FRACTURE MECHANICS FOR CERAMICS, ROCKS, AND CONCRETE

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2 FRACTURE MECHANICS FOR CERAMICS, ROCKS, AND CONCRETE A symposium sponsored by ASTM Committee D-18 on Soil and Rock for Engineering Purposes and Committee E-24 on Fracture Testing AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS Chicago, III., June 1980 ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 745 S. W. Freiman and E. R. Fuller, Jr., National Bureau of Standards, editors ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN) # AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa

3 Copyright by AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1981 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: NOTE The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication. Printed in Baltimore, Md. October 1981

4 Foreword The symposium on Fracture Mechanics for Ceramics, Rocks, and Concrete was presented at Chicago, IHinois, June The symposium was sponsored by the American Society for Testing and Materials through its Committee D-18 on Soil and Rock for Engineering Purposes and Committee E-24 on Fracture Testing. S. W. Freiman and E. R. Fuller, Jr., National Bureau of Standards, are editors of this publication. Mr. Freiman also presided as chairman of the symposium.

5 Related ASTM Publications Crack Arrest Methodology and Applications, STP 711 (1980), $44.75, Fracture Mechanics, 12th Conference, STP 700 (1980), $53.25, Part-Through Crack Fatigue Life Prediction, STP 687 (1979), $26.25, Fracture Mechanics Applied to Brittle Material, 11th Conference, STP 678 (1979), $25.00, Fracture Mechanics, 11th Conference, STP 677 (1979), $60.00, Behavior of Deep Foundations, STP 670 (1979), $49.50, Dynamic Geotechnical Testing, STP 654 (1978), $34.50, Dispersive Clays, Related Piping, and Erosion in Geotechnical Projects, STP 623 (1977), $40.75,

6 A Note of Appreciation to Reviewers This publication is made possible by the authors and, also, the unheralded efforts of the reviewers. This body of technical experts whose dedication, sacrifice of time and effort, and collective wisdom in reviewing the papers must be acknowledged. The quality level of ASTM publications is a direct function of their respected opinions. On behalf of ASTM we acknowledge with appreciation their contribution. ASTM Committee on Publications

7 Editorial Staff Jane B. Wheeler, Managing Editor Helen M. Hoersch, Senior Associate Editor Helen P. Mahy, Senior Assistant Editor Allan S. Kleinberg, Assistant Editor

8 Contents Introduction 1 Experimental Observation of Crack Velocity and Crack Front Shape Effects in Double-Torsion Fracture Mechanics Tests T. A. MICHALSKE, M. SINGH, AND V. D. FRECHETTE 3 Determination of High-Temperature Krv Data for Si-Al-O-N Ceramics M. H. LEWIS AND B. S. B. KARUNARATNE 13 Fracture Toughness of Glass Using the Indentation Fracture Technique S. S. SMITH, P. MAGNUSEN, AND B. J. PLETKA 33 Application of Single Edge Notched Beam and Indentation Techniques to Determine Fracture Toughness of Alpha Silicon Carbide M. SRINIVASAN AND S. G. SESHADRI 46 Effect of Stable Crack Growth on Fracture Toughness Determination for Hot-Pressed Silicon Nitride at Elevated Temperatures D. MUNZ, G. HIMSOLT, AND J. ESCHWEILER 69 Precracking of Fracture Toughness Specimens by Wedge Indentation E. A. ALMOND AND B. ROEBUCK 85 Test-Microstructural Dependence of Fracture Energy Measurements in Ceramics R. w. RICE 96 Specimen Size Effects in Fracture Toughness Testing of Heterogeneous Ceramics by the Notch Beam Method K. R. MCKINNEY AND R. W. RICE U8 The Character of Cracks in Fracture Toughness Measurements of Ceramics C. Cm. WU, R. W. RICE, AND P. F. BECHER 127 Compliance Measured Fracture Toughness of Mortar and Fiber Reinforced Mortar K. VISALVANICH AND A. E. NAAMAN 141 Relationship Between Differential Stress Intensity Factor and Crack Growth Rate in Cyclic Tension in Westerly Granite KUNSOO KIM AND ABDUL MUBEEN 157

9 Static and Dynamic Fracture Behavior of Oil Shale L. S. COSTIN 169 Application of the Hopkinson Split Bar Test to the Mechanical and Fracture Properties of Rocks JAROSLAV BUCHAR AND ZDENEK BILEK 185 Precursors of Laboratory Rock Failure G. A. ROWELL, B. T. BRADY, L. P. YODER, AND D. R. HANSON 196 Fracture Mechanics of Crack Bands in Concrete LUIGI CEDOLIN AND Z. p. BAZANT 221 Extension of the Compliance and Stress Intensity Formulas for the Single Edge Crack Round Bar in Bending FINN OUCHTERLONY 237 Consequences of Varying Surface Heat Transfer Coefficients, Material Properties, and Cyclical Ambient Temperatures upon Stress Intensity Factors for Edge Cracks A. F. EMERY, A. s. KOBAYASHI, AND T. R. BIELER 257 Summary 273 Index 277

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