PURETECH AP PURETECH HIGH PURITY PIPING SYSTEMS TECHNICAL GUIDE

Transcription

1 PURETECH AP TECHNICAL GUIDE For: Bio-Pharmaceutical Research & Development Laboratories Academic & University Facilities Hospital & Healthcare Facilities Industrial & Semiconductor Manufacturing PURETECH HIGH PURITY PIPING SYSTEMS Industrial Thermoplastic High Purity Piping Systems

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3 SIMTECH AP AlphaPlus The new generation of polypropylene Due to its excellent properties and good price/performance characteristics, polypropylene is gaining increasing acceptance as the most important material for technical pipeline systems. The various types of polypropylene which have been used up till now do, however, have their individual materialrelated strengths and weaknesses. With the introduction of the new SIMTECH PP AlphaPlus, the market has a PP-H type which combines many of the advantages that up to now were exclusive to individual types. SIMTECH PP AlphaPlus has properties that are superior to the established homopolymeric polypropylene (PP-H). Background Polypropylene is a polymeric material which has been used for many years in a wide variety of applications. It has become increasingly favoured for technical pipeline systems because of its excellent price/performance characteristics [1,2]. Polypropylene (PP), like polyethylene (PE), belongs to the class of polyolefins which display unusually high resistance to a broad range of chemicals. The excellent chemical resistance of PP and PE is attributable to the stable C-C- and C-H bonds in the alkenes and to their high crystallinity. Polypropylene is manufactured by polymerising alkenes, usually propylene and ethylene. In its pure form as a homopolymer (PP-H), it consists exclusively of propylene units (Figure 1). H C H C H CH 3 n Figure 1: Structural formula of polypropylene 1

4 Polymerisation and tacticity During polymerisation, the methyl groups (-CH 3) of polypropylene can arrange themselves in different spatial configurations relative to the main carbon chain (-C-C-) (Figure 2). The way the methyl groups are ordered is referred to as the tacticity. This results in different types of polypropylene having different properties. The third variant is atactic PP, which has a statistical CH 3-group distribution around the main carbon chain. Atactic PP is amorphous and has the mechanical properties of a non-vulcanised rubber. Amongst other things, it is used industrially for the coating of carpet backing, as a hot-melt adhesive and as a sealing compound. In engineering, apparatus construction and particularly in pipeline construction, only the isotactic form of polypropylene is of technical importance. Isotactic polypropylene The advantages of isotactic PP over PE-HD are its considerably higher rigidity, strength and hardness (Table 1). As a result, it has a significantly lower notch sensitivity, and the upper limit of the temperature range within which it can be used is about 20 C higher than for polyethylene. Syndiotactic polypropylene Important differences between PP-H and PE-HD are the higher glass transition temperature T g (PP-H: 0 C/ PE-HD: -125 C) and the lower impact strength. In frosty conditions, a PP-H-100 pipe can fracture if subjected to mechanical shocks. In particular when laying pipes at low temperatures, it is therefore less well suited than PE-HD. Atactic polypropylene Figure 2: Tacticity of polypropylene Copolymerisation of propylene with ethylene The properties of PP-H can be altered by introducing co-monomers into the polymer chain. All alkenes can be used as co-monomers, although ethylene is preferred. In isotactic PP, the CH 3-groups are predominantly arranged on the same side of the main chain. As a result, the polymer chain coils into a spiral shape so that the methyl groups are always positioned on the outside. This helix structure is the reason for the high crystallinity of isotactic PP. In syndiotactic PP, the CH 3-groups strictly alternate on opposite sides of the main carbon chain. Due to the fact that syndiotactic PP has inferior properties to isotactic PP and is difficult to manufacture, syndiotactic PP is not produced on an industrial scale. The ethylene interrupts the regularity of the PP-chain and inhibits the formation of crystalline regions. The incorporation of ethylene co-monomers into the PPchain reduces the glass transition temperature T g and so improves the impact strength at low temperatures. Copolymerisation with ethylene also causes a lowering of the crystallite melting temperature T m and hence lowers the strength at higher continuous application temperatures. Being the weaker component in the polymer chain, ethylene considerably reduces the rigidity and hardness, because the crystallinity is reduced. 2

