International Journal of Science and Engineering Research (IJ0SER), Vol 5 Issue 4 April -2017

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1 International Journal of Science and Engineering Research (IJSER), Vol 5 Issue 4 April , (P) 568X Comparative Study Of Clayeysoil Stabilized By Copper Slag & Coal Vignesh.S #, Suresh #, Donal.S #, Vignesh.M #4,Saravanakumar.K #5 Student, Student, Student, 4 Student, 5 Assistant professor Department of Civil Engineering, Gnanamani College of Engineering, Namakkal Abstract--Expansive soil are a worldwide problem that creates challenges for civil Engineer. The construction aspects of loose & cohesive soil is difficult & Un-Economy. In this project had done in the Engineering behavior of the clay when stabilized with Copper Slag & Coal. Copper slag is the by Product produced during the copper smelting process. It has been estimated that approximately 4.6 million tons of slag are generated from the world copper industry. It s also be a strength gaining and economical stabilizer for clay. Copper slag is not a hazardous material and also very cheap. And the coal is the product produced by burning the materials. In past studies the cement, lime, bitumen and chemicals are used as a stabilizer. In this project we used anthracite coal. Anthracite coal is a material produced in commercial burning them also very cheap. By adopting this method also in road construction. In this project to improve the Compression and Shear Strength characteristics of the clay soil. Keywords-Expansive soil, Copper slag, Coal, Compression strength, Shear strength, Optimum Moisture Content. A) Copper slag. INTRODUCTION Copper slag is an industrial by-product material produced from the process of manufacturing copper. For every ton of copper production, about. tons of copper slag is generated. It has been estimated that approximately 4.6 million tons of slag are generated from the world copper industry although copper slag is widely used in the sand blasting industry and in the manufacturing of abrasive tools, the reminder is disposed of without any further resource or reclamation. Coal is a flammable black hard rock used as a solid fosile fuel. It s mainly made of carbon and also contains Hydrogen, Sulphur, and Oxygen & Nitrogen. It s a sedimentary rock formed from peat, by the pressure of rocks laid down later on top. The harder form of coal such as anthracite, are metamorphic rock because they were change my higher temperature and pressure. Coal can be burned for energy or heat. About two-thirds of the coal mined today is burned in PowerStation to make electricity. Coal is becoming less popular in new power plants as less expensive and less polluting technologies such as natural gas & Hydroelectricity. B) Coal Fig Copper slag C) Anthracite coal Anthracite is a hard black, shiny form of coal that contains virtually no moisture and very low volatile contend because of this, it burns with little or no smoke and is sold as a smoke less fuel. In Australia, coal only approach anthracite composition were bituminous coal seams have been compressed further by local crustal moments. Anthracite can have energy contents up to about mega joules per kilogram, depending on the ash content. Vignesh,Suresh,Donal,Vignesh,Saravanakumar. (IJSER) April 7 (p)-6-7

2 International Journal of Science and Engineering Research (IJSER),. MATERIALS Vol 5 Issue 4 April , (P) 568X TABLE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER SLAG A) Clay S.no Test for clay Result Clay is a fine grained natural rock or soil material that combines one or more clay minerals with traces of metal oxides and organic matter. Geology clay deposits or mostly composed of phyllosillicate minerals containing variable amounts of water trapped in the mineral structure. Clays are plastic due to that water content and become hard brittle and non-plastic upon drying or firing. Depending on the soils content in which it is found, clay can appear in various colors from white to dull grey or brown to deep orange-red. B) Copper slag. Copper slag is widely used in the sand blasting industry and in the manufacturing of abrasive tools, the reminder is disposed of without any further resource or reclamation. Copper slag is a by-product of copper extraction by smelting. During smelting, impurities become slag which floats on the molten metal. Slag that is quenched in water produces angular granules which are disposed of as waste or utilized as discussed. Copper slag is the waste material used extensively in the civil engineering construction industry. C) Coal Throughout history, coal has been used as an energy resource, primarily burned for the production of electricity and heat, and is also used for industrial purpose, such as refining metals. Coal is the largest resource of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide, as well as one ofthe largestworldwide anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide releases. The extraction of coal,it s byproducts are all associated with environment and health effects including climate change TABLE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF COAL S.no Chemical properties % By mass. Carbon 9.5. Hydrogen.8. Oxygen.7 4. Nitrogen.97. Water content 4.8%. Dry density.. Plastic limit.96% 4. Optimum moisture content 6% 5 Specific gravity. TABLE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF COAL S.no Chemical properties % By mass. Fe O Fe O 4 <. Sio 7-4. Cao Al O <. TEST AND RESULTS A) Index properties test Index properties of soil that help in identification and classification of soil. Water content, Specific gravity, Consistency limits ate the ondex properties derived in table 4. Particle size analysis Particle size-distribution of coal and slag is obtained by the test of sieve analysis. Specific gravity The specific gravity of the soil is increasing and decreasing while adding the various percentage of the copper slag and coal respectively. B) Mechanical properties test Vignesh,Suresh,Donal,Vignesh,Saravanakumar. (IJSER) April 7 (p)-6-7 Compaction Characteristics The maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content of the clay are found as.8 gm/cm. The maximum dry density also increasing and decreasing while adding the copper slag and coal respectively. The

