GRAPHITE IN TURKEY AND ITS POSITION IN EUROPE

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1 Sait UYSAL, Spil Mining Ltd. GRAPHITE IN TURKEY AND ITS POSITION IN EUROPE

2 Graphite At a Glance The mineral graphite is one of the allotropes, and pure form of carbon. Allotropes of carbon are; - Graphite - Diamond - Coal Graphite is; - Excellent HEAT conductor - Excellent ELECTRICITY conductor - Heat resistant - Corrosion resistant

3 GRAPHITE TYPES

4 Applications by Graphite Type Type of Graphite Application Synthetic Graphite Friction Materials, Energy Materials, Powder Metallurgy, Electrical Components, Carbon Brushes and Parts, Thread Compounds, Drilling Mud Additives, Rubber and Polymer Composites, Packings & Seals. Natural Graphite Amorphous Grap. Flake Graphite Vein Graphite Source : Mackie Research Capital Lubricant Additives, Friction Materials, Pencils, Refractories, Paints, Rubber and Polymer Composites, Metal Covers, Thread Compounds, Drilling Mud Additives. Friction Materials, Energy Materials, Powder Metallurgy, Electrical Components, Carbon Brushes and Parts, Insulation, Thread Compounds, Drilling Mud Additives, Packings & Seals. Energy Materials, Lubricants, Grinding Wheels, Powder Metallurgy, Electrical Components, Friction Materials, Plastics, Carbon Brushes and Parts

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6 New Graphite s Applications Lithium-ion batteries Fuel cells Nuclear technology Plastics and composite frames (Boeing Co.'s new Dreamliner)

7 Saurce: Byron Capital Market

8 Graphite in Turkey Majority of the graphite occurrences in Turkey is mainly amorphous type. A graphite occurrence around Balikesir city (West part of Turkey) has bigger crystalline structure. Most promising, most graphitized and high Carbon contented graphite mineralization explored in Balikesir, Yozgat, Konya, Kastamonu and Adıyaman cities. Occurrences in other places like Kutahya, Mugla, Bandirma is mostly semi graphite.

9 Reserves in Turkey Place/City Reserve Quantity (Tonnes) Average C% Yozgat < Kastamonu Unknown 60 Aydin İzmir - Tire Karamersin İzmir - Tire Çeşme İzmir - Tire Başköy Istanbul Mersin Adiyaman Unknown 45 Mugla Kutahya-Oysu Source : MTA reports (MTA = General e Directorate of Minerals Research and Exploration)

10 Graphite Mineralizations Map of Turkey

11 Production in Turkey Year Production (tonnes) Consumption (tonnes) , , , , , , , , , , , , , , * , * , * , * , , * , * , , , , , ,00 0,00 Production (tonnes) Production (tonnes) Source: Turkey State Planning Institute, 8th Quinquennially Development Plan, 2001 * = Rounded roughly

12 Production in Turkey Year Production (tonnes) , , ,00 Production (tonnes) 3.500, , , , , , ,00 0,00 500, ,00 0, ,00 Production (tonnes) Source: Migem = Turkish Republic Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources General Directorate of Mining Affairs

13 Producers in Turkey - Bilginer Mining Ltd - Mine in Mugla city - Underground mine. - After 1992 they were the only graphite producers in Turkey. Annual Production was 5,000 mt. - Production stop after 2001 Karabacak Mining LTD (Now Oysu Graphite). - Mine in Kutahya City - Underground and Open Pit mine - Installed a flotation plant in In 1992 graphite market was collapsed and they stop production. - Occasionally try to run the facility after 2007

14 Turkey Import of Graphite Year Trade Flow Reporter Partner HS Code (Natural Graphite Trade Value NetWeight (tonnes) 2000 Import Turkey World 2504 $ , , Import Turkey World 2504 $ , , Import Turkey World 2504 $ , , Import Turkey World 2504 $ , , Import Turkey World 2504 $ , , Import Turkey World 2504 $ , , Import Turkey World 2504 $ , , Import Turkey World 2504 $ , , Import Turkey World 2504 $ , , Import Turkey World 2504 $ , , Import Turkey World 2504 $ , ,00 Source : United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database ( Source: Turkish Statistical Institute (

15 Turkey Export of Graphite HS Code Year Trade Flow Reporter Partner (Natural Trade Value NetWeight (tonnes) Graphite 2000 Export Turkey World 2504 $9.171,00 20, Export Turkey World 2504 $3.547,00 44, Export Turkey World 2504 $3.018,00 41, Export Turkey World 2504 $5.514, , Export Turkey World 2504 $6.885,00 6, Export Turkey World 2504 $45.633,00 73, Export Turkey World 2504 $ ,00 292, Export Turkey World 2504 $ , , Export Turkey World 2504 $ ,00 390, Export Turkey World 2504 $ ,00 256, Export Turkey World 2504 $ ,00 220,43 Source : United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database ( &p=0&rg=1&so=9999) Source : Turkish Statistical Institute (

16 EUROPE - EU is up to 95% dependent on imports, mainly from China - recycling is very limited - EU determined graphite as one of the critical raw material Main Production Countries Main EU Import Sources Import Dependence (2006) Graphite 2008: China 72% India 13% Brazil 7% 2007: China 75% Brazil 8% Madagascar 3% Canada 3% 95% Source : European Union Report of the Ad hoc Working Group on defining critical raw materials

17 Critical raw materials at EU levell

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20 Europe Export of Natural Graphite Period Trade Flow Reporter Partner Trade Value NetWeight (tonnes) 2007 Export EU-27 World $11,355,239 5, Export EU-27 World $11,088, , Export EU-27 World $8,112,888 4, Export EU-27 World $9,515,029 4,440.32

21 Europe Import of Natural Graphite Period Trade Flow Reporter Partner Trade Value NetWeight (tonnes) 2007 Import EU-27 World $70,385, , Import EU-27 World $102,595, , Import EU-27 World $47,715,833 55, Import EU-27 World $87,186, ,187.26

22 Period Trade Flow Reporter Partner Code Trade Value NetWeight (tonnes) 2007 Import Germany World 2504 $25,577,000 54, Import Germany World 2504 $40,142,000 62, Import Germany World 2504 $26,364,000 33, Import Germany World 2504 $47,369,064 56,332.80

23 Conclusions Turkey has undiscovered, undeveloped graphite potential Some of the graphite potential areas is promising New applications also create new graphite demand (extra 500,000 mt by 2020) Europe depend on Import for graphite, very limited graphite potential in Europe, and graphite along with REE and PGM was declared as critical raw material for EU. China is the main supplier of Europe (75%) and China has now implemented a 20% export duty on graphite, along with a 17% VAT and an export licensing system, and this creates supply risks. Europe has to develop new alternative suppliers Because of its position and closeness to Europe, low operating costs, and promising potentials of undeveloped graphite reserves, Turkey could be an alternative supplier for Europe

24 Thank You! Sait UYSAL Manisa/TURKEY