Bridge or Barrier? The Role of Transportation in Visiting National Parks by Racial/Ethnic Minorities

Transcription

1 Bridge or Brrier? The Role of Trnsporttion in Visiting Ntionl Prks by Rcil/Ethnic Minorities Elizbeth Perry 1, Xio Xio 1,2, Robert Mnning 1, nd Dniel Krymkowski 3 1 Rubenstein School Prk Studies Lb, UVM 2 Trnsporttion Reserch Center, UVM 3 Deprtment of Sociology, UVM TRB Conference on Trnsporttion nd Federl Lnds: Enhncing Access, Mobility, Sustinbility, nd Connections September 16 th, 2014 Wshington, D.C.

2 NPS Priorities Enhnce relevncy/enggement with diverse udiences Emphsize entire NPS system Pln for trnsporttion s ccess nd recretion

3 Ethnic/Rcil Differences Underrepresenttion in outdoor recretion in generl, prks in prticulr Discrimintion, mrginlity, nd subculture hypotheses Differentil ccess to, knowledge of, nd comfort with trnsporttion

4 Urbn & Rurl Nt l Prks Spectrum of prk units Rurl prks Urbn prks Urbn djcent prks Differences in visitors Differences in ccess

5 Reserch Questions How do perceptions bout trnsporttion brriers to prk visittion vry by: Rce/ethnicity? Prk visitor type? The interction between the two? How do perceptions bout trnsporttion incentives to prk visittion vry by: Rce/ethnicity? Prk visitor type? The interction between the two?

6 Methods NYC-centric cse study pproch On-site visitors Five prks Summer /prk Generl popultion Online pnel Winter /rcil group Smpling frme Brriers/Incentives Rce/ethnicity Prk visittion

7 Anlysis Vribles: Brriers Plese tell us why you hve not visited res mnged by the NPS more often. Trnsporttion costs getting to the prk re too high It tkes too long to get to NPS res It is difficult to find prking spce in NPS res NPS res re not ccessible to persons with physicl disbilities Trvel to NPS res is too difficult Trvel within NPS res is too difficult Strongly disgree Somewht disgree Neither gree nor disgree Somewht gree Strongly gree Explortory Fctor nd Relibility Anlyses

8 Anlysis Vribles: Incentives To wht extent would the following mke you more likely to visit NPS res? Fster mens of trnsporttion to/from prks Less expensive mens of trnsporttion to/from prks More/better forms of public trnsporttion (e.g., buses) to/from prks More/better forms of public trnsporttion (e.g., shuttle buses) within prks More opportunities to wlk nd bike within prks More opportunities to wlk nd bike to/from prks More informtion (brochures, mps, on-line, pps) bout trnsporttion to/from prks More prking t prks No more likely More likely Much more likely Explortory Fctor nd Relibility Anlyses

9 Groups: Rce/Ethnicity Hispnic Non-Hispnic Blck Non-Hispnic White Excluded: Non-Hispnic multircil MANOVA

10 Groups: Visitor Sttus Urbn Rurl Both Non-visitor

11 Results Response rtes (n= 1684) On-site 68% (n = 956) NYC 6% (n = 728) This nlysis (n = 1480) Descriptive percentges by groupings: Hispnic Blck White Totl Smple On-site NYC Visitor Type Non-visitor Urbn Both Rurl Totl

12 Results: Brriers Plese tell us why you hve not visited res mnged by the NPS more often. Hispnic Blck White Totl Trns. costs getting to the prk re too high b 2.77 c 2.91 It tkes too long to get to NPS res b 2.65 b 2.76 Trvel to NPS res is too difficult b 2.60 c 2.71 It is difficult to find prking spce in NPS res b 2.39 c 2.52 Trvel within NPS res is too difficult b 2.12 c 2.33 NPS res re not ccessible to persons with physicl disbilities b 2.20 c 2.32 Sttisticlly significnt differences between groups (p < 0.05) for tht item using the Duncn test of homogenous subgroups.

13 Results: Brriers Plese tell us why you hve not visited res mnged by the NPS more often. Non-visitor Urbn Both Rurl Trns. costs getting to the prk re too high b 2.90 b 2.57 c It tkes too long to get to NPS res b 2.57 c 2.50 c Trvel to NPS res is too difficult b 2.54 c 2.42 c It is difficult to find prking spce in NPS res b 2.40 b 2.35 b Trvel within NPS res is too difficult b 2.19 c 1.82 d NPS res re not ccessible to persons with physicl disbilities b 2.36 b 2.05 c Sttisticlly significnt differences between groups (p < 0.05) for tht item using the Duncn test of homogenous subgroups.

