Computer programming for prediction of soil bulk density effect on trencher design parameters

Transcription

1 4 ecembe, 011 Vol. 4 No.4 Compue pogamming o pedicion o soil bulk densiy eec on enche design paamees ohamed Hassan ahab 1, oayed ohamed balal (1. epamen o Agiculual Engineeing, Faculy o Agiculue, Shamba, Univesiy o Khaoum, Sudan;. epamen o Agiculual Engineeing, Faculy o Naual Resouces and Envionmenal Sudies, Elobied, Univesiy o Noh Kodoan, Sudan) Absac: A compue pogam was developed in C++ language o pedic he eec o soil bulk densiy on da oce on booms, shae hickness, sesses disibuion and maximum delecion on sandads, bending sesses disibuion on side plaes, diamee o shea pins, and ensile sess on hich ba. I was ound ha, as soil bulk densiy inceased, sesses disibuion and maximum delecion on sandads, bending sesses disibuion on side plaes, diamee o shea pins, and ensile sess on hich ba inceased. The diamee o shea pin should be lage o mee wide ange o soil densiy. Keywods: enche, compue pogam, soil, da oce, bulk densiy, pedicion OI: /j.issn Ciaion: ohamed Hassan ahab, oayed ohamed balal. Compue pogamming o pedicion o soil bulk densiy eec on enche design paamees. In J Agic & Biol Eng, 011; 4(4): Inoducion Tenche is used o consuc enches o oil, gas, wae pipe lines, dainage diches, sewe, cables and oundaions as well as oad - building jobs. Use o impoved implemens and agiculual machines is equied o upli am mechanizaion o incease he poduciviy o land [1]. Qualiy o soil cuing pocedue is o gea impoance in oundaions and agiculue because i diecly aecs he qualiy o wok and quaniy o poducion, heeoe, hee is a need o impove equipmen design o enegy saving, wea esisance, o keep sesses and delecions o in sae limis unde dieen soil physical condiions. Received dae: Acceped dae: Biogaphy: oayed ohamed balal, epamen o Agiculual Engineeing, Faculy o Naual Resouces and Envionmenal Sudies, Elobied, Univesiy o Noh Kodoan, Sudan; moayedzaied@yahoo.com. Coesponding auho: ohamed Hassan ahab, Ph, epamen o Agiculual Engineeing, Faculy o Agiculue, Shamba, Univesiy o Khaoum, Sudan; mhdahabahmed55@yahoo. com. Impoving design o implemen can be achieved by wo echniques namely by expeimenal mehod o mahemaical modeling mehod. Expeimenal mehod is cosly, while employing mahemaical modeling mehod can be lowe in cos, i i can be esablished ha he models give ealisic esuls whee hey ae o be applied. I heoeical esuls agee well wih expeimenal daa, he model can be adoped o invesigae he impoan vaiables. The soil ool illage combinaion should be sudied o opimize he ool peomance and enegy eiciency. A illage ool mus educe clods o he desied degee and manipulae he soil suicienly. An undesanding o he ineacion beween illage ool and soil would allow he pedicion o peomance om knowledge o soil and ool paamees []. An evaluaion o he physical disubance imposed on he soil by illage ool could povide sep owads designing o suiable ool. The mahemaical descipion o ool geomey may deemine how o design paamees inluencing enegy equiemens []. Tillage ools blades oen have a complex geomey and ae subjeced o vaious kinds o loading. The

