies. Government Actions

More information

Monopoly CHAPTER. Goals. Outcomes

Monopoly CHAPTER. Goals. Outcomes CHAPTER 15 Monopoly Goals in this chapter you will Learn why some markets have only one seller Analyze how a monopoly determines the quantity to produce and the price to charge See how the monopoly s decisions

More information

ECON 115. Industrial Organization

ECON 115. Industrial Organization ECON 115 Industrial Organization 1. Tonight is a calculus review. 2. And a review of basic microeconomics. 3. We will do a couple of problems in class. First hour: Calculus Thinking on the margin. Introducing

More information

Chapter 15: Monopoly. Notes. Watanabe Econ Monopoly 1 / 83. Notes. Watanabe Econ Monopoly 2 / 83. Notes

Chapter 15: Monopoly. Notes. Watanabe Econ Monopoly 1 / 83. Notes. Watanabe Econ Monopoly 2 / 83. Notes Econ 3 Introduction to Economics: Micro Chapter : Monopoly Instructor: Hiroki Watanabe Spring 3 Watanabe Econ 93 Monopoly / 83 Monopolistic Market Monopolistic Pricing 3 Inefficiency of Monopoly Price

More information

A few firms Imperfect Competition Oligopoly. Figure 8.1: Market structures

A few firms Imperfect Competition Oligopoly. Figure 8.1: Market structures 8.1 Setup Monopoly is a single firm producing a particular commodity. It can affect the market by changing the quantity; via the (inverse) demand function p (q). The tradeoff: either sell a lot cheaply,

More information

a. Sells a product differentiated from that of its competitors d. produces at the minimum of average total cost in the long run

a. Sells a product differentiated from that of its competitors d. produces at the minimum of average total cost in the long run I. From Seminar Slides: 3, 4, 5, 6. 3. For each of the following characteristics, say whether it describes a perfectly competitive firm (PC), a monopolistically competitive firm (MC), both, or neither.

More information

Chapter 11. Monopoly. I think it s wrong that only one company makes the game Monopoly. Steven Wright

Chapter 11. Monopoly. I think it s wrong that only one company makes the game Monopoly. Steven Wright Chapter 11 Monopoly I think it s wrong that only one company makes the game Monopoly. Steven Wright Chapter 11 Outline 11.1 Monopoly Profit Maximization 11.2 Market Power 11.3 Welfare Effects of Monopoly

More information

A monopoly market structure is one characterized by a single seller of a unique product with no close substitutes.

A monopoly market structure is one characterized by a single seller of a unique product with no close substitutes. These notes provided by Laura Lamb are intended to complement class lectures. The notes are based on chapter 12 of Microeconomics and Behaviour 2 nd Canadian Edition by Frank and Parker (2004). Chapter

More information

2007 Thomson South-Western

2007 Thomson South-Western WHAT IS A COMPETITIVE MARKET? A competitive market has many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker. Buyers and sellers must accept the price determined

More information

Charpter 10 explores how firms can have more sophisticated behavior to extract surplus from consumers and maximize surplus.

Charpter 10 explores how firms can have more sophisticated behavior to extract surplus from consumers and maximize surplus. Introduction to Industrial Organization Professor: Caixia Shen Fall 2014 Lecture Note 11 Price discrimination (ch 10) Charpter 10 explores how firms can have more sophisticated behavior to extract surplus

More information

Economics. Monopoly. N. Gregory Mankiw. Premium PowerPoint Slides by Vance Ginn & Ron Cronovich C H A P T E R P R I N C I P L E S O F

Economics. Monopoly. N. Gregory Mankiw. Premium PowerPoint Slides by Vance Ginn & Ron Cronovich C H A P T E R P R I N C I P L E S O F C H A P T E R Monopoly Economics P R I N C I P L E S O F N. Gregory Mankiw Premium PowerPoint Slides by Vance Ginn & Ron Cronovich 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved In

More information

Solutions to Final Exam

Solutions to Final Exam Solutions to Final Exam AEC 504 - Summer 2007 Fundamentals of Economics c 2007 Alexander Barinov 1 Veni, vidi, vici (30 points) Two firms with constant marginal costs serve two markets for two different

