POLYMER PHYSICS. Ulf W. Gedde. Kluwer Academic Publishers

Transcription

1 POLYMER PHYSICS Ulf W. Gedde Associate Professor of Polymer Technology Department of Polymer Technology Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht / Boston / London

2 CONTENTS Preface xi 1 A brief introduction to poiymer science Fundamental definitions Configurational states Homopolymers and copolymers Molecular architecture Common polymers Molar mass Polymerization Thermal transitions and physical structures Polymer materials A short history of polymers Summary Exercises References Suggested further reading 18 2 Chain conformations in polymers Introduction Experimental determination of dimensions of chain molecules Characteristic dimensions of 'random coil' polymers Models for calculating the average end-to-end distance for an ensemble of Statistical chains Random-flight analysis Chains with preferred conformation Summary Exercises References 38 3 The rubber elastic state Introduction Thermo-elastic behaviour and thermodynamics: energetic and entropic elastic Forces The Statistical mechanical theory of rubber elasticity Swelling of rubbers in solvents Deviations from classical Statistical theories Small-angle neutron scattering data The theory of Mooney and Rivlin Summary Exercises ReFerences Suggested further reading 53

3 viii Contents Polymer Solutions Introduction Regulär Solutions The Flory-Huggins theory Concentration regimes in polymer Solutions The solubility parameter concept Equation-of-state theories Polymer-polymer blends Summary Exercises References Suggested further reading 75 The glassy amorphous state Introduction to amorphous polymers The glass transition temperature Non-equilibrium features of glassy polymers and physical ageing Theories for the glass transition Mechanical behaviour of glassy, amorphous polymers Structure of glassy, amorphous polymers Summary Exercises References Suggested further reading 98 The molten state Introduction Fundamental concepts in rheology Measurement of rheological properties of molten polymers Flexible-chain polymers Liquid-crystalline polymers Summary Exercises References Suggested further reading 129 Crystalline polymers Background and a brief survey of polymer crystallography The crystal lamella Crystals grown from the melt and the crystal lamella stack Supermolecular structure Methods of assessing supermolecular structure Degree of crystallinity Relaxation processes in semicrystalline polymers Summary Exercises References Suggested further reading 167

4 Contents ix 8 Crystallization kinetics Background The equilibrium melting temperature The general Avrami equation Growth theories Molecular fractionation Orientation-induced crystallization Summary Exercises References Suggested further reading 198 Chain orientation Introduction Definition of chain orientation Methods for assessment of uniaxial chain orientation Methods for assessment of biaxial chain orientation How chain orientation is created Properties of oriented polymers Summary Exercises References Suggested further reading Thermal analysis of polymers Introduction Thermo-analytical methods Thermal behaviour of polymers Summary Exercises References Suggested further reading Microscopy of polymers Introduction Optical microscopy (OM) Electron microscopy Preparation of specimens for microscopy Applications of polymer microscopy Summary Exercises References Suggested further reading 257

5 x Contents 12 Spectroscopy and scattering of polymers Introduction Spectroscopy Scattering and diffraction methods Summary Exercises References Suggested further reading Solutions to problems given in exercises 275 Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter References 292 Index 293