LANDFILL INVENTORY FOR RUSSIA. RFP No. EPA-OAR-CCD EPA Agreement XA FINAL REPORT

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1 LANDFILL INVENTORY FOR RUSSIA RFP No. EPA-OAR-CCD EPA Agreement XA FINAL REPORT Applicant: The NP Ecological Resource Center (NP-ERC) 20 Sverdlova Street Kemerovo Region, Novokuznetsk Russia Telephone: ; facsimile: Eхecuters: Dr. Ekaterina Volynkina, NP-ERC Executive Director Ms. Natalie Khalaman, - NP-ERC Project Manager Ms. Cathy Hall, Project Advisor

2 SUMMARY Landfill inventory is executed and landfill database is created for the first time in Russia. The total of the registered landfills is 865. Of which 292 are located in Central FD, 74 in Northwest FD, 41 in Southern, 148 in Volga District, 171 in Ural, 107in Siberian, 27 in Dalne- Vostochny. The created database is maximum full for today and includes all large landfills. The total of waste on landfills submitted in a database, makes 122,4 million in m3, or 24,6 million tons per year. The database takes into account the basic bulk of waste products (86%) and landfills on which they are disposed. The amount of the accumulated waste on the registered landfills is 354 million tons. On the basis of the collected information landfills are ranged by the area, the amount of coming and collected waste. It is established, that 25 landfills have the largest area - over 50 hectares; 74 landfills from 20 up to 50 hectares; 117 landfills - from 10 up to 20 h, the other landfills (649) have the area less than 10 hectares. 76 % of all waste in Russia come to 118 landfills, or 14 % of all authorized landfills. The largest by the quantity of waste flows over 250 thousand tons per year - are 19 landfills which cover 34 % of all waste. The major amount of waste is disposed on 92 landfills of the Moscow oblast - 15,2 million in m3, or 3,04 million tons per year that makes about 12 % from the total waste. Large 11 landfills with the amount from 5 to 10 mln tons are located in the cities of Penza, Samara, Nizhni Novgorod, Ufa, Naberezhnye Chelny, Tula, Saint Petersburg, Tyumen, Izhevsk, Novosibirsk, Novokuznetsk. A tentative estimation of landfill gas (LDG) and methane formation has been performed on each landfill from which the information on the amount of disposed waste products has been received. The total amount of landfill gas on the authorized landfills is 1715 million м 3 per year, methane million м 3 per year. 118 authorized landfills (14 % from the total) produce 75 % of landfill methane. The results show that 34 landfills have the potential of methane formation over 600 m3 / h. 2

3 CONTENS BACKGROUND 4 1 PROJECT APPROACH 4 2 COLLECTION OF INFORMATION 4 3 ORDERING OF THE INFORMATION 6 4 SUMMARY AND THE RESULTS OF LANDFILLS INVENTORY ANALYSIS General characteristic of landfills Evaluation of the total number of authorized and non-authorized landfills of solid waste on the territory of Russia Federation and federal districts 4.3 Identification of the largest landfills Identification of large landfills by the area Identification of large landfills by the amount of coming waste Identification of large landfills by the amount of the collected waste 11 5 A VISIT OF THE PROJECT ADVISERS TO LANDFILLS The description of the Central city landfill of Novokuznetsk The results of inventory and the ecological study of Solid waste landfills in Novokuznetsk 5.3 The description of a new landfill in Novokuznetsk 16 6 CALCULATION OF THE VOLUMES OF LANDFILL GAS (LDG) AND METHANE FORMATION ON THE LANDFILLS OF RUSSIA 7 EXPERIMENTES ON COLLECTING LANDFILL GAS ON THE LANDFILLS OF RUSSIA

4 BACKGROUND Russia is listed as one of the 11 Methane-to-Market Partners that are loosely defined as developing countries and/or economies in transition. As a Partners M2M country, there is a desire to promote methane capture and use, and specifically, to take near-term steps to lay the foundation for the installation or investment in landfill gas-to-energy project. Based on the Landfill Subcommittee Action Plan, planned near-term steps for Russia are not specified. However, the elements of the Action Plan address items important to Russia, such as: - Identification of barriers to LFG project development - Need for country-specific information on disposal practices, LFG management, and LFG capture opportunities - Identification of suitable landfills - Identification of in-country partners and international organization involvement. Some steps toward these goals have been initiated by others as part of Joint Implementation applications. Both Danish and Austrian-funded investigation have been conducted at a handful of Russian landfill sites in the period, principally near Moscow and St. Petersburg. One of the Danish sites went to public tender in 2006 for development of the landfill gas carbon credits, and a couple more sites may do same in the next 24 months. Limited field investigations were performed (many visual observations and records reviews) and, reportedly, one landfill gas pump test has been performed in the country. That said, there is little published materials regarding the number, size, and locations of formal disposal sites in Russia. We are not aware of an existing inventory of the significant landfill sites despite the predominant municipal ownership and operations. Country solid waste profiles for Russia from ISWA libraries suggest that more than 20 landfill areas are of significant size. 1 PROJECT APPROACH The NP-ERC is based in Russia and has conducted landfill surveys and investigations as part of its previous project work. The NP-ERC staff are familiar with some of the complexities and barriers to access for conducting surveys of municipally-owned facilities. The basic approach on this project will be to: - Prepare a survey instrument in conjunction with M2M Program objectives - Conduct a survey (primarily by telephone) of the available landfill owners so as to gain information suitable for the inventory - Visit to Russia with the Project Advisor to assemble the survey information and to conduct detailed site visits to the more promising landfill sites. 2 COLLECTION OF INFORMATION At the first step the project team members have reviewed the available information both published and electronic versions. It is established that inventory of landfills has not been done on the territory of Russia. The nation-wide register of landfills does not exist. There is no official data about the total of the household waste disposal on landfills. 4

