WHEN WASTE CEASES TO BE WASTE. The Case of Ferrous Scrap

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1 EUROFER and EFR Elements to Progress the Discussion on WHEN WASTE CEASES TO BE WASTE The Case of Ferrous Scrap 28 June 2000 EUROFER and EFR 1

2 Contents: A description of the three scrap cycles that cover all arisings The own arisings ferrous scrap cycle The new ferrous scrap cycle The old ferrous scrap cycle A flow diagram of materials for recycling that do not require a recovery process A flow diagram of materials for recycling that do require a recovery process A description of Ferrous scrap processing R4 Recovery operation steps A description of Commercial treatment operations Environmental & health considerations within European Steel Scrap Specifications Three examples of European Steel Scrap Specifications Environmental safeguards provided by other legislation Product characteristics 28 June 2000 EUROFER and EFR 2

3 The own arisings ferrous scrap cycle Material that never becomes a waste Metallurgical production process, e.g. melting, casting, rolling Scrap arising and intentionally retained separately and segregated Reprocessing by melting in a metallurgical production process Semi-production (slab, ingot, billet, etc.) Finished steel production (wire, rod, tube, sheet, etc.) Manufacture of new component 28 June 2000 EUROFER and EFR 3

4 The new ferrous scrap cycle Fabrication/manufacture of a new component Scrap arising and intentionally retained and/or collected separately and segregated The point where waste ceases to be waste conditional on meeting certain agreed criteria (Note: Rejected components comprising different types of materials would require a recovery process to separate the materials) Sale of the retained and/or separately collected material through a chain of recognised economic operators Transport to steelworks Reprocessing by melting in a metallurgical production process Semi-production (slab, ingot, billet, etc.) Finished steel production( wire, rod, tube, sheet, etc.) Manufacture of new component 28 June 2000 EUROFER and EFR 4

5 The old ferrous scrap cycle Use in a product End-of-life waste arising Collection of waste Waste transport to a recovery process Recovery processing to a specification at which the material can be used as furnace feedstock and reprocessed into a new product by melting in a metallurgical process The point where waste ceases to be waste conditional on meeting certain agreed criteria Sale of the processed material through a chain of recognised economic operators Transport to steelworks Reprocessing by melting in a metallurgical production process Semi-production (slab, ingot, billet, etc.) Finished steel product (wire, rod, tube, sheet, etc.) Manufacture of new component 28 June 2000 EUROFER and EFR 5

6 Scrap for recycling that does not require a recovery process FERROUS SCRAP Separately retained and/or collected, segregated (Directly re-useable in a metallurgical production process) e.g. Own arisings ferrous scrap and/or New ferrous scrap of one type of material Segregated intentionally to meet agreed specifications OUTPUT may be further cut, sheared or baled and is destined for a metallurgical production process. This has positive economic value and/or use value, has a regular market between recognised economic operators and is traceable via written contract(s) between economic operators. 28 June 2000 EUROFER and EFR 6

7 Scrap for recycling that does require a recovery process FERROUS SCRAP UNUSABLE IN ITS PRESENT FORM e.g. all Old scrap ; and/or New scrap components comprising different types of materials WASTE Scrap metal not directly usable without a recovery process Non-ferrous metals unacceptable to ferrous production Non-metals RECOVERY OPERATION Processing intentionally to a specification, R4 (defined in Directive 91/156 as amended by Commission Decision 96/350) Hand sorting, Automated sorting, Shearing or cutting, or Shredding and separating. NON-WASTE recovered ferrous scrap; (may be further cut, sheared, or baled) destined for a metallurgical production process. The recovered scrap has positive economic value and/or use value, a regular market between recognised economic operators and is traceable via written contract(s) between economic operators Waste for final disposal 28 June 2000 EUROFER and EFR 7

8 Ferrous scrap processing - R4 Recovery operation steps Inspection valuation of arisings Hand-sorting/automated sorting; or Shredding and material separation; or Cutting in order to separate materials (shearing or cutting by flame, abrasive wheel, sawing, etc.) Inspection valuation of recovered material with reference to specification criteria [Subsequent operations such as cutting to size by shearing or cutting (by flame, abrasive wheel, sawing, etc.) or baling/compacting/densification are used to increase the value of the material. They do not change the composition of the material and are commercial treatment operations] 28 June 2000 EUROFER and EFR 8

9 Commercial treatment operations A treatment or process carried out on materials which are suitable for use as feedstock in a furnace without being subjected to any recovery within the meaning of Art. 1(a) of Directive 91/156 for the purpose solely of making it a more valuable feedstock material (cutting to size, densification, etc.) does not constitute a recovery operation within the meaning of Annex IIB of Directive 91/156 and the material in relation to which such treatment or process is carried out does not constitute a waste. 28 June 2000 EUROFER and EFR 9

