OF SUSTAINABLE MORTAR WITH COPPER SLAG AS FINE AGGREGATE

Transcription

1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 12, December 2018, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_09_12_035 Available online at aeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype= =9&IType=12 ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed PROPERTIES OF SUSTAINABLE MORTAR WITH COPPER SLAG AS FINE AGGREGATE A. M. Bhoi Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NDMVPS s KBT College of Engineering, Nashik, Maharashtra Dr. Y. D. Patil Assistant Professor, Applied Mechanics Department, S. V. National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujrat ABSTRACT The construction industry around the globe is progressing at a very high pace. Numerous infrastructural projects demand a vast supply of natural raw materials. The over-exploitation of the natural resources for construction has a negative impact on the environmental. Thereof making construction unsustainable. Utilization of industrial waste in construction is gaining force, not only due to non-availability of the good quality natural raw material but also due to the great potential of various industrial by-products to be a valuable resource. The present experimental study is conducted to investigate the feasibility of Copper slag as fine aggregate in mortar mixes. Total ten mortarr mixes with varying percentages of copper slag were prepared,and their properties are compared with properties of mortar mix comprising natural river sand (reference mortar). The mixes were evaluated for flow, density, compressive strength, percentage water absorption, percentage pore voids and abrasion resistance. Present study infers that the inclusion of copper slag as fine aggregate improves the compressive strength, flow, abrasion resistance and reduces percentage water absorption and percentage pore voids in the mortar. Keywords: Copper Slag, Absorption. Cite this Article: A. M. Bhoi and Dr. Y. D. Patil, Properties of Sustainable Mortar with Copper Slag As Fine Aggregate, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 9(12), 2018, pp et/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=9&itype e=12 1. INTRODUCTION Mortar, Compressive Strength, Abrasion Resistance, Water The construction industry around the globe is progressing at a very high pace. Numerous infrastructural projects are being undertaken to satisfy the requirements of the ever-growing population. These infrastructural projects demand a vast supply of natural raw materials. In editor@iaeme.com

2 A. M. Bhoi and Dr. Y. D. Patil the present scenario, the availability of the natural raw material for the construction is grossly inadequate. The over-exploitation of the natural resources for construction has a negative impact on the environmental. Thereof making construction unsustainable. Throughout the world, different strategies are being suggested to improve the sustainability credentials of the construction industry. On the other front, various industries are generating enormous quantities of wastes. The use of these industrial by-products as raw material for the construction is an appealing option. This strategy is gaining force, not only due to non-availability of the good quality natural raw material and peril of depletion of natural resources but also due to high potential of various industrial by-products to be a valuable resource. The utilization of industrial waste in the construction industry will not only provide valuable resource but will also avoid the unsustainable practice of dumping these potential resources into landfills, covering huge land areas and probably causing water and air pollution. It should be recognized that depending on the location various industrial waste materials can be advantageously utilized as raw material for construction Worldwide researchers are making efforts to find ways to effectively utilize these industrial wastes in construction such as rubber waste [1], ceramic waste [2], agricultural waste [3], glass waste [4], and so on. Among the various industrial wastes, copper slag is one that has great potential to be used as raw material for construction. Copper slag is generated as a byproduct at the time of matte smelting and extraction of copper. Around 41 million tons of copper is produced across the world while India alone produces around 2.7 million tons (ICSG 2017). Each ton of copper produced generates approximately 2.2 ton of copper slag [5]. Some of this copper slag is used for manufacturing cutting and abrasion tool, some for the preparation of subgrade but, a large quantity is generally dumped into stockpiles. The high abrasion resistance, better compressibility, good soundness and sharp angular edges of copper slag are the advantageous feature that makes it suitable to be used as a substitute for natural fine aggregate in concrete as well as in a mortar. Experimental studies conducted by researchers in the past have reported use of copper slag as a substitute for natural fine aggregate. The findings of the experimental studies conducted by Al-Jabri et al. [6] [8], Bhoiet al. [9], and Wu et al. [10] infer strength improvement in concrete on the inclusion of copper slag. Experimental investigation by Brindha and Nagan [11] indicated a decrease in pores in copper slag concrete. Mithun and Narasimhan [12] demonstrated improved performance in terms of workability and strength. The present experimental study is conducted to investigate the feasibility of Copper slag as fine aggregate in mortar mixes. Total ten mortar mixes with varying percentages of copper slag were prepared, and their properties are compared with properties of mortar mix comprising natural river sand (reference mortar). The investigations by the previous researchers were conducted by substituting the natural sand with an equal weight of copper slag. In the present investigation, an equal volume of copper slag is used as a substitute of natural river sand so that the ratio of fine aggregate and paste available in the mix be kept almost constant. The mixes were evaluated for flow, density, compressive strength, percentage water absorption, percentage pore voids and abrasion resistance editor@iaeme.com