5 It is known that by the request of Federal Agency of ecological, technological and nuclear supervision (Rostechnadzor) a research-and-production centre "Expert" developed a project on rules for waste disposal in According to this project each object of waste disposal should have an inventory register (a characteristic) which should be a source of primary data about the object. However this document has not been adopted yet by Rostechnadzor. Official data on a state of environment is published in Russia annually in «The State Report on a condition of natural environment» which is done by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of Russia (МПР). Such reports are also submitted annually by regional bodies of natural resources in each region or area. However they do not present integrated data about the inventory of landfills. According to the recent official data published by МПР in 2007 in Russia there was a total of 3,9 billion tons of waste (industrial and household), of which 43,5 % (1,7 billion tons) were formed in Kemerovo region. This figure is the total for industrial and household waste. The official data about the total of a household waste is not available. In in some regions of Russia local authorities were ordered to have a register of landfills. However such registers are published only in the republic of Tatarstan, republic Chuvashiya, Sverdlovsk area. The registers are also developed in Pskov, Bryansk, Tula, Lipetsk, Kursk, Belgorod, Samara, Tyumen areas, and the Mary El's republic, but the published registers of these regions are unavailable. At the next stage we tried to find regional Reports on the state of natural environment which are official documents. The reports were found in the majority of regions for the period of The reports helped to collect some information though in many cases the inventory data were missing. Then we analyzed the information published in the Russian research and technical magazines («Ecology and the Industry of Russia», «Solid Waste», «Industrial Ecology», and also in the abstract magazines issued by All-Russia Scientifically-Information Centre (ВИНИТИ) «Technological aspects of environment protection»), and Internet publications. On the basis of the collected information database has been created (Russian Landfill Database), including over 300 sites. We also have worked out a survey questionnaire (the survey instrument) for landfill owners to specify and expand the received information and to increase database. The survey questionnaire includes landfill name, location, size, waste disposal, site capacity, waste depth, periods of disposal, annual waste acceptance, landfill operations data, waste characteristics table, landfill owner, landfill owner contact and others (attachment 1). The questionnaire has been distributed to various landfill owners via , fax messages or by phone. The dialogue with representatives of landfill owners, mainly municipalities, resulted in additional information. The majority of landfills in Russia belong to municipalities, which are authorized to submit the official information, approved by the Heads of local Administrations. So we sent official inquiries to Local Bodies of the Federal Agency of Nature Management Supervision (Rosprirodnadzor) in 75 regions of Russia. The official response has been received from the majority of regions with the exception of 26 ones, which refused to provide the information. The main problem we encountered is the inside information of the sites. We had to use personal contacts with the owners of sites. All the listed ways allowed us to collect the information about 865 landfills. 5

6 3 ORDERING OF THE INFORMATION The collected information has been analyzed, systematized and placed in specially developed base table 1 (attachment 2 and 3). The table includes the following information: region, district, city, landfill name, location, year when the filling began, landfill size (area, height or depth), annual waste coming (thousand m3 and thousand tons yearly), waste estimates (million m3 and million tons), presence/absence of environmental systems, year of closing, landfill owner, landfill owner contact, comment (additional information), rated amount of landfill gas and methane (emission volume). The information is systematized by federal districts and regions according to territorial state structure. The territory of Russia is divided into 7 federal districts: Central, Northwest, Southern, Privolzhsky district, Ural, Siberian, Dalne-Vostochny (Far East). Besides the territory of Russia includes 83 subjects: 21 republics, 9 territories, 46 areas (oblasts), 4 autonomous regions, 1 autonomous region, 2 cities of federal value (Moscow and Saint Petersburg). Federal Districts (FD) have the following territorial division: 1. Central FD - 18 subjects, including 17 areas (Moscow, Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Voronezh, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Lipetsk, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tambov, Tver, Tula, Yaroslavl), 1 city of federal value (Moscow). 2. Northwest FD - 11 subjects, including 7 areas (Kaliningrad, Arkhangelsk, Pskov, Leningrad, Novgorod, Murmansk, Vologda), 2 republics (Komi, