ESE 2019 UPSC ENGINEERING SERVICES EXAMINATION Preliminary Examination

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1 ESE 2019 UPSC ENGINEERING SERVICES EXAMINATION Preliminary Examination General Studies and Engineering Aptitude Basics of Material Science and Engineering Comprehensive Theory with Practice Questions and ESE Solved Questions Publications

2 Publications MADE EASY Publications Corporate Office: 44-A/4, Kalu Sarai (Near Hauz Khas Metro Station), New Delhi Contact: , Visit us at: ESE 2019 Preliminary Examination : Basics of Material Science and Engineering Copyright, by MADE EASY Publications. All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the above mentioned publisher of this book. First Edition : 2016 Second Edition : 2017 Third Edition: 2018 MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS has taken due care in collecting the data and providing the solutions, before publishing this book. Inspite of this, if any inaccuracy or printing error occurs then MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS owes no responsibility. MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS will be grateful if you could point out any such error. Your suggestions will be appreciated. All rights reserved by MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form without the written permission from the publisher.

Preface The compilation of this book Basics of Material Science and Engineering was motivated by the desire to provide a concise book which can benefit students to understand the concepts of this

3 Preface The compilation of this book Basics of Material Science and Engineering was motivated by the desire to provide a concise book which can benefit students to understand the concepts of this specific topic of General Studies and Engineering Aptitude section. This textbook provides all the requirements of the students, i.e. comprehensive coverage of theory, fundamental concepts and objective type questions articulated in a lucid language. The concise presentation will help the readers grasp the theory of this subject with clarity and apply them with ease to solve objective questions quickly. This book not only covers the syllabus of ESE in a holistic manner but is also useful for many other competitive examinations. All the topics are given the emphasis they deserve so that mere reading of the book clarifies all the concepts. We have put in our sincere efforts to present detailed theory and MCQs without compromising the accuracy of answers. For the interest of the readers, some notes, do you know and interesting facts are given in the comprehensive manner. At the end of each chapter, sets of practice question are given with their keys and detailed explanations, that will allow the readers to evaluate their understanding of the topics and sharpen their question solving skills. Our team has made their best efforts to remove all possible errors of any kind. Nonetheless, we would highly appreciate and acknowledge if you find and share with us any printing and conceptual errors. It is impossible to thank all the individuals who helped us, but we would like to sincerely thank all the authors, editors and reviewers for putting in their efforts to publish this book. With Best Wishes B. Singh CMD, MADE EASY Group

4 Basics of Material Science and Engineering Contents Chapter 1 Introduction Historical Perspective Material Science Classification of Materials What is Material? Engineering Needs of Material...3 Chapter 2 Chemical Bonding Basic Laws of Chemistry Fundamental Concepts Electrons in Atoms The Periodic Table Comparison of Alpha (a), Beta (b) and Gamma (g) Rays Quantum Number Electron Affinity Electronegativity Pauli s Exclusion Principle: Auf-bau Principle Hund s Rule Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Gay Lussac s Law of Gaseous Volumes Dalton s Atomic Theory Rutherford Model Bohr Model Sommer Field s Model De Broglie Wave Equation: Octet Rule Boyle s Law (Pressure-Volume Relationship) Charles Law (Temperature - Volume Relationship) Gay-Lussac s Law (Pressure-Temperature Relationship) Avogadro Law (Volume-Amount Relationship) Ideal Gas Equation Dalton s Law of Partial Pressures Chemical Bonding Ionic Bond Covalent Bond Metallic Bond Comparison of Primary Bonds Van der Waal Bond Dispersion Bonds Dipole Bonds Hydrogen Bonds Properties of Water (H 2 O) Directional Bond Non-directional Bond Molecular Orbital Theory Hybridization Objective Brain Teasers Chapter 3 Crystallography Introduction Comparison of Crystalline and Noncrystalline Solids Lattice Points, Space Lattice and Crystal Structures Unit Cell and Primitive Unit Cell Bravais Lattices Cubic Crystal Structures Hexagonal Closed Packing Miller Indices Interplanar Spacing Crystal Imperfections Point Imperfections Line Defect Surface Defect Ionic Crystal Structure Bragg s Law Polymorphism and Allotropy Objective Brain Teasers... 48