2 ecembe, 011 Compue pogamming o pedicion o soil bulk densiy eec on enche design paamees Vol. 4 No.4 4 sesses developed in ploughing blades ae complex in naue because o he ype o loading and he complex shape o he blade. An invesigaion ino a wo dimensional mode o compue he eec o dieen shapes o agiculual plough blades on nodal displacemens and sess disibuion has been caied ou. Fom he analysis L-shaped blades wee ound ceaing he highes displacemens and sesses ove he blade [4]. The objecive o he pesen sudy is o develop a compue pogam o pedic da oces on booms, shae hickness, sesses disibuion and delecions on sandads, sesses disibuion on side plaes, diamees o shea pins, and ensile sess on hich ba. aeials and mehods.1 aeials aeials used in he sudy consis o a compue, C++ sowae, and Coelaw sowae.. ehods..1 Concepual design o enche The basic concep involved in he design o a enching machine is ha wo ench oming booms ae placed one behind anohe such ha hey ollow he same ench pah (Figue 1). The wo booms ae placed in such a way ha he on boom will open a ench o speciic deph om he gound suace and he ea boom will open a ench wih same deph bu deepe han he on boom, hence he ea boom is placed lowe han he on boom [5]. Figue 1 esign o enche.. a on enche booms Figue shows one enche boom and is woking paamees. a oces acing on he booms ae calculaed as ollows. b d k (1) () a oce on booms assumed o be equal because he woking deph and cuing widh o booms ae equal and he ea boom no sueed a esisance on op soil laye which was aleady cu by on boom. Whee: = oal da oce on booms, kn; b = cuing widh o he boom, m; d = cuing deph o he boom, m; k = soil esisance dependen on soil bulk densiy, g/cm which is appoximaely o ligh soil, o medium soil and o heavy soil; = da oce on on boom, kn; = da oce on ea boom, kn. Figue.. Shae hickness Tenche boom The maximum da o soil cuing by eihe on o ea shae is given as ollows. C R () whee, C = maximum da o soil cuing by he shae, kg; R = consan expessed as aio dependen on soil bulk densiy, anging om 0.6 o The maximum bending momen on he shae is calculaed using he ollowing equaion: C b (4) 4 Shae hickness can be calculaed using lexual equaion as ollows. whee, I b Y L I = momen o ineia, m 4 ; 1 Y, = Thickness o he shae, mm; b = Allowable bending sess

3 44 ecembe, 011 Vol. 4 No.4 o he shae maeial, kn/m...4 esign o sandads The sandads (Figue 1) wee designed in a way ha hey can ake up he esulan o useul and paasiic soil oces duing he opeaion o he enche booms [6]. had peneaion he esulan oce is longiudinally and laeally inclined a an angle o hoizonal da oce. Boh hese angles may be aken as 8 o 10. The coeced values o da oces on on and ea booms wee: whee, laeal esulan oce, deg. In (6) cos Angle o inclinaion o longiudinal and The maximum bending momen o he on and ea sandad wee calculaed as ollows. d (7) d (8) whee, = aximum bending momen on on sandad, kn.m; = aximum bending momen on ea sandad, kn.m; d = isance beween cene o esisance o weakes secion a he op edge o he on sandad, m; d = isance beween cene o esisance o weakes secion a he op edge o he ea sandad, m. Bending sess on sandads a any ibe is given by: Fb Yi A e R Yi Fb A e R i i (9) (10) whee, Fb = Bending sess on on sandad, kn/m ; Fb =Bending sess on ea sandad, kn/m ; Y i = isance om he neual axis o inside ibe =R n -R i, m. R n = Radius o cuvaue o neual axis = ln( R / R, m; R i = ) Radius o cuvaue o inside ibe, m; R o = Radius o cuvaue o ouside ibe, m; A = Aea o sandad coss secion = W, m; W = Widh o sandad secion, m; = Thickness o sandad secion, m; e = isance om he cenoidal axis o he neual axis = R-R n ; R = Radius o cuvaue o cenoidal axis = Ri, m. The maximum delecion on on and ea sandad canileve beam wih a poin load acing a ee end is o i given by: d (11) E I d (1) E I whee, = aximum delecion on on sandad, m; = aximum delecion on ea sandad, m; E = odulus o elasiciy o sandad maeial, kn/m ; I = W omen o ineia = 1, m 4. Pemissible delecion on on and ea sandads is calculaed as ollows. P P d (1) K d K (14) whee, P = Pemissible delecion on on sandad, m; P = Pemissible delecion on ea sandad, m; K = imensionless consan dependen on maeial...5 esign o side plaes Side plaes ae he inemediae componen, which connec he booms o he enche o he ame hough he sandads (Figue ). acing on each side plae is: The maximum da oce m (15) whee, m = aximum da oce acing on each side plae, kn; = da oce on on boom, kn; = da oce on ea boom, kn. aximum bending on on and ea plae wee: b b L m 1 (16) Z XX L m (17) ZYY whee, b = aximum bending sess on on side plae, kn/m ; b = aximum bending sess on ea side plae, kn/m ; L 1 = Lengh o he on side plae, m; L = Lengh o he ea side plae, m; Z XX = Coss secion index o on side plae = ea side plae = P P h 6 h 6 ; Z YY = Coss secion index o ; P = Thickness o side plaes, mm; h = Heigh o he on side plae, m; h = Heigh o

