Materials Criticality Mitigation Options and Impacts

Transcription

1 Materials Criticality Mitigation Options and Impacts Dr Adrian Chapman Oakdene Hollins 20 th March 2013 RSC Environmental Chemistry Group, Burlington House

2 What are CRMs? Rare Earths Tungsten

3 What are CRMs? Industrial minerals often considered too e.g. Fluorspar

4 Criticality Ranking 12 Studies Most Critical Moderately Critical Near Critical Not Critical Beryllium Antimony Bismuth Aluminium Gallium Cobalt Chromium Boron / borates Indium Germanium Fluorspar Cadmium Magnesium Manganese Lead Copper PGMs Nickel Lithium Molybdenum REEs Niobium Silicon / silica Selenium Tin Rhenium Silver Vanadium Tungsten Tantalum Titanium Source: Oakdene Hollins Tellurium Zinc Zirconium

5 Oakdene Hollins Critical Raw Materials Mind the gap resource security strategies in an uncertain world (Oakdene Hollins White Paper, 2012) Critical raw material flows in the UK economy (for WRAP & Defra (UK), in press) (focus on electronic items) Critical metals in strategic energy technologies with Fraunhofer ISI and HCSS (for European Commission, 2011 & in press) Study on by-product metals (International Lead & Zinc, Copper and Nickel Study Groups, 2012) Expert review of material criticality studies (Private client, 2011) Study into the feasibility of protecting and recovering critical raw materials (for European Pathway to Zero Waste, 2011) Lanthanides resources and alternatives (for UK Departments for Transport & Business, Innovation & Skills 2010) (Reports available from

6 Source: Fraunhofer ISI (graphical representation). EU Critical 14

7 Which CRMs are in which products? Tungsten Tantalum REEs PGMs Niobium Magnesium Indium Graphite Germanium Gallium Fluorspar Cobalt Beryllium Antimony Automotive/Aerospace Batteries Catalysts Cemented carbide tools Chemicals sector Construction Electrical equipment Electronics/IT Flame retardants Optics Packaging Steel & steel alloys Source: Oakdene Hollins for

8 Technology specific concerns EU SET Plan EU JRC (2011, 2013) - Critical metals in strategic energy technologies

9 Responses to Materials Criticality Data collection and Dissemination Procurement and Stockpiling Trade and International Co-operation Primary Production Design and Innovation Resource Efficiency Strategies Source: Oakdene Hollins

10 Opportunities for the chemical sciences Primary Production Design and Innovation Resource Efficiency Strategies Source: Oakdene Hollins

11 Criticality Geological Scarcity Tungsten mined supply is 69,000 tonnes Reserves are 300,000,000 tonnes Other Countries, 600,000 United States, 140,000 Bolivia, 53,000 China, 1,900,000 Source: USGS Canada, 110,000 Russia, 250,000

12 Primary Production Mining and Extraction EU Critical 14 Source: EC DG ENTR

13 Primary Production Mining and Extraction Sources: Guardian and Telegraph

14 Environmental Country Risk EU CRMs Environmental risk considered as part of analysis Assess potential of supply disruption due to environmental policy changes LCA also evaluated, but not included Source: EC DG ENTR

15 Environmental impacts of production UNEP Data Ranking per kg EC JRC Data Material 1 Gold 2 Platinum (PGM) 3 Silver 4 Tantalum 5 Indium 6 Gallium 7 Mercury 8 Rare Earths 9 Molybdenum 10 Chromium Source: Staal in UNEP (2010) Source: EU JRC (2012) with own analysis

16 Role for Chemistry? Improved extraction and separation - Processing efficiency minimise losses Economic access to lower ore grades - e.g. reduce energy usage Minimise impacts of processing new technologies? Improved by-production many CRMs are by-products of base metals Antimony Beryllium Cobalt Fluorspar Gallium Germanium Niobium Indium Magnesium Graphite PGMs REE Tantalum Tungsten Supply entirely from by-production Supply partially from by-production

17 Design and Innovation - Substitution Dematerialisation Permanent Lighting Mattresses Li-ion batteries magnet motors phosphors Natural Rubber Rare Earths Rare Earths Graphite Blend natural & synthetic rubber Reduce rare earth content Reduce rare earth content Reduce graphite content Alternative material Synthetic rubber, alternative sources dandelion New magnetic materials New luminescent materials Titanium nanoparticles Alternative system Textile & foam mattresses New motor types Other lighting formats (LED, OLED) Fuel cells, NiMH Alternative products Hammocks, sofas Improve internal combustion motors Night vision goggles Increase public transport

18 Design and Innovation - Substitution Limited options for recovery from recycling, remanufacturing and reuse in major applications. Most appropriate for substitution? Relevant initiatives; EU Critical 14 CRM_Innonet CIKTN with other partners European Innovation Partnership on Raw Materials European Union Target of substituting of 3 applications FP7/Horizon 2020 funding linked substitution of critical raw materials Source: Oakdene Hollins for

19 Resource Efficiency Recycling and reuse

20 Post-Consumer Recycling Levels Source: UNEP Recycling rates of metals

21 Post-Consumer Recycling Levels BUT Not all recycling reduces consumption and individual uses may vary Source: UNEP Recycling rates of metals

22 Rare Earth Magnet Recovery Hard disk drives (HDD) account for ~1/3 of REE magnet demand Processes available to cut HDD & remove REE magnets for recycling Chemical and metallurgical processes required for full recovery Wind Turbines & (H)EVs in long term due to length of lifetimes Source: Oakdene Hollins for

23 Recovery from Waste Electronics Many metals used in very small quantities, e.g. on PCBs Technical and processing challenges e.g. Current practice of shredding for recovery can limit recovery: Copper and precious metals recovered Rare earths and others lost in ferrous fraction Others materials are reactive lost in slag

24 Summary Raw material concerns will continue despite lower prices due to resource nationalism and growing consumption These concerns have led to a greater awareness of supply chain risk, traceability/provenance and environmental impact Several mitigation options exist, however the most appropriate need to be selected for a given material and application The chemical sciences could have a role to play in at least 3 of these areas Primary production Design and innovation, through substitution Resource efficiency

25 EC Projects on Raw Materials EU Study on Critical Raw Materials Revised list of EU Critical Raw Materials using wider scope and improved methodology European Innovation Partnership on Raw Materials Development of a Strategic Implementation Plan to promote innovative solutions the EU's raw materials challenges EU Statistical Information on Raw Materials Deposits (Euromin) Analysis of information on the quality and quantity of EU deposits, working towards harmonisation of data

26 Materials Criticality Mitigation Options and Impacts Dr Adrian Chapman 20th March 2013 RSC Environmental Chemistry Group, Burlington House