Extractive Industries: Risks and challenges for Africa s wetlands

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1 Extractive Industries: Risks and challenges for Africa s wetlands

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3 DFID APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY LACK ACCESS TO SERVICES POOR GOVERNANCE RIGHTS RECOGNISED EXPLOITATION PROSTITUTION CASM Risks and Challenges HEALTH & SAFETY VIOLENCE DISEASE ACCIDENTS/ RISK FAIR ETHICAL TRADE CORRUPTION HEAVY METALS EDUCATION POOR HYGIENE/ SANITATION GENDER INEQUITY ACCESS TO CREDIT HIV: AIDS/ MALARIA POVERTY CONFLICT VULNERABILITY TRANSPARENCY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT BUSH MEAT HAZARDOUS CHILD LABOUR ALCOHOLISM

4 Mining Facts More than 1/4 of the world s active mines and exploration sites overlap with or are within a 10-kilometer radius of a strictly protected area. Nearly 1/3 of all active mines and exploration sites are located within areas of intact ecosystems of high conservation value. Almost one third of all active mines are located in stressed watersheds

5 Hobbs & D Souza IGFMMMSD Geneva Medium Scale Mining Small Scale Mining Artisanal Mining Large Scale Mining

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7 Morocco Tunisia Correlation? Gambia Guinea Bissau Sénégal Sierra Leone Mauritanie Guinée Liberia Côte d Ivoire Mali Burkina Faso Benin Togo Ghana Algeria Niger Nigeria Guinea Eq. Cameroun Gabo n Congo Libya Tchad République Centraafricain e République Démocratique du Congo Egypt Sudan Eritrea Uganda Kenya Rwanda Burundi Tanzania Ethiopia Estimated Numbers of Artisanal & Small Scale Mining (ASM) workers Djibouti Somalia >200, , ,000 <50,000 Total: 5-6 million CONFLICT Angola Zambia Malawi Moçambique Madagascar ASM areas linked with past conflict Namibia South Africa Botswana Zimbabwe Swaziland Lesotho More people engaged in ASM than the LSM sector Numbers predicted to triple by 2015

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10 Company Market capitalization* Commodities produced BHP Billiton (Australia) $149.62B Aluminum, copper, zinc, lead, uranium, diamonds, iron ore, energy coal, coking coal, manganese, nickel, silver, petroleum Vale (Brazil) $100.34B Iron ore, manganese, nickel, coal, aluminum, potassium, copper, manganese, kaolin, steel Rio Tinto (UK) $56.01B Aluminum, copper, iron ore, titanium dioxide, coal, borates, diamonds, gold, silver, gypsum, molybdenum, salt, uranium, talc, sulphuric acid, nickel, potash, zinc, lead Anglo-American (UK) $34.94B Copper, gold, platinum group metals, zinc, diamonds, nickel, mineral sands, iron ore, manganese, steel, coal, industrial minerals Barrick Gold (Canada) $32.55B Gold, copper, silver Newmont Mining (US) $23.23B Gold, copper Norilsk (Russia) $20.59B Nickel, platinum group metals, aluminum, copper, cobalt, silver, gold, selenium, tellurium, sulfur Xstrata (Switzerland) $19.05B Copper, coal, nickel, vanadium, zinc Codelco (Chile) State-owned Copper, molybdenum Chinalco (China) State-owned Aluminum, copper, titanium

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12 Resolution X.26 Wetlands and extractive industries URGES Contracting Parties to ensure that existing or new extractive industrial development projects address the need, as far as possible, to avoid, remedy or mitigate the impacts of these projects, and to compensate, in accordance with any applicable national legislation, for the loss of livelihoods that may result directly or indirectly from the impacts of these projects on wetland biodiversity and ecosystem services,

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14 Environmental Footprint: Absolute Basis Base metals have the largest absolute environmental footprint Absolute Environmental Footprint Waste Water Energy / GHGs TOTAL 1 Copper Copper Cement Copper / Zinc / Lead / Nickel 2 Zinc Zinc Aluminum Cement 3 Lead Lead Copper Aluminum 4 Nickel Nickel Iron Iron 5 Aluminum Iron Titanium Nitrogen or Gold 6 Iron Cobalt Nickel 7 Gold Aluminum Nitrogen

15 Environmental Footprint: Intensity Precious metals and diamonds have the largest environmental footprint per ton of product Intensity Environmental Footprint Waste Water Energy/GHGs TOTAL 1 Diamonds Diamonds Diamonds Diamonds 2 Platinum* Platinum Platinum Platinum 3 Gold Gold Gold Gold 4 Copper Copper Aluminum Copper / Nickel 5 Nickel Nickel Copper Aluminum

16 $US billion Shell (1) Exxon Mobile (2) Global 500 companies Oil and gas companies: Very high revenues in 2008 BP (4) Chevron (5) Total (6) Conocophilips (7) Source: Fortune July 2009 Sinopec (9) China National petroleum (13)

17 $US billion Exxon Mobile (1) Gazprom (2) Global 500 companies Oil and gas companies: Highest profits in 2008 Shell (3) Chevron (4) BP (5) Petrobras (6) Source: Fortune July 2009 Total (11) Petronas (13)

18 Wetlands and energy issues DOC. SC43-20 The chief purpose of this Resolution is to : i) draw the attention of decision makers in both sectors to some of the potential negative impacts upon wetlands of energy sector activities; ii) emphasize the importance of both energy provision and wetland ecosystem services to human and economic development and highlight the need to harmonize policy objectives in both sectors; iii) encourage the application of Ramsar s suite of existing guidance to support the integration of wetland conservation and wise use into policies, plans and initiatives in the energy sector; and

19 From wetland paradise to... (S)HELL

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21 Associated infrastructure Roads Railway lines Airstrips Construction Camps Housing etc.for miners Dams (hydro power) Power Grids Pipelines Deep sea ports..

22 Wetlands and energy issues DOC. SC FURTHER URGES Parties to prioritize transport methods for energy production and resources which minimize direct impacts on wetlands and which do not require dredging in riverine or coastal wetlands;

23 Promoting responsible investment by government and the private sector globally to ensure the maintenance of the benefits people and nature gain from wetlands DOC SC43-20

24 AWARE that such national and international investments may be channeled as direct investment in bonds and shares or loans and grants, through Ministries (including those not directly responsible for wetland conservation and wise use), government agencies such as Development Aid Agencies, Economic Cooperation Agencies, Economic or Industrial Promotion Agencies, sovereign wealth funds, multilateral financial institutions (such as the World Bank, Regional Development Banks, and the International Finance Corporation), government owned or semi-owned companies, and financial intermediaries in the national territory of a Contracting Party or in any other country s territory;

25 CALLS UPON Contracting Parties to intervene, by relevant means, in order to ensure that government funding channeled through different investment channels (including those listed in paragraph 3 above) does not create adverse environmental (and social) impacts on the conservation and wise use of wetlands in general, and of Ramsar Sites in particular;

26 Virunga National Park, World Heritage Site, and Ramsar Site (DRC) After four years of uncertainty, Congolese president Joseph Kabila finally made up his mind on June 18, 2010 by signing decrees concerning blocks 1 and 2 on the banks of Lake Albert. Exploration on the lakes is far more advanced on the Uganda side than on the Congolese.

27 If you are aware of a Ramsar Site in your country which might be affected by extractive industry plans likely to influence the ecological character of such wetlands... don t wait longer and DON T WAIT FOR LONGER: REQUEST THE RAMSAR SECRETARIAT TO ORGANIZE AN ADVISORY MISSION!