4 ecembe, 011 Compue pogamming o pedicion o soil bulk densiy eec on enche design paamees Vol. 4 No.4 45 he ea side plae, m. Figue imensions and oces on side plaes..6 esign o saey shea pin A shea is povided o he saey o he enche boom o avoid he damage due o big sones (Figue ). a oces acing on on and ea pins secions wee calculaed as ollows. X 1 Pin (18) X Y 1 Pin (19) Y whee, Pin = da oce on on pin, kn; Pin = da oce on ea pin, kn; X 1 = disance om he on shae o on pin, m; X = disance om he on pin o cene o esisance o on plae, m; Y 1 = disance om he ea shae o ea pin, m; Y = disance om he ea pin o cene o esisance o ea plae, m. iamee o shea pin o mee he sheaing oce is calculaed as ollows. iam iam Pin Pin 4 Pin S Fs 4 Pin S Fs (0) (1) whee, iam Pin = iamee o on shea pin, m; iam Pin = iamee o ea shea pin, m; Fs = allowable shea sess o pin maeial, kn/m ; S = saey aco...7 esign o main paallel hich ba The hich ba is designed on he basis o maximum dawba pull o he aco o wihsand ension ailue agains he maximum pull. The ensile sess on hich ba can be calculaed as ollows. BP F ( w d ) s b b () whee, F = ensile sess on hich ba, kn/m ; BP = dawba pull oce, kn; w = deph o hich ba, m; d b = maximum diamee o hole on he hich ba, m; b = hickness o he hich ba, mm; s = saey aco...8 evelopmen o he compue pogam A compue pogam is developed in C++ o simulae a poposed design o a enche, he inpu paamee o he pogam wee shown in Table 1. The pogam used o pedic da oces on booms, shae hickness, bending sesses disibuion and maximum delecions on sandads, bending sess on side plaes, diamees o shea pins, and ensile sess on hich ba. These vaiables wee pediced unde dieen values o soil bulk densiy. Figue Soil paamees The low cha o he pogam is shown in Table1 Inpus o he pogam Inpu Value Soil bulk densiy ange g/cm - Implemen paamees a- Boom woking vaiables eph o cu Widh o cu Shae hickness 0.0 m 0.0 m 4.9 mm Allowable sess o shae maeial 150 kn/m Saey aco 4 b- Sandads vaiables isance beween cene o esisance o weakes secion a op edge o he on sandad isance beween cene o esisance o weakes secion a op edge o he ea sandad Widh o sandad secion Thickness o sandad secion Radius o cuvaue o ouside ibe 0.56 m 0.6 m 0.00 m 0.18 m 0.05 m Radius o cuvaue o inside ibe 0.05 m aximum bending sess o sandad maeial 14 kn/m odulus o elasiciy o sandad maeial 1.4E6 kn/m c- Side plaes vaiables Heigh o he on side plae Heigh o he ea side plae Lengh o he on side plae Lengh o he ea side plae Thickness o side plaes d- Shea pins vaiables isance om he on shae o on pin isance om he on pin o cene o esisance o on plae isance om he ea shae o ea pin 0.6 m 0.44 m 0.6 m 0.44 m 1 mm 0.48 m m 0.41 m isance om he ea pin o cene o esisance o ea plae m Shea sess o pins maeial kn/m e- Hich ba vaiables Widh o he hich ba eph o he hich ba 0.1 m 1.8 cm Thickness o hich ba 18,6 mm Allowable ensile sess o hich ba maeial 1 kn/m Saey aco o hich ba 1

5 46 ecembe, 011 Vol. 4 No.4 Table Eec o soil bulk densiy on da oce o enche Soil bulk densiy/g cm - a oce/kn Figue 5 Eec o soil bulk densiy on da oce Table Eec o soil bulk densiy on shae hickness Soil bulk densiy/g cm - Shae hickness/mm Figue 4 Flow cha o he pogam Resuls and discussion I was ound ha boh pediced da oce and shae hickness wee inceased as soil bulk densiy inceased. The maximum da on each boom was 5.89 kn and i was ecoded a g/cm soil densiy (Table, Figue 5) while he shae hickness was inceased om 4.9 mm a 1. g/cm soil densiy o 8 mm a g/cm soil densiy (Table, Figue 6). I was concluded ha as he soil bulk densiy inceased, da oce and shae hickness inceased, heeoe, soil densiy plays a consideable ole in shae weaing and eeciveness. Figue Eec o soil bulk densiy on shae hickness