5 Table 1: Properties of different types of PP compared to PE Property Units PP-H 100 PP-B 80 PP-R 80 PE 80 Density, g/cm ISO 1183 Yield stress, MPa DIN EN ISO 527 Modulus of elasticity MPa 1,400 1, in tension, DIN EN ISO 527 Impact strength, kj/m 2 without break without break without break without break DIN EN ISO 179 Notch impact strength, kj/m DIN EN ISO 179 Shore hardness D, ISO 868 Crystalline melting range, C DIN measured on α-crystalline standard PP-H 100 Classes of polypropylene Regarding the copolymerisation of propylene with ethylene, a distinction is made between three classes of polymers (Figure 3). When there is a statistical distribution of the individual ethylene monomers in the polymer chain the result is a so-called random copolymer (PP-R). This is considerably softer and more flexible than PP-H but significantly tougher at normal application temperatures. toughness, PP-copolymers do however have clear advantages for special applications [4]. The use of PP-R for the manufacture of thick-walled components for pipe systems by injection moulding techniques has become firmly established, largely due to its low tendency to shrink. A block copolymer (PP-B) is produced via a multi-step polymerisation process, and involves incorporation of several ethylene units into the polymer chain in a closed, compact arrangement. Compared to the homopolymer PP-H, this material is more flexible and softer. When subjected to the creep-rupture internal pressure test, it does however show poorer behaviour than PP-H. Homopolymer PP-H, Type 1 -P-P-P-P-P-P-P-P-P-P-P-P-P-P- The special advantage of PP-B is its behaviour at low temperatures. Compared to PP-R and PP-H it has the highest toughness at temperatures below 0 C. Table 1 compares various material properties of different types of PP to those of PE-HD. PP-H has been very successfully used for many years for applications in engineering, apparatus construction and pipeline construction on account of its rigidity, strength and last but not least its low material cost. PP-copolymers are less important than PP-H for the extrusion of sheets and pipes. Due to their high Block copolymer PP-B, Type 2 -(P-P-E-E-E-P-P)-(P-P-P-P-P-P)- Random copolymer PP-R, Type 3 -P-P-E-P-E-P-P-P-E-P-P-E-E-P- P: propylene, E: ethylene (co-monomer) Figure 3: Monomer sequences in different classes of PP [3] 3

6 Morphology of the different types of PP Isotactic PP-H is a partially crystalline polymer that consists of roughly equal amounts of amorphous and crystalline regions (Figures 4a and 4b). The ordered crystalline regions consist of parallel polymer chains. The chains fold themselves back and so form socalled folded blocks, which arrange themselves into long strip-like lamellae with thicknesses of up to 100 nm (1 nm = 1 : 1,000,000 mm). A certain number of chains do not fold back, but rather extend to a neighbouring lamella. The space between the lamellae so consists of disordered polymer chains, the amorphous region. The strength of these amorphous boundary layers is determined by the number of traversing chains and their loops under each other. In some cases these boundary layers have to be viewed as weak points especially when contacted with media which promote tension crack formation. The lamellae grow outwards from a crystallisation nucleus in all directions in the shape of a star. Spherical super-lattices form, called spherulites, which can be easily seen under an optical microscope because of their size. As a result of the difference in density between the amorphous and crystalline regions (Table 2), shrinkage phenomena take place on cooling the polymer-melt. The resulting internal stress promotes crack formation between the spherulites. The danger of tension crack formation on contact with chemicals is considerably greater due to the spherulitic structure of the raw material. The coarser the structure, the more susceptible the pipe to tension cracks. Amorphous materials, such as PVC or polystyrene, have a lower internal stress due to the lack of a tendency to crystallise. Even if it does not go as far as crack formation, channels form between the amorphous and crystalline regions on cooling, which manifest themselves as surface roughness on the inner surface of a PP-H pipe and adversely affect the flow and deposition behaviour of the medium to be transported. The way the crystalline structure develops is determined by the symmetry of the PP-H crystals which are produced from the melt on cooling the melt down. Three crystal symmetries are known for isotactic PP-H: α (monoclinic), β (pseudohexagonal) and γ (triclinic) These differ from each other in their smallest unit, the unit cell [6]. crystallisation nucleus amorphous region lamellaes Figure 4a: Spherulite structure of isotactic PP-H (phase contrast microscope) Figure 4b: Schematic representation of a spherulite 4