3 International Journal of Science and Engineering Research (IJSER), Vol 5 Issue 4 April , (P) 568X variation of dry density changes with respect to moisture The direct shear strength of the soil is found Test sample S.no Physical properties Value obtained Value. Particle shape Irregular Irregular. Appearance Black and glassy Black and glassy. Type Air cooled Air cooled 4. Specific gravity Dry density.8g/cc.8g/cc 6. Fines modulus Water absorption. to.4%.% content in the various combination of the copper slag and coal shown in Fig -9. C) Shear strength test Vane shear test The shear strength of the clay soil is found.45 kg/cm. The value of shear strength is decreasing up to.9kg/cm while the combination of the Coal. It s increasing up to the value of.69kg/cm while adding the copper slag. Direct shear strength.67kg/cm. The value of the direct shear strength is decreasing & increasing while the combination of the Coal and Copper slag respectively. The variation of direct shear with respect to normal stress in the various combination of the Copper slag and Coal shown in Fig D) CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST The value of CBR are found.75,.94,.7 in.5 cm, 5cm,.5 cm penetration respectively. The Value of CBR varying at the combination of the Copper slag and Coal TABLE 4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE COPPER SLAG S.no Physical properties Value obtained Test sample Value. Particle shape Grained Grained. Appearance Black and glassy Black and glassy. Type Air cooled Air cooled 4. Specific gravity - 5. Fines Modulus 4-5 g/cc 4.7 g/cc TABLE 5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COAL Vignesh,Suresh,Donal,Vignesh,Saravanakumar. (IJSER) April 7 (p)-6-7

4 International Journal of Science and Engineering Research (IJSER), Vol 5 Issue 4 April , (P) 568X Fig 6 Variation of dry density with moisture in combination of 5% copper slag Fig Variation of dry density with moisture in % clay Fig 4 Variation of dry density with moisture in combination of 5% copper slag Fig 5 Variation of dry density with moisture in combination of 5% copper slag Fig 7 Variation of dry density with moisture in combination of 5% coal Fig 8 Variation of dry density with moisture in combination of 5% coal Fig 9 Variation of dry density with moisture in combination of 5% coal Vignesh,Suresh,Donal,Vignesh,Saravanakumar. (IJSER) April 7 (p)-6-7

5 International Journal of Science and Engineering Research (IJSER), Shear Stress kg/cm NORMAL STRESS kg/cm Vol 5 Issue 4 April , (P) 568X Fig Shear stress variation with normal stress in combination of 5 % Copper slag Shear Stress kg/cm Fig Shear stress variation with normal stress for clay NORMAL STRESS kg/cm Shear Stress kg/cm NORMAL STRESS kg/cm Fig 4 Shear stress variation with normal stress in combination of 5 % Coal Shear Stress kg/cm Fig Shear stress variation with normal stress in combination of 5 % Copper slag Shear Stress kg/cm NORMAL STRESS kg/cm Fig Shear stress variation with normal stress in combination of 5 % Copper slag Fig 5 Shear stress variation with normal stress in combination of 5 % Coal Shear Stress kg/cm NORMAL STRESS kg/cm NORMAL STRESS kg/cm Shear Stress kg/cm Vignesh,Suresh,Donal,Vignesh,Saravanakumar. (IJSER) April 7 (p) NORMAL STRESS kg/cm Fig 6 Shear stress variation with normal stress in combination of 5 % Coal 4. COMPARISSION AND DISCUSSION A) Specific gravity The specific gravity of clay soil is. they would increasing up to.78.at the combination of the coal, the specific gravity is reduced. The comparative result shown in table 6. B) Dry Density The dry density of the soil.8 gm/cm the maximum dry density is increasing and decreasing with the