14 Lest similr groups shown for ech item: Respondent groups tht shre similrities (p < 0.05) with hlf or fewer of the groupings for tht item Results: Brriers Plese tell us why you hve not visited res mnged by the NPS more often. Hispnic Blck White NV U B R NV U B R NV U B R Trns. costs getting to the prk re too high It tkes too long to get to NPS res It is difficult to find prking spce in NPS res NPS res re not ccessible to persons with physicl disbilities Trvel to NPS res is too difficult Trvel within NPS res is too difficult

15 Results: Incentives To wht extent would the following mke you more likely to visit NPS res? Hispnic Blck White Totl Less expensive mens of trns. to/from prks b 1.85 c 1.96 More/better forms of public trns. to/from prks b 1.82 c 1.95 More informtion bout trns. to/from prks b 1.92 More/better forms of public trns. within prks b 1.77 c 1.90 Fster mens of trns. to/from prks b 1.80 c 1.89 More opportunities to wlk nd bike within prks b 1.77 c 1.83 More opportunities to wlk nd bike to/from prks b 1.64 b 1.75 More prking t prks b 1.63 c 1.72 Sttisticlly significnt differences between groups (p < 0.05) for tht item using the Duncn test of homogenous subgroups. Cells with multiple superscripts shre commonlities with superscripts listed.

16 Results: Incentives To wht extent would the following mke you more likely to visit NPS res? Rurl Non-visitor Both Urbn Less expensive mens of trns. to/from prks 1.80 b More/better forms of public trns. to/from prks 1.73 c b More informtion bout trns. to/from prks 1.69 b More/better forms of public trns. within prks 1.72 c b Fster mens of trns. to/from prks b 2.04 b More opportunities to wlk nd bike within prks c 1.86 More opportunities to wlk nd bike to/from prks b 1.85 b More prking t prks Sttisticlly significnt differences between groups (p < 0.05) for tht item using the Duncn test of homogenous subgroups. Cells with multiple superscripts shre commonlities with superscripts listed.

17 Results: Incentives To wht extent would the following mke you more likely to visit NPS res? Hispnic Blck White NV U R B NV U R B NV U R B Fster mens of trns. to/from prks Less expensive mens of trns. to/from prks More/better forms of public trns. to/from prks More/better forms of public trns. within prks More opportunities to wlk nd bike within prks More opportunities to wlk nd bike to/from prks More informtion bout trns. to/from prks More prking t prks Lest similr groups shown for ech item: Respondent groups tht shre similrities (p < 0.05) with hlf or fewer of the groupings for tht item

18 Conclusions Brriers Trns. costs getting to the prk re too high It tkes too long to get to NPS res Trvel to NPS res is too difficult Lowest Highest Agree Incentives Less expensive mens of trns. to/from prks More/better forms of public trns. to/from prks More informtion bout trns. to/from prks Lest Most Likely White Blck Hispnic R B U NV White Blck Hispnic R NV B U White & Blck R Hispnic NV White R & NV Hispnic B & U

19 Discussion Urbn chrcter distinct re of focus Emphsize locl NPS res Explore urbn-djcent opportunity Minorities more likely to perceive nd respond Trnsporttion = brrier nd potentil bridge Subculturl nd mrginlity hypotheses Blck respondents nd non-trnsporttion limiting issues Opportunity to discuss trnsporttion preferences, rech non-visitors Hispnic respondents cutely perceive brriers/incentives Urbn visitors redy for gtewy to other prks Informtion brrier To/from vs. within prk (e.g., prking nd NV s) Prtnering with other stff, orgniztions

20 Thnk You Elizbeth E. Perry

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22 Results: Brriers Plese tell us why you hve not visited res mnged by the NPS more often. Hispnic Blck White NV U R B NV U R B NV U R B Trns. costs getting to the prk re too high 3.60 d 3.13,d ,d It tkes too long to get to NPS res 3.40 e 2.95,d,e 3.16 d,e 2.97,e 3.04 d,e 2.66,d 3.22 e d,e 2.90,d,e It is difficult to find prking spce in NPS res 3.20 c NPS res re not ccessible to persons with physicl disbilities c Trvel to NPS res is too difficult 3.26 d 2.93,d 2.89,d 2.71,d ,d ,d Trvel within NPS res is too difficult 3.19 d Sttisticlly significnt differences between groups (p < 0.05) for tht item using the Duncn test of homogenous subgroups. Cells with multiple superscripts shre commonlities with superscripts listed.

23 Results: Incentives To wht extent would the following mke you more likely to visit NPS res? Hispnic Blck White NV U R B NV U R B NV U R B Fster mens of trns. to/from prks 2.02,d d 2.24 d ,d 2.00,d 2.02,d ,d Less expensive mens of trns. to/from prks d 2.11,d ,d 2.11,d More/better forms of public trns. to/from prks c c More/better forms of public trns. within prks d 2.05,d 2.22 d ,d 2.11,d 2.08,d ,d More opportunities to wlk nd bike within prks 1.88,d ,d 2.22 d ,d More opportunities to wlk nd bike to/from prks d More informtion bout trns. to/from prks c c More prking t prks 1.86,d ,d 2.16 d ,d Sttisticlly significnt differences between groups (p < 0.05) for tht item using the Duncn test of homogenous subgroups. Cells with multiple superscripts shre commonlities with superscripts listed.

24 Next Steps How do trnsporttion brriers compre to other brriers? Do modes of trnsporttion mtter? How might trnsporttion brriers be connected to other brriers? (wreness, informtion) Wht other fctors my relte to disproportionte visitor demogrphics?