More information

Chapter Eleven. Topics. Marginal Revenue and Price. A firm s revenue is:

Chapter Eleven. Topics. Marginal Revenue and Price. A firm s revenue is: Chapter Eleven Monopoly Topics Monopoly Profit Maximization. Effects of a Shift of the Demand Curve. Market Power. Welfare Effects of Monopoly. Cost Advantages That Create Monopolies. Government Actions

More information

Short run and long run price and output decisions of a monopoly firm,

Short run and long run price and output decisions of a monopoly firm, 1 Chapter 1-Theory of Monopoly Syllabus-Concept of imperfect competition, Short run and long run price and output decisions of a monopoly firm, Concept of a supply curve under monopoly, comparison of perfect

More information

Introduction. Learning Objectives. Learning Objectives. Economics Today Twelfth Edition. Chapter 24 Monopoly

Introduction. Learning Objectives. Learning Objectives. Economics Today Twelfth Edition. Chapter 24 Monopoly Roger LeRoy Miller Economics Today Twelfth Edition Chapter 24 Monopoly Introduction The cement market in Mexico is dominated by a single company that accounts for more than 70 percent of all sales. Why

More information

ECON 311 MICROECONOMICS THEORY I

ECON 311 MICROECONOMICS THEORY I ECON 311 MICROECONOMICS THEORY I Profit Maximisation & Perfect Competition (Short-Run) Dr. F. Kwame Agyire-Tettey Department of Economics Contact Information: fagyire-tettey@ug.edu.gh Session Overview

More information

Principles of Microeconomics Module 5.1. Understanding Profit

Principles of Microeconomics Module 5.1. Understanding Profit Principles of Microeconomics Module 5.1 Understanding Profit 180 Production Choices of Firms All firms have one goal in mind: MAX PROFITS PROFITS = TOTAL REVENUE TOTAL COST Two ways to reach this goal:

More information

INTERMEDIATE MICROECONOMICS LECTURE 13 - MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION AND OLIGOPOLY. Monopolistic Competition

INTERMEDIATE MICROECONOMICS LECTURE 13 - MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION AND OLIGOPOLY. Monopolistic Competition 13-1 INTERMEDIATE MICROECONOMICS LECTURE 13 - MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION AND OLIGOPOLY Monopolistic Competition Pure monopoly and perfect competition are rare in the real world. Most real-world industries

More information

Do not open this exam until told to do so. Solution

Do not open this exam until told to do so. Solution Do not open this exam until told to do so. Department of Economics College of Social and Applied Human Sciences K. Annen, Fall 003 Final (Version): Intermediate Microeconomics (ECON30) Solution Final (Version

More information

At P = $120, Q = 1,000, and marginal revenue is ,000 = $100

At P = $120, Q = 1,000, and marginal revenue is ,000 = $100 Microeconomics, monopoly, final exam practice problems (The attached PDF file has better formatting.) *Question 1.1: Marginal Revenue Assume the demand curve is linear.! At P = $100, total revenue is $200,000.!

More information

Commerce 295 Midterm Answers

Commerce 295 Midterm Answers Commerce 295 Midterm Answers October 27, 2010 PART I MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Each question has one correct response. Please circle the letter in front of the correct response for each question. There

More information

Chapter 11. Monopoly

Chapter 11. Monopoly Chapter 11 Monopoly Topics Monopoly Profit Maximization. Market Power. Welfare Effects of Monopoly. Cost Advantages That Create Monopolies. Government Actions That Create Monopolies. Government Actions

More information

Perfect Competition & Welfare

Perfect Competition & Welfare Perfect Competition & Welfare Outline Derive aggregate supply function Short and Long run euilibrium Practice problem Consumer and Producer Surplus Dead weight loss Practice problem Focus on profit maximizing

More information

Monopoly and How It Arises

Monopoly and How It Arises Monopoly and How It Arises A monopoly is a market: That produces a good or service for which no close substitute exists In which there is one supplier that is protected from competition by a barrier preventing

More information

COST OF PRODUCTION & THEORY OF THE FIRM

COST OF PRODUCTION & THEORY OF THE FIRM MICROECONOMICS: UNIT III COST OF PRODUCTION & THEORY OF THE FIRM One of the concepts mentioned in both Units I and II was and its components, total cost and total revenue. In this unit, costs and revenue