7 Table 2: Density of the amorphous and crystalline regions of PP-H [5] Polymer Density in g/cm 3 crystalline region amorphous region PP-H isotactic 0,937 0,854 The different crystal symmetries of the unit cells give rise to different crystalline super-lattices, which in turn lead to clearly perceptible differences in their melting points and chemical solubilities. Nucleation and crystallite structure From a technical point of view, the different crystalline forms are produced by adding special nucleating agents to the PP-H moulding compound. The γ-symmetry can only arise in low molecular weight PP at high temperatures and is not of interest for practical application in PP-pipes. Without the addition of a nucleating agent, isotactic PP-H almost always crystallises in the monoclinic α-form. A coarse structure forms, with spherulites up to 0.1 mm in size (Figure 5a). Ideal conditions provi- ded, the spherulites might grow up to a size of 1 mm. Depending on the nucleating agent used, a finer super-lattice is obtained with spherulites < 50 µm (mildly α-nucleated PP-H, Figure 5b) and < 20 µm (β-nucleated PP-H, Figure 5c). For the last twenty years there has been a commercial β-nucleated PP-H moulding compound from which pipes with smoother surfaces are manufactured [7-10]. This moulding compound possesses a higher strength at lower rigidity. As Figure 6 shows, the melting point of the β-nucleated PP-H is approx. 13 C below that produced from the α-crystalline PP-H moulding compound. The β-form is thermodynamically unstable by nature, and there is the danger that it can convert to the α form [6, 11-14] if there is cooling of the melt, such as for example in the welding process. Therefore, the seams of welded β-nucleated PP-H pipes predominantly consist of α-crystalline PP-H [15,16] (Figure 11). Due to the difference in density between the monoclinic α-phase and the pseudohexagonal β-phase, there are increased stresses in the weld seam, which are initiated by shrinkage caused by the βα-phaseconversion during the welding process. 5a: non-nucleated PP-H 200 µm 5b: mildly α-nucleated PP-H 5c: β-nucleated PP-H 5d: SIMTECH PP-H AlphaPlus Figure 5: Photographs taken under an optical microscope of PP-H types with and without nucleating agents. 5

8 non-nucleated PP-H β-peak (about 151 C) α-peak (about 164 C) The notch impact strength of β-nucleated PP-H according to DIN EN ISO 179 is higher than that of crystalline PP-H. This is partly due to the finer α-crystalline super-lattice of the β-form compared to non-nucleated or mildly α-nucleated PP-H-form and partly due to conversion to a βα-phase during the impact effect [11-14]. A portion of the impact energy is used for transforming the β-crystallites into more dense α-crystallites. mildly α-nucleated PP-H β-nucleated PP-H In technical literature there are many references to the higher solvent resistance and higher resistance to inorganic acids of α-spherulites compared to β-spherulites [17-19]. Especially for the morphology tests, pressure-plates were stored in toluene, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, concentrated nitric acid and 6 molar chromic acid at higher temperatures in order to dissolve the β-spherulites out of the surface of the plates. The α-spherulites can withstand this etching process without undergoing any damage. SIMONA PP-H AlphaPlus The reason for the higher chemical resistance of the α-crystalline phase is the compact structure, which is also responsible for the higher density of α-spherulites compared to β-spherulites. (Table 2) Figure 6: DSC curves of PP-H types with different nucleation (first heating) SIMTECH PP AlphaPlus combines the advantages of the α- and β-crystalline forms Using special nucleating agents it has now become possible to produce a PP-H with an extremely fine crystal super-lattice in the α-crystalline form: SIMTECH PP-H AlphaPlus. The spherulites are smaller than 5 µm, so that they are difficult to see under an optical microscope (Figure 5d). The melting point of SIMTECH PP AlphaPlus corresponds to that of commercially available α-crystalline PP-H moulding compounds (Figure 6). SIMTECH PP AlphaPlus thus combines the advantages of crystalline PP-H with those of the β-nucleated PP-H type. 6

