OPTIMIZATION OF DOUBLE-WIREE MIG BASED SHAPED METAL DEPOSITION PROCESS PARAMETERS OF3-D PRINTED AISI 309L PARTS

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1 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 9, Issue 11, November 2018, pp , Article ID: IJMET_09_11_259 Available online at aeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?jtype=ijmet&vtype= =9&IType=11 ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed OPTIMIZATION OF DOUBLE-WIREE MIG BASED SHAPED METAL DEPOSITION PROCESS PARAMETERS OF3-D PRINTED AISI 309L PARTS Dr. Adnan A. Ugla, Hassan J. Khaudair Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Advanced Manufacturing Technology Research Group, University of Thi-Qar, Al-Nasiriyah, Iraq ABSTRACT MIG-welding plus cold-wire feed (CWF) based on 3D-printing-shaped metal deposition (SMD) is a technique of relatively new technologies for additive manufactured parts, which enables to create components in the form of near-net shaped parts using the metal inert gas method. The SMD technique is made by depositing a main wire plus cold feed wire melted by arc welding heat. In this paper, the experimental setup consists of MIG-welding plus cold wire feed and 3-axis machine to be able to apply the deposition process paths. The current work focused on investigating the effect of deposition parameters on the wall bead geometry and deposited wall hardness of the deposited specimens. The controlled input parameters in this work were melting current, traveling speed, and wire feed ratio as a new parameter. The results were analyzed by statistical technique, i.e. analysis of variance and signal/noise ratio. Confirmatory test had been carried out to achieve the validity of results. The results showed that the wire ratio contributes 49.42% towards the overall variation noticed within removed layer thickness. The traveling speed contributes 34.15% of the overall variation noticed within removed layer thickness. Wire feed ratio contributes 59.22% towards the overall variation noticed within hardness. The traveling speed contributes 38.31% of the overall variation noticed within hardness. The optimal value of hardness is , whereas total removed layer is From the results, it is clear that the wire feed ratio greatly affects the deposited parts quality, and hence this parameter is considered as a new addition to the shaped metal deposition technique using the 3D-SMD plus a cold wire feed. Keywords: Additive manufacturing, shaped metal deposition, double-wire MIG- welding, cold wire feed, Taguchi Method, S/N ratio editor@iaeme.com

2 Dr. Adnan A. Ugla and Hassan J. Khaudair Cite this Article: Dr. Adnan A. Ugla and Hassan J. Khaudair, Optimization of Double-Wire MIG Based Shaped Metal Deposition Process Parameters of 3-D Printed AISI 309l Parts, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(11), 2018, pp INTRODUCTION Three dimensions (3D)- printing using shaped metal deposition (SMD) process has shown significant potential to reduce waste of materials and life-cycle effects, as well as reduce energy consumption [1]. Nowadays additive manufacturing based on the SMD-3D printing of the ferrous and non-ferrous components is largely used in the industrial fields. The SMD process can be done using metal inert gas welding (MIG) technique. Cold wire feed plus MIG-SMD process is a new addition to metal deposition processes by reducing thermal input and reducing cracking sensitivity in depositing parts [2]. The welding process variables are controlled in the robotic SMD process, which has the effect on the penetration of the weld, bead geometry, hardness, and residual stresses to achieve the best quality of the welding process. Ugla and Yılmaz [3-5] investigated the effect of the cold wire feed on the characteristics of the AISI 308LSi deposited components using TIG arc-smd method. Xiong et al. [6] studied the effect of the process parameters (travel speed, wire feed speed, inter-layer temperature) on the surface roughness of the multilayer single-thin-walled components by MIG-SMD process. They found that the stability of the other parameters and the drop in temperature of the layers lead to increase the quality of the surfaces of the thinwalled components. Ding et al. [7] developed a multi-bead interlocking model in the MIGbased additive manufacturing process with experimental work to improve the shape of the product by improving the top face of the multilayered parts. Ingrassia et al. [8] investigated the effect of the deposition process parameters on the dimensional and geometric properties of the constituent parts by investigating the accuracy of the dimensions of a three dimensional printer. The dimensional accuracy experiments were performed on samples of cylindrical shapes by measuring the thickness of the layer removed from these samples using the laser. Whereas, Ueyama et al. [9] referred to the effect of welding currents and wire feed rates on the formation of welding bead with gas metal arc welding (GMAW) tandem pulse technology. It was found that the distribution of welding currents on a regular basis reduces the heat input in the working piece also producing a good welding bead. Besides that, there are researchers who have been able to combine the two GMAW-torch and GTAW-torch to improve the parameters of the deposition process and minimize the heat input of the base metal. Li et al. [10] suggested the double wire (DE)-GMAW, which is a variation of conventional GMAW to decrease the heat input in base metal and maintain the wire melting current regular through presenting (GTAW) bypass torch, also experiments have shown that the developed control system can ensure a fast enough time for DE-GMAW stability and that the bypass current can be controlled and adjusted in order to obtain a desired base metal current within a relatively large range of total current. Yang et al. [11] pointed to the effect of the bypass current on the dimensions of the parts deposited by double electrodes. It is noted through experiments that the decrease in the width of the multilayer -deposition parts is due to the increase of the bypass current, while the increase in height is proportional to the bypass current under the same deposition rate. WU et al. [12] investigated the applying of numerical analysis in the DE-GMAW in order to produce guidelines for optimizing the method experimentally. Chavdaet al. [13] looked into the effect of process parameters of the welding process such as welding voltage, welding current, wire feed rate, and gas flow rate on bead geometry and editor@iaeme.com