More information

Use the following to answer question 4:

Use the following to answer question 4: Homework Chapter 11: Name: Due Date: Wednesday, December 4 at the beginning of class. Please mark your answers on a Scantron. It is late if your Scantron is not complete when I ask for it at 9:35. Get

More information

11.1 Monopoly Profit Maximization

11.1 Monopoly Profit Maximization 11.1 Monopoly Profit Maximization CHAPTER 11 MONOPOLY A monopoly is the only supplier of a good for which there is no close substitute. Monopolies are not price takers like competitive firms Monopoly output

More information

Homework 4 Economics

Homework 4 Economics Homework 4 Economics 501.01 Manisha Goel Due: Tuesday, March 1, 011 (beginning of class). Draw and label all graphs clearly. Show all work. Explain. Question 1. Governments often regulate the price of

More information

CHAPTER 8: SECTION 1 A Perfectly Competitive Market

CHAPTER 8: SECTION 1 A Perfectly Competitive Market CHAPTER 8: SECTION 1 A Perfectly Competitive Market Four Types of Markets A market structure is the setting in which a seller finds itself. Market structures are defined by their characteristics. Those

More information

INTERPRETATION. SOURCES OF MONOPOLY (Related to P-R pp )

INTERPRETATION. SOURCES OF MONOPOLY (Related to P-R pp ) ECO 300 Fall 2005 November 10 MONOPOLY PART 1 INTERPRETATION Literally, just one firm in an industry But interpretation depends on how you define industry General idea a group of commodities that are close

More information

VIII 1 TOPIC VIII: MONOPOLY AND OTHER INDUSTRY STRUCTURES. I. Monopoly - Single Firm With No Threat of Close Competition. Other Industry Structures

VIII 1 TOPIC VIII: MONOPOLY AND OTHER INDUSTRY STRUCTURES. I. Monopoly - Single Firm With No Threat of Close Competition. Other Industry Structures TOPIC VIII: MONOPOLY AND OTHER INDUSTRY STRUCTURES I. Monopoly - Single Firm With No Threat of Close Competition II. Other Industry Structures CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES MONOPOLY We now consider the opposite

More information

ECON December 4, 2008 Exam 3

ECON December 4, 2008 Exam 3 Name Portion of ID# Multiple Choice: Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. A fundamental source of monopoly market power arises from a. perfectly

More information

UC Berkeley Haas School of Business Economic Analysis for Business Decisions (EWMBA 201A) Fall 2013

UC Berkeley Haas School of Business Economic Analysis for Business Decisions (EWMBA 201A) Fall 2013 UC Berkeley Haas School of Business Economic Analysis for Business Decisions (EWMBA 201A) Fall 2013 Monopolistic markets and pricing with market power (PR 10.1-10.4 and 11.1-11.4) Module 4 Sep. 20, 2014

More information

Price Discrimination: Part 1

Price Discrimination: Part 1 Price Discrimination: Part 1 Sotiris Georganas January 2010 \The textbook monopolist is a wasteful agent." 1 Pricing tactics Pigou's (1920) taxonomy of price discrimination: { First-degree (or perfect)

More information

S11Microeconomics, Exam 3 Answer Key. Instruction:

S11Microeconomics, Exam 3 Answer Key. Instruction: S11Microeconomics, Exam 3 Answer Key Instruction: Exam 3 Student Name: Microeconomics, several versions Early May, 2011 Instructions: I) On your Scantron card you must print three things: 1) Full name

More information

Other examples of monopoly include Australia Post.

