WHAT IS A COMPETITIVE MARKET?

Transcription

1 Chapter 14. Firms in Competitive Markets WHAT IS A COMPETITIVE MARKET? A perfectly competitive market has the following characteristics: There are many buyers and sellers in the market. small relative to the size of the market little control over the price The goods offered by the various sellers are largely the same. Firms can freely enter or exit the market. WHAT IS A COMPETITIVE MARKET? As a result of its characteristics, the perfectly competitive market has the following outcomes: The actions of any single buyer or seller in the market have a negligible impact on the market price. Each buyer and seller takes the market price as given. WHAT IS A COMPETITIVE MARKET? A competitive market has many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker. Buyers and sellers must accept the price determined by the market.

2 The Revenue of a Competitive Firm Total revenue for a firm is the selling price times the quantity sold. TR = (P Q) Total revenue is proportional to the amount of output. The Revenue of a Competitive Firm Average revenue tells us how much revenue a firm receives for the typical unit sold. Average revenue is total revenue divided by the quantity sold. The Revenue of a Competitive Firm In perfect competition, average revenue equals the price of the good. Average Revenue = Total revenue = The Revenue of a Competitive Firm Marginal revenue is the change in total revenue from an additional unit sold. MR =ΔTR/ = ΔQ For competitive firms, marginal revenue equals the price of the good. =

3 Table 1 Total, Average, and Marginal Revenue for a Competitive Firm PROFIT MAXIMIZATION AND THE COMPETITIVE FIRM S S SUPPLY CURVE The goal of a competitive firm is to maximize profit. This means that the firm will want to produce the quantity that maximizes the difference between total revenue and total cost. Copyright 24 South-Western Table 2 Profit Maximization: A Numerical Example Figure 1 Profit Maximization for a Competitive Firm Costs and Revenue The firm maximizes profit by producing the quantity at which marginal cost equals marginal revenue. 2 P = MR 1 = MR 2 P = AR = MR AVC 1 Q 1 Q MAX Q 2 Copyright 24 South-Western Copyright 24 South-Western

4 PROFIT MAXIMIZATION AND THE COMPETITIVE FIRM S S SUPPLY CURVE Profit maximization occurs at the quantity where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. PROFIT MAXIMIZATION AND THE COMPETITIVE FIRM S S SUPPLY CURVE When MR > => increase Q When MR < => decrease Q When MR = => Profit is maximized. The Marginal-Cost Curve and the Firm's Supply Decision Cost curves have special features The marginal-cost curve is upward sloping. The average-total-cost curve is u-shaped. The marginal-cost curve crosses the average-total-cost curve at the minimum of average total cost. (, AVC) Marginal and average revenue can be shown by a horizontal line at the market price. The Marginal-Cost Curve and the Firm's Supply Decision To find the profit-maximizing level of output, we compare MR (=p) and. At the profit-maximizing level of output, marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost. Because the firm's marginal cost curve determines how much the firm is willing to supply at any price, it is the competitive firm's supply curve.

5 Figure 2 Marginal Cost as the Competitive Firm s s Supply Curve The Firm s s Short-Run Decision to Shut Down P 2 P 1 This section of the firm s curve is also the firm s supply curve. AVC A shutdown refers to a short-run decision not to produce anything during a specific period of time because of current market conditions. Exit refers to a long-run decision to leave the market. One important difference is that, when a firm shuts down temporarily, it still must pay fixed costs. Q 1 Q 2 Copyright 24 South-Western The Firm s s Short-Run Decision to Shut Down The firm considers its sunk costs when deciding to exit (LR decision), but ignores them when deciding whether to shut down (SR decision). Sunk costs are costs that have already been committed and cannot be recovered. Spilt Milk and Sunk Costs opportunity cost: what you have to give up if you choose to do one thing instead of another. sunk cost: cannot be avoided, regardless of the choices you make. Because nothing can be done about sunk costs, you should ignore them when making decisions. Irrelevance of sunk cost

6 The Firm s s Short-Run Decision to Shut Down Figure 3 The Competitive Firm s s Short Run Supply Curve The firm shuts down if the revenue it gets from producing is less than the variable cost of production. Shut down if TR < VC Shut down if TR/Q < VC/Q Shut down if P < AVC Costs If P > AVC, firm will continue to produce in the short run. If P >, the firm will continue to produce at a profit. Firm s short-run supply curve AVC Firm shuts down if P< AVC Copyright 24 South-Western The Firm s s Short-Run Decision to Shut Down The portion of the marginal-cost curve that lies above average variable cost is the competitive firm s short-run supply curve. Case Study: Near-Empty Restaurants and Off-Season Miniature Golf Ex) You see a very much empty restaurant. You wonder why keep it open, considering all the cost. Ex) Decision of whether a miniature golf course in a summer resort community should stay open during other seasons.