10 Environmental and health considerations within European Steel Scrap Specifications A) SAFETY All grades shall exclude: 1) pressurised closed or insufficiently open containers of all origins which could cause explosions. Containers shall be considered as insufficiently open where the opening is not visible or is less than 10 cm in any one direction. 2) dangerous material, inflammable or explosive, fire-arms (whole or in part), munitions, dirt or pollutants which may contain or emit substances dangerous to human health or to the environment or to the steel production process. 3) hazardous radioactive materials: material presenting radioactivity in excess of the ambient level of radioactivity radioactive material in sealed containers even if no significant exterior radioactivity is detectable due to shielding or due to the position of the sealed source in the scrap delivery. continued June 2000 EUROFER and EFR 10

11 Environmental and health considerations within European Steel Scrap Specifications B) STERILES (cleanliness) All grades shall be free of all but negligible amounts of other non-ferrous metals and non-metallic materials, earth, insulation, excessive iron oxide in any form, except for nominal amounts of surface rust arising from outside storage of prepared scrap under normal atmospheric conditions. All grades shall be free of all but negligible amounts of combustible nonmetallic materials, including, but not limited to rubber, plastic, fabric, wood, oil, lubricants and other chemical or organic substances. All scrap shall be free of larger pieces (brick-size) which are nonconductors of electricity such as tyres, pipes filled with cement, wood or concrete. All grades shall be free of waste or of by-products arising from steel melting, heating, surface conditioning (including scarfing) grinding, sawing, welding and torch cutting operations, such as slag, mill scale, baghouse dust, grinder dust, and sludge. 28 June 2000 EUROFER and EFR 11

12 European Steel Scrap Specification example OLD SCRAP E3 Old thick steel scrap, predominantly more than 6 mm thick in sizes not exceeding 1.5x0.5x0.5 m, prepared in a manner to ensure direct charging. May include tubes and hollow sections. Excludes vehicle body scrap and wheels from light vehicles. Must be free of rebars and merchant bars, free of metallic copper, tin, lead (and alloys), mechanical pieces and steriles to meet the aimed analytical contents. Refer to points B) and C) of the general conditions. Dimensions: thickness 6 mm, <1.5x0.5x0.5 m Density 0.6; steriles 1% 28 June 2000 EUROFER and EFR 12

13 European Steel Scrap Specification example NEW SCRAP E2 Thick new production steel scrap, predominantly more than 3 mm thick prepared in a manner to ensure direct charging. The steel scrap must be uncoated unless permitted by joint agreement and be free of rebars and merchant bars even from new production. Must be free of metallic copper, tin, lead (and alloys), mechanical pieces and steriles to meet the aimed analytical contents. Refer to points B) and C) of the general conditions. Dimensions: thickness 3 mm, <1.5x0.5x0.5 m Density 0.6; steriles <0.3% 28 June 2000 EUROFER and EFR 13

14 European Steel Scrap Specification example SHREDDED E40 Shredded steel scrap. Old steel scrap fragmentised into pieces not exceeding 200 mm in any direction for 95% of the load. No piece, in the remaining 5%, shall exceed 1000 mm. Should be prepared in a manner to ensure direct charging. The scrap shall be free of excessive moisture, loose cast iron and incinerator material (especially tin cans). Must be free of metallic copper, tin, lead (and alloys), and steriles to meet the aimed analytical contents. Refer to points B) and C) of the general conditions. Density >0.9; steriles <0.4% 28 June 2000 EUROFER and EFR 14

15 Environmental safeguards provided by other legislation OLD FERROUS SCRAP RECYCLING STEPS Use in product End-of-life waste arising Collection Transport to a recovery process Recovery processing to a specification The point where waste ceases to be waste Sale of the recovered material through a chain of recognised economic operators Transport to steelworks Reprocessing by melting in a metallurgical production process Semi-production (slab, ingot, billet, etc.) Finished steel production (wire, rod, tube, sheet, etc.) Manufacture of new component ENVIRONMENTAL SAFEGUARDS Product legislation* Waste legislation Licensing requirements* Waste shipment/transport regulations* Site licensing/permitting (e.g. surfacing, oil interceptors, etc.)* INCOTERMS & Specifications* Transport Regulations* IPPC or MS legislation* IPPC or MS legislation* IPPC or MS legislation* MS legislation* (*) parallel legislation, e.g. Health & Safety 28 June 2000 EUROFER and EFR 15

16 In each case the output materials: have a positive economic value; have a use and a regular market (i.e. not destined for final disposal); move from collection/production through their ultimate recovery/reuse stage through chain of recognised economic operators; have commonly recognised characteristics and meet the user s commercial requirements (specifications, classifications, norms, etc.; are part of a contract at the different stages of the recovery cycle involving recognised economic operators (being licensed, permitted, etc.). and and and and First slide based on image by Keops 28 June 2000 EUROFER and EFR 16