Other examples of monopoly include Australia Post. In this session we will look at monopolies, where there is only one firm in the market with no close substitutes. For example, Microsoft first designed the operating system Windows. As a result of this

More information

1. Fill in the missing blanks ( XXXXXXXXXXX means that there is nothing to fill in this spot):

1. Fill in the missing blanks ( XXXXXXXXXXX means that there is nothing to fill in this spot): 1. Fill in the missing blanks ( XXXXXXXXXXX means that there is nothing to fill in this spot): Quantity Total utility Marginal utility 0 0 XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX 200 0 = 200 1 200 XXXXXXXXXXX

More information

29/02/2016. Market structure II- Other types of imperfect competition. What Is Monopolistic Competition? OTHER TYPES OF IMPERFECT COMPETITION

29/02/2016. Market structure II- Other types of imperfect competition. What Is Monopolistic Competition? OTHER TYPES OF IMPERFECT COMPETITION Market structure II- Other types of imperfect competition OTHER TYPES OF IMPERFECT COMPETITION Characteristics of Monopolistic Competition Monopolistic competition is a market structure in which many firms

More information

Monopolistic Competition. Chapter 17

Monopolistic Competition. Chapter 17 Monopolistic Competition Chapter 17 The Four Types of Market Structure Number of Firms? Many firms One firm Few firms Differentiated products Type of Products? Identical products Monopoly Oligopoly Monopolistic

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Micro - HW 4 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) In central Florida during the spring, strawberry growers are price takers. The reason

More information

Merger Analysis and Anti-Trust

Merger Analysis and Anti-Trust Merger Analysis and Anti-Trust Merger: The process in which two or more independently owned firms join under the same ownership. This process could be a merger, takeover, integration, or acquisition. It

More information

Chapter 8 Profit Maximization and Competitive Supply. Read Pindyck and Rubinfeld (2013), Chapter 8

Chapter 8 Profit Maximization and Competitive Supply. Read Pindyck and Rubinfeld (2013), Chapter 8 Chapter 8 Profit Maximization and Competitive Supply Read Pindyck and Rubinfeld (2013), Chapter 8 1/29/2017 CHAPTER 8 OUTLINE 8.1 Perfectly Competitive Market 8.2 Profit Maximization 8.3 Marginal Revenue,

More information

Chapter 8. Competitive Firms and Markets

Chapter 8. Competitive Firms and Markets Chapter 8 Competitive Firms and Markets Topics Perfect Competition. Profit Maximization. Competition in the Short Run. Competition in the Long Run. 8-2 Copyright 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights

More information

Economic Analysis for Business Decisions Multiple Choice Questions Unit-2: Demand Analysis

Economic Analysis for Business Decisions Multiple Choice Questions Unit-2: Demand Analysis Economic Analysis for Business Decisions Multiple Choice Questions Unit-2: Demand Analysis 1. The law of demand states that an increase in the price of a good: a. Increases the supply of that good. b.

More information

CH 17 sample MC Name: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

CH 17 sample MC Name: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Class: Date: CH 17 sample MC - 80 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Deregulation is defined as the a. use of government rules to regulate

More information

ECON 2100 (Summer 2014 Sections 08 & 09) Exam #3D

ECON 2100 (Summer 2014 Sections 08 & 09) Exam #3D ECON 21 (Summer 214 Sections 8 & 9) Exam #3D Multiple Choice Questions: (3 points each) 1. I am taking of the exam. D. Version D 2. If a firm is currently operating at a point where costs of production

More information

JANUARY EXAMINATIONS 2008

JANUARY EXAMINATIONS 2008 No. of Pages: (A) 9 No. of Questions: 38 EC1000A micro 2008 JANUARY EXAMINATIONS 2008 Subject Title of Paper ECONOMICS EC1000 MICROECONOMICS Time Allowed Two Hours (2 Hours) Instructions to candidates

More information

Managerial Economics Prof. Trupti Mishra S.J.M School of Management Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Lecture -29 Monopoly (Contd )

Managerial Economics Prof. Trupti Mishra S.J.M School of Management Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Lecture -29 Monopoly (Contd ) Managerial Economics Prof. Trupti Mishra S.J.M School of Management Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture -29 Monopoly (Contd ) In today s session, we will continue our discussion on monopoly.