3 Properties of Sustainable Mortar with Copper Slag As Fine Aggregate 2. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM 2.1. Materials Cement 53 grade, Ordinary Portland cement conforming to the specifications laid down in IS [13]was used for the preparation of mortar mix Fine aggregate Reference mix (Mix RM) was prepared using natural river sand brought from Tapi river, Maharashtra. The remaining ten mixes (C1 TO C100) were prepared using copper slag procured from Birla copper Hindalco Industries, Gujrat, (comprising 0% to 100% copper slag as a sand substitute with an increment of 10% at each substitution level). The sand, as well as copper slag used in the present study, is categorized within zone-i, as per IS R 1997 [14]. The river sand and copper slag obtained had a specific gravity of 2.67 and 3.44 respectively, which was determined by the pycnometer method as per IS part III-1963, R 2002 [15]. Water absorption of sand and copper slag was determined to be 0.98% and 0.017%, respectively, following the procedure depicted in IS part III-1963, R 2002 [15] The chemical composition of copper slag The chemical composition of copper slag was determined using an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Copper slag consists of approximately 55% Fe2O3, 33% SiO 2, 6% CaO, 3% Al 2 O 3 along with traces of MgO, SO 3, Na 2 O, TiO 2, Mn 2 O 3, and CuO. The exceptionally high amount of Fe 2 O 3 is the reason for its high specific gravity. Low amount of lime present makes it almost unlikely to be used as the cementitious material Methods Mix preparation 1:3 mortar mix with water content as per standard consistency determined for mix RM was used Preparation and testing of the specimen Cube shaped specimen with 70.7 mm side were used for compressive strength and density as per IS 4031 part 4, 1988, R 2005 [16]. Cylindrical specimens of size 100 mm diameter and 50 mm height were evaluated for percentage water absorption and percentage permeable voids as per ASTM C [17]. Resistance to wear was determined using an abrasion test on the specimen of size 70.6 mm 70.6 mm and thickness between 15 to 20 mm in accordance with IS 1237:2012 [18]. Water was slowly added to the properly dry mixed ingredients of mortar and mixing was continued to get proper mix. Flow test was conducted as per IS: 4031 (part 7) 1988, R 2005 [19] on the fresh mortar mix. Molds were then filled in layers and were properly compacted over the vibrating table editor@iaeme.com