9 Properties of SIMTECH PP-H 100 AlphaPlus pipes Table 3: Comparison of the properties of different PP-H 100 pipes Test Units Standard SIMTECH PP-H 100 PP-H 100 pipe PP-H 100 pipe AlphaPlus pipe with β-nucleation Modulus of elasticity in tension MPa 1,400 1,700 1,300 Yield stress MPa Notch impact strength kj/m FNCT 80 C /4 MPa h 250 > [4] Surface roughness R a µm 0,8 0,3 0,3 The number 100 expresses the creep-rupture strength of the pipe. The classification was made based on the minimum circumferential stress to be reached in the pipe subjected to an internal pressure by 20 C over 50 years (PP-B 80 and PP-R 80 8 N/mm 2 ; PP-H N/mm 2 ). For pipes with d = mm According to information provided by the manufacturer: R a approx. 0.3 µm for d = mm; approx. 0.6 µm for d = mm; approx. 1.0 µm for d = mm Pipes made of SIMTECH PP-H 100 AlphaPlus have an ideal combination of the properties of standard α-crystalline PP-H 100 pipes and β-nucleated PP-H 100 pipes. Table 3 compares some key properties of these different pipes. Nucleation can also increase the toughness. For example, pipes made of β-nucleated PP-H 100 have a higher notch impact strength at room temperature, which approaches that of other PP-H types with Standard decreasing temperature (Figure 7). SIMTECH PP-H 100 AlphaPlus now offers users considerably improved rigidity in addition to increased Figure 7: Notch impact strength according to the Charpy method toughness. This is particularly marked at higher temperatures (Figure 12). The results of the impact bending test (according to DIN EN ISO 179) clearly show that the improved resistance of SIMTECH PP-H 100 AlphaPlus to impact loads is also maintained at lower temperatures. 7

10 Standard PP-H 100 SIMONA PP-H 100 AlphaPlus β-nucleated PP-H 100 Figure 8: Comparison of the roughness of different types of PP-H 100 pipes Surface roughness The nucleation variants also enable pipes with smoother internal surfaces to be manufactured. Figure 8 compares the roughness of different types of PP-H 100 pipes. SIMTECH PP-H 100 AlphaPlus pipes have surface roughness values (R a) of 0.3 µm a clear improvement on roughness values achieved up till now. The reason for this improvement is the uniform, very fine supper-lattice structure on the internal surfaces of the pipe over the entire wall thickness. The positive effect of the nucleation of SIMONA AlphaPlus on the roughness of the surfaces is clearly seen on SEM-micrographs (Figure 9). 8

11 Uniformity of the super-lattice structure The values of property parameters are largely dependent on the processing technique used for the extrusion of the pipe and on the pipe size. In particular for pipes with high wall strengths, there are often different super-lattice structures. DSC analysis of conventional commercially available pipes made of β-nucleated PP-H 100 (size: 250 x 22,8 mm) showed the presence of little or no ß-crystalline regions on the internal side of the pipes. In contrast, clearly distinct β-crystalline regions were observed on the external side of the pipes. The corresponding DSC-curves are shown in Figure 10. A possible explanation of this is the non-uniform temperature profile within the wall thickness during the cooling phase of the pipe extrusion process and the resulting βα-phase convertion to a on the inner side of the pipe. In a non-nucleated PP there is a different crystallite structure due to the uncontrolled crystal growth and the low heat conductivity (typical of these materials). In general, relatively fine crystals form on the cooled external side, whilst a rather coarser super-lattice with large spherulites forms on the internal side of the pipe which is warm for a longer period. Cooling stresses arise due to the different densities of these regions, and these stresses can considerably affect the suitability of the pipes for applications. Due to the very uniform and fine super-lattice structure of SIMTECH PP AlphaPlus, there is a low degree of stress in the extruded pipe. Any encapsulated residual stress can be further minimised by suitable tempering. In SIMTECH PP-H 100 AlphaPlus pipes, no changes to the crystalline structure take place during the tempering process. Standard PP-H 100 The different super-lattice structure manifests itself in the mechanical properties. In the β-nucleated PP-H 100 pipes which have been studied, a higher modulus of elasticity in traction and lower tensile strain at break were found in the internal region of the pipe wall compared to in the external layer. PP-H 100, β-nucleated SIMTECH PP-H 100 AlphaPlus Figure 9: SEM-micrographs of the internal surface of different PP-H 100 pipes 20 µm Thermal stability of the crystalline structure in weld seams As already iterated, and as described in various articles in the literature, the β-form increasingly transforms to the crystalline α-form on being re-heated [6,11-14]. This behaviour is also found within a welded joint. The DSC-curves in Figure 11 show the different super-lattice structure in different regions of a welded joint. In this case, a butt weld between two pieces of pipe (size: 110 x 10 mm) made of β-nucleated PP-H 100 was examined. Studies described in the literature even report complete transformation to α-crystalline PP in the weld zone [15,16]. This causes considerably increased stress in the weld seam. 9

12 PP-H pipe, β-nucleated 250 x 22,8, interial region α-peak PP-H pipe, β-nucleated 250 x 22,8, external region β-peak Figure 10: DSC-curves of a PP-H 100 pipe, β-nucleated β-peak α-peak Figure 11: DSC-curves of different zones of a weld seam for a β-nucleated PP-H 100 pipe 10

13 Advantages of SIMTECH PP-H 100 AlphaPlus pipes for processing and application Excellent mechanical properties Due to the presence of α-crystallites, the upper limit for application is guaranteed up to 100 C. The high modulus of elasticity in traction ( 1,700 MPa, see Figure 12) sets this material apart as a construction material, as it guarantees improved resistance to deflection, even at higher temperatures. Indeed, the modulus of elasticity in traction at 100 C is about 70% higher than that of standard PP-H 100 and more than double that of β-nucleated PP-H 100 (Figure 12). The increased impact strength facilitates handling, even at temperatures down to 0 C. Under such conditions, standard-pp-h is likely to undergo brittle fracture, but with SIMTECH PP AlphaPlus there is still relatively high strength which ensures there is plastic deformation. This is shown in Figure 7. The notch impact strength drops with decreasing temperature for all PP-types. The notch impact strength of SIMTECH PP-H 100 AlphaPlus at -10 C is virtually the same as that of standard PP-H 100 at 0 C. This is the reason for the user-friendly ductile behaviour for SIMTECH PP-H 100 AlphaPlus, which facilitates the laying of pipes at temperatures down to 0 C. Improved hydraulic properties The fine crystallite structure of SIMTECH PP-H 100 AlphaPlus pipes has a very advantageous effect on the roughness. The roughness (R a) is below 0.3 µm (Figure 8) and is hence a factor of two lower than that of α-crystalline PP-H 100 and considerably lower than that of β-nucleated PP-H. As already shown, this is exclusively due to the crystallisation properties of the material. Mechanical smoothing of the inside of the pipes is not necessary. E-modulus in tension in MPa Standard SIMTECH Figure 12: Modulus of elasticity in tension of different type of PP (single analysis on pressed sheets) The energy required for the transport of liquids or solids is largely dependent on the surface roughness of the pipe, for any given pipe cross-section. The extremely low roughness drastically reduces the pipe friction (F R) and reduces the loss of pressure ( p) by more than 10%. Depending on the flow rate, more than 10% of the energy can thus be saved for the transport of a given volume of liquid. The welding bead resulting from heated-tool butt welding has a negligible effect on the loss of pressure in the pipe [20]. For applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries and in semiconductor technology, the extremely low surface roughness is absolutely necessary in order to minimise the deposition of particles or bacteria colonies. Polyolefins per se have a low tendency to bind foreign particles to their surface due to their low surface tension. 11