7 The Firm s s Long-Run Decision to Exit or Enter a Market In the long run, the firm exits if the revenue it would get from producing is less than its total cost. Exit if TR < TC Exit if TR/Q < TC/Q Exit if P < The Firm s s Long-Run Decision to Exit or Enter a Market A firm will enter the industry if such an action would be profitable. Enter if TR > TC Enter if TR/Q > TC/Q Enter if P > Figure 4 The Competitive Firm s s Long-Run Supply Curve Costs Firm enters if P > Firm s long-run supply curve = long-run S THE SUPPLY CURVE IN A COMPETITIVE MARKET The competitive firm s long-run supply curve is the portion of its marginal-cost curve that lies above average total cost. Firm exits if P < Copyright 24 South-Western

8 Figure 4 The Competitive Firm s s Long-Run Supply Curve Costs Firm s long-run supply curve THE SUPPLY CURVE IN A COMPETITIVE MARKET Short-Run Supply Curve The portion of its marginal cost curve that lies above average variable cost. Long-Run Supply Curve The marginal cost curve above the minimum point of its average total cost curve. Copyright 24 South-Western Figure 5 Profit as the Area between and Average Total Cost Figure 5 Profit as the Area between and Average Total Cost (a) A Firm with Profits (b) A Firm with Losses Profit P P = AR = MR P P = AR = MR Loss Q (profit-maximizing quantity) Q (loss-minimizing quantity) Copyright 24 South-Western Copyright 24 South-Western

9 THE SUPPLY CURVE IN A COMPETITIVE MARKET Market supply equals the sum of the quantities supplied by the individual firms in the market. Two cases SR: fixed number of firms. LR: number of firms can change due to entry and exit. The Short Run: Market Supply with a Fixed Number of Firms For any given price, each firm supplies a quantity of output so that its marginal cost equals price. The market supply curve reflects the individual firms marginal cost curves. $2. Figure 6 Market Supply with a Fixed Number of Firms (a) Individual Firm Supply $2. (b) Market Supply Supply The Long Run: Market Supply with Entry and Exit Firms will enter or exit the market until profit is driven to zero. If firms in an industry are earning profit, this will attract new firms. If firms in an industry are incurring losses, firms will exit (firm) 1, 2, (market) Copyright 24 South-Western

10 The Long Run: Market Supply with Entry and Exit At the end of the process of entry and exit, firms that remain must be making zero economic profit. The process of entry and exit ends only when price and average total cost are driven to equality. Long-run equilibrium must have firms operating at their efficient scale. The Long Run: Market Supply with Entry and Exit In the long run, price equals the minimum of average total cost. The long-run market supply curve is horizontal at this price. Figure 7 Market Supply with Entry and Exit P = minimum (a) Firm s Zero-Profit Condition (firm) (b) Market Supply Supply (market) Why Do Competitive Firms Stay in Business If They Make Zero Profit? Profit equals total revenue minus total cost. Total cost includes all the opportunity costs of the firm. In the zero-profit equilibrium, the firm s revenue compensates the owners for the time and money they expend to keep the business going. ex) invest $1M to open a business. Owner gave up a job which pays $3, Accounting profit vs. economic profit Copyright 24 South-Western

11 A Shift in Demand in the Short Run and Long Run An increase in demand raises price and quantity in the short run. Firms earn profits because price now exceeds average total cost. P1 Figure 8 An Increase in Demand in the Short Run and Long Run Firm (a) Initial Condition P1 A Market Short-run supply, S1 Demand, D1 Long-run supply (firm) Q1 (market) Figure 8 An Increase in Demand in the Short Run and Long Run Figure 8 An Increase in Demand in the Short Run and Long Run Firm (b) Short-Run Response Market Firm (c) Long-Run Response Market P2 P1 Profit P2 P1 A B S1 D2 Long-run supply P1 P2 P1 A B S1 C S2 Long-run supply D1 D2 D1 (firm) Q1 Q2 (market) (firm) Q1 Q2 Q3 (market) Copyright 24 South-Western Copyright 24 South-Western

12 Why the Long-Run Supply Curve Might Slope Upward Horizontal LR supply curve all potential entrants faced the same costs as existing firms. average total cost unaffected by the entry of new firms. LR supply curve might slope upward Some resources used in production may be available only in limited quantities. Firms may have different costs. Why the Long-Run Supply Curve Might Slope Upward Some resources used in production may be available only in limited quantities. entry of firms will increase the price of this resource, raising the average total cost of production. Ex) market for farm product and limited supply of land. will shift up => supply curve will be upward sloping Why the Long-Run Supply Curve Might Slope Upward Firms may have different costs. the lowest costs will enter the industry first. If the demand for the product increases and price rises, the firms that would enter will likely have higher costs than those firms already in the market. upward sloping market supply curve even with free entry reflects of the marginal firm Why the Long-Run Supply Curve Might Slope Upward Marginal Firm The marginal firm is the firm that would exit the market if the price were any lower. Lower cost firms earns positive profit ( entry does not eliminate the profit since would-be entrants have higher costs)