3 Optimization of Double-Wire MIG Based Shaped Metal Deposition Process Parameters of 3-D Printed AISI 309l Parts welding strength using the Taguchi method. Another researcher adopted the factorial design approach to analyze the process parameters of the welding process (i.e. welding voltage, welding current, transfer velocity, and stick-out contact to tip distance work) of the aluminum material by measuring the penetration of the weld and the bead geometry [14]. To obtain a suitable bead width, penetration of the bead and weld reinforcement on butt joint was looking in by developing a mathematical model. The welding current had been discovered to be most parameters of the welding process influenced the geometry of the bead. Kadaniet al. [15] pointed to use of Taguchi s orthogonal design for the development of a simple geometry of bead based on criterion for selecting the parameters of the MIG welding process to obtain the desired responses. Chan et al. [16] suggested using a model for predicting bead engineering (penetration, length, bead width, and bag length of 22.5 ) using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The welding process parameters were welding current, arc voltage, travel speed and thickness of workpiece. Back propagation network (BPN) was utilized during their study. Through their findings, it is possible to obtain good bead geometry through modeling using BPN. Murugan and Parmar [17] used factorial design technique to predict the geometry of the welding bead (reinforcement, dilution%, and penetration) for the deposition of stainless steel 316L. The following welding process parameters were controlled arc voltage, travel speed, feed rate, and stick-out contact to tip distance work. It was explained that factorial technique has proved to be easily used to develop mathematical models for predicting the geometry of welding bead within the factor ranges and these models can be introduced into an automated system of robots in the form of a program to obtain the required high quality. In addition, the impact of each factor on the welding properties was determined and graphically presented. Many optimization techniques have been adopted for controlling, modeling, and improving the different welding process to achieve good quality of weld bead geometry [18-25]. A less comparative study was conducted to study the performance of these methods. The selection of appropriate deposition process parameters for such as welding voltage, welding current, feeding rate, travel speed, stick out, and shielding gas contribute to increase the quality of the SMD process and reduce the resulting defects. The Taguchi design method is applied experiment to obtain the optimum results of welding process parameters. In this work, a new input parameter was introduced, namely the wire feed ratio, which represents the ratio of the main wire feed speed of the MIG machine to the wire feed speed of the external wire feed machine. The intent of the present work is to optimize the main input parameters (welding current (A), travel speed (TS), and wire feed ratio (WR)) of the double wire (DW)-MIG-SMD process and so improve the deposited part quality concerned the maximum possible in the hardness and the minimum amount of removed layer thickness through a few experiments. 2. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD AND MATERIALS 2.1. Experimental Setup The experiments in the current study were carried out using a new SMD machine (SMDM), which was designed, manufactured and developed for metal deposition processes using DW- MIG arc technique as shown in figure 1. The developed SMDM is controlled by a computer interface window with a three-axis positions that is operated and driven in three directions by stepper motors. SMDM is utilized with several other parts of the SMDM cell in order to create an integrated work cell to produce the required components. The filler metal melting process is done using Lincoln MIG-MAG / FLUX / BRAZING welding machine. The external cold wire was provided by an external device controlled manually to insert the filler editor@iaeme.com

