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1 Reactive Materials Carl Gotzmer Steve Kim FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 1

2 What are Reactive Materials? An energetic material consisting of two or more solid-state reactants that together form a thermochemical mixture Typically metal-metal and/or metal-metal oxide mixtures with and without binders Materials with higher predicted energy per unit volume than conventional energetics Provide alternate kill mechanisms besides those obtained for conventional energetics FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 2

3 Benefits of Reactive Materials Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS) Reactions - more energy More efficient pathways to energy delivery More energy per unit volume than conventional explosives Shock sensitivity can be tailored Ultra-fine powders - energy management Energy release rate can be tailored More energy than chemical energy (ESM) Reactions with water and external air are possible FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 3

4 Classes of Reactive Materials Self-Propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS) Thermitic - metal/metal oxide reactions Thermite and MIC reactions Intermetallic reactions Aluminides Borides Carbides Metal/fluorine systems Ultra-fine powders ALEX (exploded wire) MIC ingredients Nano-laminates Mechanochemical Synthesis (MCS) Energy Saturated Media (ESM) Hf and Ti powders FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 4

5 Standard Heats of Oxidation of Selected Metals and Fuels Main Oxide and Standard State Gravimetric Heat of Oxidation KJ/gm Fuel Volumetric Heat of Oxidation KJ/cm3 Fuel Metal/Fuel Density of Fuel gm/cm3 Aluminum (Al) 2.7 Al2O3(s) Boron (B) 2.34 B2O3(s) Beryllium (Be) 1.85 BeO(s) Carbon (C) 2.25 CO2(g) Iron (Fe) 7.86 Fe2O3(s) Hydrogen (H) -- H2O (l) Lithium (Li) Li2O(s) Magnesium (Mg) 1.74 MgO(s) Silicon (Si) 2.33 SiO2(s) Titanium (Ti) 4.54 TiO2(s) Tungsten (W) WO3(s) Zirconium (Zr) 6.49 ZrO2(s) HTPB (R45-HT) FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 5

6 SHS Efficiency Beryllium most energetic metal based on weight Boron most energetic metal based on volume Ti + O 2 TiO 2 efficient 2B + 3/2 O 2 B 2 O 3 inefficient Ti + 2B TiB 2 ~ 7200 F TiB 2 + 5/2 O 2 TiO 2 + B 2 O 3 efficient FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 6

7 SHS Reactions SHS System Aluminides Borides Carbides Reactions Energy Output Adiabatic Rxn Temp Theoretical Max Density (cal/g) (cal/cm3) ( o K) (g/cm 3 ) Li + Al Ni + Al Zr + 2AL Ti + 2B Hf + 2B Ta + 2B Ti + C Hf + C Ta + C Values from GSI SBIR FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 7

8 Comparison of Energy Release from SHS and Explosive Reactions Composition (- H) [cal/g] (- H) [cal/cm3] TNT RDX HMX Ti+2B 1,040 1,320 1,280 1,115 1,530 2,420 2,510 3,992 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 8

9 Potential Applications Force Protection Metal cutting/concrete cutting - NSWCIHD Reactive breaching Structural energetic composites - NSWCIHD Reactive explosively forged penetrators Reactive fragments - NSWCDD Reactive filled darts - NSWCIHD Underwater energy release - NSWCIHD FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 9

10 Potential Applications (Cont.) Thermochemical Warheads - NSWCIHD High temperature thermal radiators (HTTRs) TBXs Metal/Vapor Clouds Agent defeat (heat and biocides) - NSWCIHD Primers/Detonators Explosives and burster charge Propellant additives - NSWCIHD Decoys FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 10

11 Advantages of Intermetalic RMs Adaptable to a variety of applications 4.1 flammable solid versus 1.1 detonable explosives Meets Insensitive Munitions (IM) requirements Minimal gas evolved during combustion Warhead fill would survive high impacts from penetration FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 11

12 Appendix Example of Energy Saturated Media (ESM) and Underwater Applications FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 12

13 Why Mechanochemical Synthesis Produces activated ultra-fine metal powders (ESM) Less expensive than vapor deposition More total energy Physical energy No oxide coating Issues Less known Configuration management Processing into compositions FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 13

14 Thermogravometric Data on Aluminum Powders FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 14

15 Example of Stored Energy in Water Activated Reactive Powder 3 WARP - 1, 36.0 m 2 /g m/ t [kg/s] FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 15 T R [ o C] T S -T R [ o C]

16 Activated Al/H 2 0 Combustion Experiment FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 16