5 Chapter 4 Electric Properties of Materials Introduction Ohm s Law and Electrical Conductivity Energy Band Structure in Solids Classification of Materials based upon Energy Band Diagram Electrical Resistivity of Metals Thermal Conductivity of Metals Wiedemann Franz law Thermoelectric Phenomenon Insulators Dielectrics Electric Dipole Moment and Polarization Types of Polarization Phase Difference and Dielectric Loss Polar Molecules Nonpolar Materials Other Electrical Characteristics of Materials Use of Dielectrics Semiconductor Materials Electrons and Holes in an Intrinsic Semiconductor (Pure Semiconductor) Extrinsic Materials Charge Densities in a Semiconductor Electrical Properties of Semiconductors Hall Effect Thermistors Photoconductors Objective Brain Teasers Chapter 5 Magnetic Properties of Materials Introduction Magnetic Parameters Classification of Magnetic Materials Curie Temperature Laws of Magnetic Materials Domain Theory Magnetisation Curve and Magnetic Hysteresis Loop Soft Magnetic Materials Hard Magnetic Materials Magnetic Storage Superconductivity Objective Brain Teasers Chapter 6 Ceramics Introduction Silicate Ceramics Ceramics Used in Electrical Applications Stress-Strain Behavior of Ceramics Properties of Ceramics Glass Piezoelectric Ceramics Cement Carbon Objective Brain Teasers Chapter 7 Polymers Introduction Basic Definitions General Characteristics of Polymer Molecular Structure of Polymers Different Types of Polymerizations Reactions Co-polymer Classification of Plastics Thermoplastic Materials Thermosetting Materials Mechanical Behaviour of Plastics Compounding Materials Comparison of Polymers with Ceramics and Metals Elastomer Fibre Coatings Vulcanization Stress-Strain Behavior of Polymers Advanced Polymeric Materials Crystallization of Polymers Objective Brain Teasers Chapter 8 Composites Introduction General Characteristics of Composites (v)

6 8.3 Natural Composites Particle-Reinforced Composites Fibre-Reinforced Composites Laminar Composites Polymer-Matrix Composites (PMCs) Fibre Phase Matrix Phase Objective Brain Teasers Chapter 9 Mechanical Properties of Materials Introduction Normal Stress Strain Tension Test for Mild Steel Common Terms of Mechanical Properties Fracture Hooke s Law Elastic Constants Difference between Linearly and Non-linearly Elastic Materials Fatigue Objective Brain Teasers Chapter 10 Ferrous Metals Introduction Pig Iron Cast Iron Wrought Iron Steel Special Alloys Steels Objective Brain Teasers Chapter 11 Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys Introduction Aluminium Aluminium Alloys Copper Lead Tin Nickel Magnesium Titanium Tungsten Some special alloys: Babbit Metals Solder Material Refractory Materials Super Alloys Objective Brain Teasers Chapter 12 Introduction to Nanomaterial and Metamaterial Nano Technology Meta Materials Objective Brain Teasers Chapter 13 Basics of Corrosion and Creep Corrosion Self Potential Polarization Oxidizing Power Vs Corrosion Rate Types of Corrosion Corrosion Penetration Rate (CPR) Creep Curve Recovery, Recrystallisation and Grain Growth Difference between hot working and cold working Strengthening Mechanisms of Materials Hot Shortness or Sulphur-Embrittlement Objective Brain Teasers Chapter 14 Power Metallurgy Powder Metallurgy Different Methods of Powder Production Blending and Mixing Compacting Sintering Finishing Operation (vi)