4 Dr. Adnan A. Ugla and Hassan J. Khaudair wire into the deposition area to melt the filler metal within the deposition area by main heat source of the electric arc of the MIG welding machine as shown in figure 1b. Table 1 shows the number of layers deposited, the shielding gas, the flow rate, the length of the samples and the other constant conditions. The angle of the main torch (MIG-torch) is 90 degrees, the angle between the nozzle cold wire feed (CWF) and workpiece material is 30 degree (see Table 1). Fig.1. Demonstrate (a) overall view of the SMD system (b) close-up view of the deposition tool editor@iaeme.com

5 Optimization of Double-Wire MIG Based Shaped Metal Deposition Process Parameters of 3-D Printed AISI 309l Parts Table 1 The constant parameters used in the deposition process Shielding gas Argon Flow rate 12 l/m Number of layers 12 Length of deposit wall samples 160 mm Polarity DCRP Arc length 1 mm Feeding angle (α) Torch angle Wire stick-out 15 mm [26,27] Layer step height (hs) 3mm Table 2 The chemical composition for the filler wire and substrate Materials C %Si Mn S P Mo Ni Cr Cu Fe Wire [26] 0.03% 0.9% 1.3% % 12.5% 24% 0.1% REM. Substrate REM. [28] Max A St 3 grade low carbon steel [28] with dimensions of 150mm 100mm 8 mm was employed as the substrate for deposit the weld beads. The consumable electrode utilized for depositing was a SHIELD-BRIGHT 309L stainless steel wire with a diameter of 1.2 mm. This type of filler wire does not need a shielding gas during the deposition process to automatically protect the surface of the metal as reported in the literature [29]. Its grade has been selected according to AWS A5.22 specification, so the wire grade is E309LTI-1/T1-4 is obtained from the AWS specification [30]. The chemical composition for the filler wire and substrate is illustrated in Table 2. Figure 2shows the MICRO-Vickers hardness device which was utilized to measure the hardness of the deposited specimen. Fig.2 Micro-Vickers hardness test editor@iaeme.com

6 Dr. Adnan A. Ugla and Hassan J. Khaudair Table 3Identified factors with levels Input parameter Units Levels (symbol) Welding Current (I) (A) Travel speed (TS) (mm/sec) WIRE-Ratio (WR) * (W.F 1 /W.F ** 2 ) (m/min) *wire feed come from the welding machine. **cold wire feed come from an external nozzle device Process parameter selection The actual performance of MIG welding based SMD technology in terms of the removed layer thickness and hardness affects by variation of the main process parameters such as: 1. Welding current (A) 2. Travel speed (TS) 3 Wire feed ratio (WR) Throughout the welding process, the manufacturer can change and control the various levels of the main deposition parameters. The selecting of the deposition process parameters carried out depending on the preliminary experiments and previous studies. The current work was done using three input parameters with three levels for each one as shown in Table Design of Experiment To implement a design and experience plan, the Taguchi method uses a particular set of orthogonal arrays which are generally often predefined. Full data were obtained for those factors that affect the efficiency and performance of the process by using these orthogonal matrices. The selected design matrix depended on the Taguchi L9 orthogonal array includes 9 sets of code condition, the experimental result of the response of the thickness of the removed layer and the hardness. In the L9 orthogonal array, nine experiments were prepared to study the effects of the main parameters. The nine experiments were carried out based on the L9 array and the nine specimens was deposited using the different parameters and levels as shown in Table 4. Table 4. Experimental layout of parameters with their levels Exp. No. I (A) TS (mm/sec) WR (m/min) Within the Taguchi method, the values that are desired (mean) for the output properties are usually represented by Signal, while the undesired values (standard deviation) of the output properties are represented by noise. The maximum hardness and the minimum amount of the removed layer thickness are selected as the quality target in the current metal deposition editor@iaeme.com