4 A. M. Bhoi and Dr. Y. D. Patil 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Flow and density of mortar mix Figure 1 depicts the variation in the flow and density of the mortar mix at different copper slag substitution percentages. It is apparent from the Figure 1 that the flow of the mortar increased with increase in the substitution level almost linearly. At each substitution level the flow increase being 115 mm at 0% substitution to 176 mm at 100% substitution. This indicates around 53% increase in the flow at 100% substitution level. The glassy surface texture and almost zero water absorption of the copper slag justify such behavior. Figure 1 also infers that the density of mortar also varied almost linearly with copper slag content. The high specific gravity of copper slag justifies the increase in the density of mortar. In comparison with RM, there is a 17.42% increase in the density of mortar at 100% substitution level. Figure1 Flow and density of mortar mix Compressive strength The results of 7 and 28 days compressive strength test on mortar are illustrated in Figure 2. The indicate a consistent increase in the compressive strength up to 60% substitution level, and after that, a consistent decrease is seen. At the age of 7 days, the mortar mixes RM and C10 to 100, respectively, gained 68.96, 69.50, 68.13, 66.84, 67.85, 68.36, 67.69, 66.36, 64.06, 63.98, and 63.04% of their 28 days compressive strength. In the concrete mixes with copper slag, the rate of strength gain is seen to be less than that in the mix RM at an early age. After 28 days of curing, the compressive strength of mortar mixes was higher than that of mix RM up to 70% substitution and was lower that mix RM at higher substitution percentages. The mortar mix C10 to C70 achieved, respectively, 7.82, 6.33, 7.65, 8.47, 8.64, 9.97, and 1.67% higher compressive strength at the age of 28 days, in comparison with mix RM. Whereas, the compressive strength of mortar mixes C80 to C100, was 7.13, 11.46, and 14.60% less, respectively, when compared with mix RM. The higher compressive strength of mortar mixes C10 to C60 can be justified by the excellent cohesion and better compressibility of copper slag over that of natural sand [10], editor@iaeme.com

5 Properties of Sustainable Mortar with Copper Slag As Fine Aggregate [20]. With the increase in the quantity of copper slag in the mortar mixes the amount of free water available in the mix increases [6]. Beyond 60% replacement level the free water available in the mix increases due to the presence of copper slag. This could have reduced the strength of mortar with more than 70% substitution percentage. Figure 2 Compressive strength of mortar mix Percentage water absorption and percentage pore voids Figure 3 Water absorption and volume of permeable pore voids in the mortar mix. Variation in the percentage of water absorption and percentage of permeable pore voids in the mortar mixes at different substitution levels is illustrated in Figure 3. The trend of editor@iaeme.com

6 A. M. Bhoi and Dr. Y. D. Patil variation in percentage water absorption and percentage permeable voids is mortar is more or less similar to the variation trend in compressive strength. The percentage water absorption of mix C10 to C70 was respectively, 18.81, 32.67, 53.47, 50.5, 62.38, 67.33, and 39.11% lower in comparison with mix RM. However, the percentage water absorption of mix C80 to C100 was, respectively, 1.98, 15.84, and 47.52% higher in comparison with mix RM. In comparison with mix RM the percentage permeable pore voids in the mix C10 to C70 were, respectively, 21.22, 35.94, 57.56, 51.59, 62.07, 63.26, and 38.46% less, while that in mic C80 to C100 were, respectively, 4.51, 20.82, and 55.7% higher. The surplus free water present in the mix results in the formation of voids in the mix. The interconnectivity of these voids increases the water absorption and decrease the compressive strength due to the formation of feeble regions Abrasion resistance The resistance of mortar to wear measured in regarding abrasion resistance is shown in Figure 4. The abrasion resistance of the mortar mix increases with a rise in the volume of copper slag available in the mix. Abrasion resistance of mix C10 to C100 was respectively, 2.23, 5.12, 7.57, 9.13, 12.47, 14.92, 15.81, 17.82, 20.49, and 22.49% higher than that of mix RM.The better hardness of copper slag in comparison with that of natural river sand is the reason for this improved abrasion resistance. This signifies that copper slag mortar can be used in the applications where mortar is used as wearing course which is subjected to moving or rolling loads. Figure 4 Abrasion thickness for mortar mix 4. CONCLUSION Following are the key conclusions drawn from the results of the present experimental investigation. The inclusion of copper slag increases the flow of mortar due to higher free water available in the mix; this signifies that copper slag mortar can be easily worked with at low water content. The density of mortar increases as the amount of copper slag used as fine aggregate increases editor@iaeme.com