6 ecembe, 011 Compue pogamming o pedicion o soil bulk densiy eec on enche design paamees Vol. 4 No.4 47 The eec o soil densiy on sandad design was shown in Table 4 and Figue 7. I was ound ha as soil densiy inceased, he pediced sess on sandad inceased and he sess disibuion on ea sandad was highe han he sess on on sandad. As he soil bulk densiy was inceased om 1. o.0 g/cm, he sesses disibuion on on and ea sandads inceased om 69.8 and 1. kn/m o and 74. kn/m especively. The pediced sess a dieen values o soil densiy was a sae limi. The maximum delecion was ound o incease wih soil densiy and he ea sandad showed highe delecion (0.75 mm) han on sandad (0.44 mm) as shown in Table 5 and Figue 8, bu i was wihin he sae limi. Table 5 Soil bulk densiy /g cm - Eec o soil bulk densiy on maximum delecion o enche sandads elecion on on sandad/mm elecion on ea Sandad/mm Saey Sae Sae Sae Sae Sae Sae Sae Table 4 Eec o soil bulk densiy on sess disibuion on enche sandads Soil bulk densiy /g cm - Sess on on sandad/kn m - Sess on ea sandad /kn m - Saey Sae Sae Sae Sae Sae Figue 8 Eec o soil bulk densiy on maximum delecion on sandads Sae Sae The pediced maximum bending sess on each side plae ound o incease wih soil densiy (Table 6, Figue 9), i was ecoded ha he on side plae was subjeced o highe bending sess as compaed o ea plae, and hey ae a sae limi. Inceasing he soil bulk densiy om 1. o.0 g/cm, he pediced bending sesses on side on and ea plaes inceased by 170.7% and 110.1% especively. I was also ound ha he diamees o on and ea shea pins inceased as soil densiy inceased (Table 7, Figue 10). Table 6 Eec o soil bulk densiy on bending sess on side plaes o enche Soil bulk densiy /g cm - Sess on on sandad/kn m - Sess on ea sandad /kn m - Saey Figue 7 Eec o soil bulk densiy on sesses on sandads Sae Sae Sae Sae Sae Sae Sae

7 48 ecembe, 011 Vol. 4 No.4 a sae limi. Table 8 Eec o soil bulk densiy on ensile sess on hich ba o enche Soil bulk densiy/g cm - Sess/kN m - Saey Sae Sae Sae Sae Sae Sae Sae Sae Figue 9 Eec o soil bulk densiy on bending sess on side plaes Table 7 Eec o soil bulk densiy on diamee o shea pin. Soil bulk densiy /g cm - iamee o on pin /mm iamee o ea pin /mm Figue 11 Eec o soil bulk densiy on ensile sess on hich ba 4 Conclusions Figue 10 Eec o soil bulk densiy on diamee o shea pin I was ecoded ha as soil densiy inceased, he ensile sess on hich ba ends o incease (Table 8, Figue 11). The maximum ensile sess was shown a g/cm soil densiy (4.85 kn/m ), while he minimum ensile sess was (.04 kn/m ) was demonsaed a 1. g/cm soil densiy, and he sesses wee ound o be 1) a oce on booms o enche inceased wih soil bulk densiy. The shae o boom needs o be hicke as soil densiy inceased, heeoe soil condiion plays a majo ole in shae weaing. ) The pesen design o he enche showed ha he sess and delecion on sandad dependen on soil densiy bu hey ae wihin he sae limi. ) Bending sess on side plaes inceased wih soil densiy and he sesses on on and ea plae ae sae. 4) The diamee o shea pin should be designed lage enough o mee dieen soil condiions. 5) Tensile sess on hich ba was popoional o soil densiy. 6) A compue simulaion could be useul mehod and should be used o design and es he peomance o a machine beoe being manuacued, his will save esouces and cos.

8 ecembe, 011 Compue pogamming o pedicion o soil bulk densiy eec on enche design paamees Vol. 4 No.4 49 [Reeences] [1] Raheman H, Sahu R K. esign o aco opeaed oay culivao- a compue simulaion. Agiculual echanizaion in Asia, Aica and Lain Ameica, 006; 7(): 7-1. [] Raheman H, Singh B, Bau B H. Compue aided design o disc booms. Agiculual echanizaion in Asia, Aica and Lain Ameica, 00; (): [] Yadov B K, ai Inda, Panwa J S. esign o ool caie o illage sudies o disc in ield condiion. Agiculual echanizaion in Asia, Aica and Lain Ameica, 007; 8(): 9-. [4] Lye K P, Salleh I Y d. Analysis o agiculual plough blades using inie elemen mehod. Agiculual echanizaion in Asia, Aica and Lain Ameica, 1997; 8(): 9-. [5] anian R, Kahivel K, evanada. esign and developmen o a enche. Agiculual echanizaion in Asia, Aica and Lain Ameica, 000; 1(): [6] Clyde A W. Foce measuemens applied o illage ool. Tansacion o he ASAE, 1961; 4():