7 Optimization of Double-Wire MIG Based Shaped Metal Deposition Process Parameters of 3-D Printed AISI 309l Parts process. The signal to noise ratio was utilized to convert experimental results. In S/N ratio, the quality properties are divided into three strategies which are larger is better, nominal is best and smaller is better. It had been noticed that high quality features related to the greatest ratio with the process parameters. The S / N ratio for the larger is better (LB) can be calculated by equation 1, whereas the S/N ratio for the smaller is the better (SB) can be calculated by equation 2 [31]. The wall bead profiles of all specimens were measured carefully and the observed values for RLT and the Vickers's microhardness (HV) with the corresponding S/N ratios summarized in Table 5. S N = 1OLOG 1 n 1 x (1) Smaller is better S N = 1OLOG 1 n x (2) Table 5Taguchi L9 orthogonal array and experimental results of the responses Exp. I (A) TS WR RLT (mm) S/N of HV S/N of HV No (mm/sec) (m/min) RLT RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 3.1. Effect of main SMD process parameters on RLT Analysis of variance of (ANOVA)is a statically based decision tool used for interpreting experimental data and making the necessary decisions and signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) were used to identify the important input parameters that are likely to affect the output response. In the ANOVA analysis, if the P-value is less than 0.05, the variables that have this value or less are considered statistically significant and have a significant effect on the SMD process. The result of ANOVA for the RLT is shown in table 6, which indicates the significance value of various input parameters, also P-value and F value given. From the Table 6, it is easy to identify the most important factor, which effects on the removed layer thickness and have a smaller P-value (or bigger F-value) with a significant level of α= 0.95, is the wire feed ratio with a contribution of about 49.4% followed by the welding current with a contribution of 34 %of the overall variation observed, whereas the travel speed factor has a small significance. These effects of the significant input parameters can be seen graphically in Figure 3. It is clear that the low WR value produces a small amount of metal removed from the wall side. This can be attributed to the effect of the cold wire feed into the deposition zone, where increase of WFS 2 leads to decreasing of solidification time and hence the re-melted metal flow will editor@iaeme.com

8 Dr. Adnan A. Ugla and Hassan J. Khaudair decrease to the large extent. From other side, the welding current significant effects on the RLT value. 3.0 Mean of Removed Layer Thickness/ mm I (A) Wire feed Ratio 2.5 Fig. 3 The plot illustrates the interaction between wire feed ratio and welding current versus RLT. Table 6 ANOVA for means of Removed layer thickness Source DOF Seq. SS Adj. MS F-value P-value Percent contribution I % TS % WR % Error % Total % R-Sq. = 85.85% The total error is a: - Error/Total = ( / ) 100 = 14.15% 3.2. Effect of the main SMD process parameters on HV Similarly the variable wire feed ratio and the travel speed have a major influence on the variation of hardness as shown in Table 7. From the Table 7, it is easy to identify that the most significant factor, which effects on the micro-hardness and have a smaller P-value (or bigger F-value), is the wire feed ratio with a contribution of about 59.2%, followed by the welding speed with a contribution of 38.3 % of the overall variation observed in hardness, whereas the power source current factor has a small significance. Table 7. ANOVA for means of Hardness Source DOF Seq. SS Adj. MS F-value P-value Percent contribution I TS WR Error Total R-Sq. = 97.66% % editor@iaeme.com

9 Optimization of Double-Wire MIG Based Shaped Metal Deposition Process Parameters of 3-D Printed AISI 309l Parts The total error is a: - Error/Total = ( / ) 100=2.34% These effects can be seen graphically in the interaction effects plot as shown in figure 4. Micro hardness results show that an increase in hardness values with increasing travel speed or decrease the wire feed ratio (see figure 4). This can be attributed to the fact that, the hardness increases when the microstructure consists of fine grains. The grain refinement depends to a large extent on the travel speed where increasing of TS means that low heat input to the deposition zone and so creates a fine structure, this fact consists with findings of Yilmaz and Ugla [32]. Wire feed speed effects strongly on the deposited part hardness when its value is 1.5, which means that the external cold wire amount is relatively high. When the amount of external cold wire is high this means the cooling rate of the deposited meal becomes relatively high thereby solidification rate becomes larger than the grain growth rate and hence fine grains may be formed and hence the hardness increase. There is strong relation between the WR and RLT and HV (see figure 5). The RLT affects in direct relation with varying the WR values as shown in figure 5a, whereas, the HV behaves in opposite relation with the increase the WR as shown in figure 5b Mean of Hardness / HV WR Traveling Speed / m/min 4 Fig. 4. The plot illustrates the interaction between wire feed ratio and travel speed versus hardness. Remove layer Thickness/ mm a Wire feed ratio Microhardness/ HV b Wire feed ratio Fig. 5. Plots illustrates the effect of the wire feed ratio on the (a) RLT and (b) HV editor@iaeme.com

10 Dr. Adnan A. Ugla and Hassan J. Khaudair 3.3. Signal to noise (S/N) ratio The S/N ratio of the removed layer thickness and hardness will be computed for each parameter combination utilizing Taguchi methods and demonstrated in Table 8 and 9. Upon evaluation of the S/N ratio of total removed layer thickness it had been discovered from delta values, where it was found that the wire ratio is the most influential factor, following welding current and followed by travel speed. Likewise, upon evaluation of the S/N ratio of hardness it had been discovered from delta values, where it was found that the wire feed ratio is the most influential factor, following travel speed and followed by welding current. By utilizing these S/N ratio values provided in Table 8 and Table 9, and the main effect plots were created utilizing MINITAB 17 software and demonstrated in the figure 5 and figure 6. At the moment the S/N ratio values are calculated, the larger the better have been applied for hardness, since the hardness requirements to be maximized. But smaller is best criteria have been applied for removing layer thickness, because removed layer thickness requirements to be minimized. Table. 8 Response for signal to noise ratios of removed layer thickness Level I (A) TS (mm/sec) WR (m/min) Delta Rank Table. 9 Response for signal to noise ratios of hardness Level I (A) TS (mm/sec) WR (m/min) Delta Rank editor@iaeme.com

11 Optimization of Double-Wire MIG Based Shaped Metal Deposition Process Parameters of 3-D Printed AISI 309l Parts 0.0 I (A) TS (mm/sec) Mean of S/N ratios for RMT/ mm WR Signal-to-noise: Smaller is better Fig.6. Main effect plot of the S/N ratio for Removed layer thickness. Mean of S/NRatios for Microhardness/ HV I (A) 190 WR TS (mm/sec) 3 4 Signal-to-noise: Larger is better Fig. 7. Main effect plot of the S/N ratio for Hardness. The optimal process parameters values for the SMD process can be obtained by applying the main effect plots at the highest values of the S/N values for each of the corresponding variables. From figure 6, it is noticed that the optimal process parameters for minimizing removed layer thickness are A1B2C1 (i.e. I = 160A, TS =3 mm/sec, WR=1.5). from other hand, for maximizing the hardness of the deposited parts, the optimal parameters are A2B3C1 (i.e. I = 190 A, TS =4 mm/sec, WR=1.5) (see the figure7). The optimum value of the removed layer thickness value can be obtained using the Taguchi method through this equation: ƞ "#$ = & ' (1 Where, A3 is mean of S/N data of welding current at level 1 and B2 is mean of S/N data of travel speed at level 2 and C1 is the mean of S/N data of wire feed ratio at level editor@iaeme.com

12 Dr. Adnan A. Ugla and Hassan J. Khaudair Calculation, total mean of SN ratio had been used from Minitab software. Therefore ƞ "#$ = = So, Optimum value of Removed layer thickness = mm. Thus, it can be deduced that the optimum value of removing layer thickness with parameters of welding current of 160 A, travel speed of 3mm/sec and wire feed ratio of 1.5. Similarly The optimum value of the hardness value can be obtained using the Taguchi method through this equation: ƞ "#$ = & ' (1 where, A2 is mean of S/N data of welding current at level 2 and B3 is mean of S/N data of travel speed at level 3 and C1 is the mean of S/N data of Wire Ratio at level 1. ƞ )*+ = = So, Optimum value of microhardness = It is obvious that the optimum value of hardness with parameters of welding current 190 A, travel speed 4mm/sec and wire ratio 1.5 m/min. 4. CONFIRMATORY TEST A confirmatory test of the optimum values obtained has been performed experimentally to verify the parameters of the optimal process parameters for the SMD process. Through the results of the test, it was concluded that the optimal state of the welding process results maximizes the height of the welding bead and its maximum strength as well as the minimum amount of the removable layer. Table. 11. Confirmatory test for removed layer thickness and hardness Optimum parameters obtained by Taguchi method Current 160 A Travel speed 3 mm/sec Wire ratio 1.5 m/min Current 190 A Travel speed 4 mm/sec Wire ratio 1.5 m/min Results obtained by confirmatory test Minimum RLT 0.83 mm Maximum HV CONCLUSIONS The current study demonstrates the use of the Taguchi method and statistical techniques to analyze and optimize the hardness, as well as to analyze and improve the amount of removed metal from the wall side using double wire MIG-arc based SMD technique. The following conclusions were drawn from this study: The results demonstrated that WR is a significant factor enhancing the deposited parts quality. Thus, WR has contribution percent of about more than 49% in minimizing the wall RLT and about 59 % in maximizing the hardness of the deposited parts. Towards the overall variation observed within removed layer thickness. This parameter represents an important addition to shaped metal deposition techniques editor@iaeme.com