More information

1.3. Levels and Rates of Change Levels: example, wages and income versus Rates: example, inflation and growth Example: Box 1.3

1.3. Levels and Rates of Change Levels: example, wages and income versus Rates: example, inflation and growth Example: Box 1.3 1 Chapter 1 1.1. Scarcity, Choice, Opportunity Cost Definition of Economics: Resources versus Wants Wants: more and better unlimited Versus Needs: essential limited Versus Demand: ability to pay + want

More information

Instructions: must Repeat this answer on lines 37, 38 and 39. Questions:

Instructions: must Repeat this answer on lines 37, 38 and 39. Questions: Final Exam Student Name: Microeconomics, several versions Early May, 2011 Instructions: I) On your Scantron card you must print three things: 1) Full name clearly; 2) Day and time of your section (for

More information

Monopoly. Business Economics

Monopoly. Business Economics Business Economics Monopoly Managerial Decisions for Firms with Market ower Monopoly Thomas & Maurice, Chapter 12 Herbert Stocker herbert.stocker@uibk.ac.at Institute of International Studies University

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. FIGURE 1-2

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. FIGURE 1-2 Questions of this SAMPLE exam were randomly chosen and may NOT be representative of the difficulty or focus of the actual examination. The professor did NOT review these questions. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose

More information

ECON 2100 (Summer 2016 Sections 10 & 11) Exam #3C

ECON 2100 (Summer 2016 Sections 10 & 11) Exam #3C ECON 21 (Summer 216 Sections 1 & 11) Exam #3C Multiple Choice Questions: (3 points each) 1. I am taking of the exam. C. Version C 2. is a market structure in which there is one single seller of a unique

More information

Principles of Microeconomics

Principles of Microeconomics Principles of Microeconomics Let s see what happens when demand falls in such a constant-cost industry:... indicate the price and quantity of output at three points in time: I. In the long run, before

More information

a. Find MG&E s marginal revenue function. That is, write an equation for MG&E's MR function.

a. Find MG&E s marginal revenue function. That is, write an equation for MG&E's MR function. Economics 101 Spring 2015 Answers to Homework #5 Due Thursday, May 7, 2015 Directions: The homework will be collected in a box before the lecture. Please place your name on top of the homework (legibly).

More information

ECON 115. Industrial Organization

ECON 115. Industrial Organization ECON 115 Industrial Organization 1. The Take-home Final (Final Essay) 2. What have we learned in Industrial Organization? What are the major takeaways? The Final: write a short essay about a firm s or

More information

Oligopoly: How do firms behave when there are only a few competitors? These firms produce all or most of their industry s output.

Oligopoly: How do firms behave when there are only a few competitors? These firms produce all or most of their industry s output. Topic 8 Chapter 13 Oligopoly and Monopolistic Competition Econ 203 Topic 8 page 1 Oligopoly: How do firms behave when there are only a few competitors? These firms produce all or most of their industry

More information

Monopoly Behavior or Price Discrimination Chapter 25

Monopoly Behavior or Price Discrimination Chapter 25 Monopoly Behavior or Price Discrimination Chapter 25 monoply.gif (GIF Image, 289x289 pixels) http://i4.photobucket.com/albums/y144/alwayswondering1/monoply.gif?... Announcement Pre-midterm OH: Grossman

More information

Monopolistic Competition

Monopolistic Competition Monopolistic Competition CHAPTER16 C H A P T E R C H E C K L I S T When you have completed your study of this chapter, you will be able to 1 Describe and identify monopolistic competition. 2 Explain how

More information

Ecn Intermediate Microeconomic Theory University of California - Davis December 10, 2009 Instructor: John Parman. Final Exam

Ecn Intermediate Microeconomic Theory University of California - Davis December 10, 2009 Instructor: John Parman. Final Exam Ecn 100 - Intermediate Microeconomic Theory University of California - Davis December 10, 2009 Instructor: John Parman Final Exam You have until 12:30pm to complete this exam. Be certain to put your name,

More information

Imperfect Competition (Monopoly) Chapters 15 Mankiw

Imperfect Competition (Monopoly) Chapters 15 Mankiw Imperfect Competition (Monopoly) Chapters 15 Mankiw What did we learn one week ago? Regulated prices Effect of a ceiling price Effect of a floor price. The cost of taxes and subsidies. Tax on producers

More information

2) All combinations of capital and labor along a given isoquant cost the same amount.

2) All combinations of capital and labor along a given isoquant cost the same amount. Micro Problem Set III WCC Fall 2014 A=True / B=False 15 Points 1) If MC is greater than AVC, AVC must be rising. 2) All combinations of capital and labor along a given isoquant cost the same amount. 3)

More information