14 Surface roughness can, however, cause deposition of dirt particles or bacteria. The considerably improved surface roughness of SIMTECH PP-H 100 AlphaPlus pipes significantly reduces the adhesion of particles (incrustations). This allows potential cost savings for users due to the ability to have longer intervals between cleaning treatments. F = 4 MPa circumferential notch Outstanding chemical resistance The improved toughness and low roughness both have a very positive influence on the chemical resistance. The minimal roughness reduces the surface area for 2% surfactant solution attack, so any surface attack takes place at a much slower rate. The working life of the pipe increases, the number of required repairs decreases and there is optimum functioning of the pipeline. Figure 13: FNCT samples The increased toughness also minimises tension crack formation, because the material is less notchsensitive. In particular in critical zones such as weld seams and fixed points, where internal tension or tension from external sources acts, the resistance when contacted with tension crack promoting chemicals such as chromic acid, hydrogen peroxide or chlorinecontaining wastewater is considerably increased. The lower susceptibility to tension cracks is shown by the FNCT (Full-Notch-Creep-Test) [21]. For this test, a sample is made in the form of a pressed sheet. It is provided with a circumferential notch (Figure 13) and subjected to a tensile stress of 4 N/mm 2 in a tension crack promoting medium (2% surfactant solution) at 80 C. Reducing the residual tension The internal tension, which is dependent on the manufacturing process, can be minimised by tempering below the crystallite melting point. By tempering we mean deliberate heating of the pipe wall in order to dissipate internal tension caused by crystallisation during the cooling down of the melt. In order to dissipate the tension effectively, the material must be tempered at a temperature which lies somewhat below the crystallite melting temperature. It is important that the temperature control is exactly adhered to and that no crystallisation occurs below the given temperature. One option is to carry out the tempering as a separate process in a tempering oven, after the extrusion of the pipe and once the pipe has completely cooled down. Compared to standard PP-H 100 with a lifetime between h rs, the lifetime of SIMTECH PP-H 100 AlphaPlus is increased to more than 420 hrs. This is comparable to the lifetime of β-nucleated PP-H 100 (Figure 14). The internal structure of the material also contributes to the increased chemical resistance, especially the resistance to tension crack promoting chemicals. There is already a reduction in the tension as a result of the fine crystallite structure of the nucleated material. Lifetime in hrs Standard SIMTECH Figure 14: Lifetimes of different PP types in the FNCT at 80 C 12

15 From an engineering point of view it is, however, more sensible to have inline tempering immediately after the extrusion stage, once the surface has cooled. This enables the internal heat to be utilised in order to achieve uniform temperature control in the pipe wall. For this reason, all SIMTECH PP-H 100 AlphaPlus pipes undergo inline tempering. The residual tension in pipes is measured by the annular stress test using the Janson method. Here, a length of about 100 mm is removed from the tempered pipe and the external diameter (d) of this section of pipe is measured. A segment of pipe of defined width (a) (including the saw cut) is then cut out. If internal tension is present, the resulting gap a in the piece of pipe narrows. The difference between the width of the gap a and the width (a) of the pipe segment (Figure 15) is a measure of the internal circumferential stress σ Janson. Studies have shown that a limit value of 2,5 N/mm 2 must be maintained in order to largely avoid tension cracks on being exposed to chemicals. Tempering of SIMTECH PP-H 100 AlphaPlus in the inline process generally reduces the residual tension to below 1,4 N/mm 2 (Figure 16). Weldability and weld quality The improved toughness of SIMTECH PP AlphaPlus influences the quality of the weld: normally the weld is tested in accordance with DVS 2203 in the technical bending test. The machine welding process produces a welding bead. Depending on the development of the welding bead, a notch, noticeable to a greater of lesser extent, is produced in the transition from the pipe to the welding bead. Around these notches there are tension peaks, which reduce the strength of the joint. In brittle material subjected to tensile forces and chemicals, these also cause cracks. The tension peaks are reduced by the improved toughness of SIMTECH PP AlphaPlus, and the result is a considerably greater strength. SIMTECH PP AlphaPlus hence provides an especially high degree of safety. This is an important advantage when work is being carried out on building sites and in places where pipeline components have to be welded at points which are difficult to access. The improved quality of the weld seams manifests itself in the very high bending angle, which was measured in accordance with DVS The required minimum bending angle is far exceeded. The result is an increased margin of safety with regard to the weld quality. Residual tension in N/mm 2 Standard PP-H 100, tempered SIMTECH PP-H 100 AlphaPlus, tempered β-nucleated PP-H 100 Figure 15: Measurement of the annular stress Figure 16: Measured annular stress in different pipes using the Janson method 13