6 Specific gravity value International Journal of Science and Engineering Research (IJSER), combination of the copper slag and coal respectively. The comparative result shown in the table 7. C) Shear Characteristics Direct shear strength value in Vane shear The shear strength of the soil is found.45 kg/cm they are increasing and decreasing with combination of the Copper slag and coal. The comparative result shown in the table 8. Direct hear test The direct shear strength of the soil is found.67 kg/cm.they also increasing and decreasing with the combination of the Copper slag and Coal. The Comparative study shown in Table 9. D) California Bearing Test Dry Density Value in kg/cm Fig 8 Comparative dry density value chart Vol 5 Issue 4 April , (P) 568X % of 5% of 5% of Percentage of soil Slag Coal 5% of The CBR value for clay soil obtained by.75,.94,.7 in.5cm, 5cm,.5cm penetration respectively. The comparative results value of CBR mentioned in table. Penetration value in cm % Clay soil CBR value 5% slag soil CBR value 5% coal soil CBR value Shear strength value in kg/cm % of. 5% of.6.7 5% of % of Percentage of soil Slag Coal Table Comparative result value for CBR Fig 9 Comparative shear strength value chart % of 5% of 5% of 5% of Percentage of soil Coal Slag Fig 7 Comparative Specific gravity value chart kg/cm % of % of 5% of 5% of Percentage of soil Slag Coal Fig Comparative shear strength value chart Vignesh,Suresh,Donal,Vignesh,Saravanakumar. (IJSER) April 7 (p)-6-7

7 CBR VALUE International Journal of Science and Engineering Research (IJSER), % of 5 % of 5 % of Slag Mixing coal Percentage of.5 Cm pentration 5cm pentation.5cmpentration Vol 5 Issue 4 April , (P) 568X (5)Stabilization of organicmatter in temperate soils: mechanisms and their relevance under different soil conditions 5)NurhayatDegirmencia, ArzuOkucub, AyseTurabib August 6) Application of Phosphogypsum in soil stabilization 6) J. Six,* E.T. Elliott, K. Paustian, and J. W. Doran) Aggregation and Soil Organic Matter Accumulation in Cultivated and Native Grassland Soils 7)SuksunHorpibulsuk, Ph.D.; Chayakrit Phetchuay; and AvirutChinkulkijniwat, Ph.D. Feb ) ) Soil Stabilization by Calcium Carbide Residue and FlyAsh 8)Hélène Tremblay, Josée Duchesne, Jacques Locat, and Serge Leroueil Nov Influence of the nature of organic compounds on fine soil stabilization with cement.is part 5 & IS part & IS part IS Part & IS part ` Vignesh,Suresh,Donal,Vignesh,Saravanakumar. (IJSER) April 7 (p)-6-7 Fig Comparative shear strength value chart 5. CONCLUSION The dry density of the soil increasing in.8,.4,.5 gm/cm at the combination of the 5%, 5%, 5% Copper slag. The shear strength of the soil increasing in.46,.65,.69 kg/cm at the combination of the 5%, 5%, 5% Copper slag. The direct shear strength of the soil increasing in.68,.68,.76 kg/cm at the combination of the 5%, 5%, 5% Copper slag. Mostly the combination of 5%, 5% is satisfactory combination to the good soil stabilization At the combination of coal the value of shear strength & Dry density is decreasing. The combination of coal isn t satisfactory to the good soil stabilization. The Coal doesn t used as a stabilizer. REFERENCES )R C Gupta, BlessenSkariah Thomas*, PrachiGupta,Lintu Rajan and Dayanand Thagriya ) ) An experimental study of clay soil stabilized by copper slag ) Parvathy S, Anitha Nelson (6) Soil Stabilization Using Basic Oxygen Steel Slag Fines )M. V. LU TZOW a, I. KO GEL-KNABNER a, K. EKSCHMITT b, E. MATZNER c, G. GUGGENBERGER d, B. MARSCHNER e & H. FLESSA Aug 5A Study on the Effect of Copper Slag on Lime Stabilized Clay 4) M. V. LU TZOW a, I. KO GEL-KNABNER a, K. EKSCHMITT b, E. MATZNER c, G. GUGGENBERGER d, B. MARSCHNER e & H. FLESSA

8 International Journal of Science and Engineering Research (IJSER), Vol 5 Issue 4 April , (P) 568X Vignesh,Suresh,Donal,Vignesh,Saravanakumar. (IJSER) April 7 (p)-6-7