13 Optimization of Double-Wire MIG Based Shaped Metal Deposition Process Parameters of 3-D Printed AISI 309l Parts The travel speed considers as a significant factor effect on the hardness with contribution percent of bout 38%. On the other hand, it has no effect on the removed layer thickness. The power source current has a significant role in the removed layer thickness with a contribution percent of about 34%, whereas, its effect on the hardness is small and insignificant. The optimal process parameters for minimum removed layer thickness are A3B1C3 (i.e. welding current =160 A, travel speed =3 mm/sec, wire feed Ratio=1.5) is mmand for maximum hardness are A2B3C1 (i.e. welding current 190 ampere, travel speed =4 mm/sec, Wire Ratio=1.5 m/min) is The Confirmation test was performed to improve the HV to about280 and the removed layer thickness to about 0.83 mm. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work was done at Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, The-Qar University, Iraq REFERENCES [1] Huang, R., Riddle, M., Graziano, D., Warren, J., Das, S., Nimbalkar, S.,... &Masanet, E. (2016). Energy and emissions saving potential of additive manufacturing: the case of lightweight aircraft components. Journal of Cleaner Production, 135, [2] Pires, I., Quintino, L., & Miranda, R. M. (2007). Analysis of the influence of shielding gas mixtures on the gas metal arc welding metal transfer modes and fume formation rate. Materials & design, 28 (5), [3] Ugla, A. A., Yılmaz, O. (2017). Deposition-Path Generation of SS308 Components Manufactured by TIG Welding-Based Shaped Metal Deposition Process. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 42(11), [4] Ugla, A. A., Yılmaz, O., &Almusawi, A. R. (2018). Development and control of shaped metal deposition process using tungsten inert gas arc heat source in additive layered manufacturing. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 232(9), [5] Yılmaz, O., &Ugla, A. A. (2017). Microstructure characterization of SS308LSi components manufactured by GTAW-based additive manufacturing: shaped metal deposition using pulsed current arc. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 89(1-4), [6] Xiong, J., Li, Y., Li, R., & Yin, Z. (2018). Influences of process parameters on surface roughness of multi-layer single-pass thin-walled parts in GMAW-based additive manufacturing. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 252, [7] Ding, D., Pan, Z., Cuiuri, D., & Li, H. (2015). A multi-bead overlapping model for robotic wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 31, [8] Ingrassia, T., Nigrelli, V., Ricotta, V., &Tartamella, C. (2017). Process parameters influence in additive manufacturing. In Advances on Mechanics, Design Engineering and Manufacturing (pp ). Springer, Cham. [9] Ueyama, T., Ohnawa, T., Tanaka, M., & Nakata, K. (2005). Effects of torch configuration and welding current on weld bead formation in high speed tandem pulsed gas metal arc welding of steel sheets. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 10(6), [10] Li, K. H., Chen, J. S., & Zhang, Y. (2007). Double-electrode GMAW process and control. WELDING JOURNAL-NEW YORK-, 86 (8), editor@iaeme.com

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15 Optimization of Double-Wire MIG Based Shaped Metal Deposition Process Parameters of 3-D Printed AISI 309l Parts [27] Xiong, J., Li, Y., Li, R., & Yin, Z. (2018). Influences of process parameters on surface roughness of multi-layer single-pass thin-walled parts in GMAW-based additive manufacturing. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 252, [28] DIN Deutsches Institute Fur Normunge.v (1976), Berlin, Steel and Iron Standards onquality. 24th revised edition. English Translation. [29] [30] AWS Code Section II Part C, 1989, Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals. [31] Ross, PJ, Taguchi Techniques for quality engineering, second edition, 2005, TMH publishing, New Delhi. [32] Yilmaz, O., &Ugla, A. A. (2017). Microstructure characterization of SS308LSi components manufactured by GTAW-based additive manufacturing: shaped metal deposition using pulsed current arc. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 89(1-4),