16 Summary The significantly improved material properties of SIMTECH AP AlphaPlus have numerous advantages for users: Considerably lower loss of pressure due to the improved hydraulic properties Significantly lower leachables and deposition of particles and bacteria (colony formation) due to the surface finish value of RA 12 Significant cost-savings as a result of the increased intervals between cleaning treatments Safe laying and assembly of pipes due to the improved impact strength, even at low temperatures Improved chemical resistance and minimised risk of tension cracks Improved weld quality and a significantly higher degree of safety when welding pipes especially at points which are difficult to access 14

17 Notes: SIMTECH Phone: Fax:

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20 Corrosion Resistant Fluid and Air Handling Systems. PureTech High Purity/Deionized Water Piping Systems PureTech AlphaPlus Polypropylene Pipe, Valves, and Fittings (½ - 12 ) PureTech Kynar 740 PVDF Pipe, Valves, and Fittings (½ - 10 ) Specialty and Control Valves including: Pressure Relief, Pressure Regulators, Shut Off, and High Purity Self-Draining Valves AlphaPlus Polypropylene and Kynar 740 PVDF Piping Systems Stress Relieved Pipe: AlphaPlus Polypropylene - ½ - 48, Kynar 740 PVDF - ½ - 16 Molded Butt Weld Fittings: AlphaPlus Polypropylene - ½ - 16, Kynar 740 PVDF - ½ - 10 Fabricated Fittings: AlphaPlus Polypropylene , Kynar 740 PVDF Molded Socket Fittings: AlphaPlus Polypropylene & Kynar 740 PVDF - ½ - 4 ThermoplasticValves Manual and Actuated PVC, Corzan CPVC, Polypropylene, & Kynar 740 PVDF True Union Ball Valves (½ - 4 ) Diaphragm Valves (½ - 8 ) Butterfly Valves (2-24 ) Horizontal Swing Check Valves (2-8 ) DoubleQuik Double Containment Piping Systems AlphaPlus Polypropylene, Polyethlyene, & Kynar 740 PVDF Pipe Fully Pressure Rated System Worldwide Installations Since 1984 Easy to Install, Modular Design Sizes from 1 x 3 through 18 x 24 Complete Leak Detection System ProDuct Fume Exhaust and Odor Control Duct Systems Sizes through 48 F.M Approved Systems Molded Fittings and Accessories Dampers - Manual and Actuated through 48 Available in AlphaPlus Polypropylene, Kynar 740 PVDF, & Corzan CPVC DualTech Structurally Reinforced Thermoplastic Piping Systems Structurally Reinforced Thermoplastic Piping Flangeless System to Eliminate Fugitive Emissions Fully Pressure Rated to 300 F Eliminates Permeation and Exterior Corrosion Problems WeldTech Fusion Welding Equipment Manually and Hydraulically Operated Tools for Socket or Butt/IR Fusion of AlphaPlus Polypropylene, Polyethylene, & Kynar 740 PVDF Pipe Butt Fusion Sheet Welders Your Authorized Simtech Distributor is: 47A Runway Road Bristol Industrial Park Levittown, PA P F The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Simtech Simtech believes the information contained herein to be reliable, but makes no representations to its accuracy or completeness. Simtech, sole and exclusive warranty is as stated in the Standard Terms and Conditions of Sale for these products. In no event will Simtech be liable for any indirect, incidental, or consequential damages. Corzan is a registered trademark of Noveon, Inc. Kynar is a registered trademark of Atofina, Inc. DOUBLE QUIK & PAL-AT manufactured by, and a registered trademarks of Perma-Pipe, Inc., a subsidiary of MFRI, Inc