7 Properties of Sustainable Mortar with Copper Slag As Fine Aggregate The inclusion of copper slag as a substitute for natural river sand has a favorable effect on the compressive strength of mortar. The percentage water absorption and percentage of permeable voids in the mix increased considerably at the higher substitution level. The higher abrasion resistance suggests copper slag mortar can be used in the various applications as wearing surface. Copper slag can substitute up to 70% natural sand. REFERENCES [1] M. A. Aiello and F. Leuzzi, Waste tyre rubberized concrete: Properties at fresh and hardened state, Waste Manag., vol. 30, no. 8 9, pp , [2] D. Tavakoli, A. Heidari, and M. Karimian, Properties of Concretes Produced with Waste Ceramic Tile Aggregate, Asian J. Civ. Eng., vol. 14, no. September, pp , [3] M. A. Mannan and C. Ganapathy, Concrete from an agricultural waste-oil palm shell (OPS), Build. Environ., vol. 39, no. 4, pp , [4] R. K. Al-Bawi, I. T. Kadhim, and O. Al-Kerttani, Strengths and Failure Characteristics of Self-Compacting Concrete Containing Recycled Waste Glass Aggregate, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 2017, [5] C.-Q. Lye, S.-K. Koh, R. Mangabhai, and R. K. Dhir, Use of copper slag and washed copper slag as sand in concrete: a state-of-the-art review, Mag. Concr. Res., vol. 67, no. 12, pp , [6] K. S. Al-Jabri, M. Hisada, A. H. Al-Saidy, and S. K. Al-Oraimi, Performance of high strength concrete made with copper slag as a fine aggregate, Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 23, no. 6, pp , Jun [7] K. S. Al-Jabri, M. Hisada, S. K. Al-Oraimi, and A. H. Al-Saidy, Copper slag as sand replacement for high performance concrete, Cem. Concr. Compos., vol. 31, no. 7, pp , Aug [8] K. S. Al-Jabri, A. H. Al-Saidy, and R. Taha, Effect of copper slag as a fine aggregate on the properties of cement mortars and concrete, Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 25, no. 2, pp , Feb [9] A. M. Bhoi, Y. D. Patil, H. S. Patil, and M. P. Kadam, Feasibility Assessment of Incorporating Copper Slag as a Sand Substitute to Attain Sustainable Production Perspective in Concrete, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 2018, [10] W. Wu, W. Zhang, and G. Ma, Mechanical properties of copper slag reinforced concrete under dynamic compression, Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 24, no. 6, pp , Jun [11] D. Brindha and S. Nagan, Durability studies on copper slag admixed concrete, Asian J. Civ. Eng., vol. 12, no. 5, pp , [12] B. M. Mithun and M. C. Narasimhan, Performance of alkali activated slag concrete mixes incorporating copper slag as fine aggregate, J. Clean. Prod., vol. 112, pp , [13] IS: , Ordinary Portland Cement 53 grade- Specification, Bur. Indian Stand. Delhi, [14] IS: R 2002, Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregate From Natural Sources for Concrete, Bur. Indian Stand. Delhi, [15] IS:2386 part III 1963 R 2002, Method of Test for aggregate for concrete, Part III Specific gravity, density, voids, absorption and bulking, Bur. Indian Stand. Delhi, editor@iaeme.com

8 A. M. Bhoi and Dr. Y. D. Patil [16] IS: 4031 (Part 4) 1988 R 2005, Methods of Physical Tests for Hydarulic Cement Part-4 Determination of Consistency of Standard Cement Paste, Bur. Indian Stand., [17] ASTM C 642, Standard Test Method for Density,Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete 1, Am. Soc. Test. Mater., pp. 1 3, [18] IS: , Cement Concrete Flooring Tiles - Specification, Bur. Indian Stand. New Delhi, [19] IS: 4031 (Part 7) 1988 R 2005, Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement - Determination of compressive strength of masonry cement, Bur. Indian Stand., [20] W. Wu, W. Zhang, and G. Ma, Optimum content of copper slag as a fine aggregate in high strength concrete, Mater. Des., vol. 31, no. 6, pp , Jun editor@iaeme.com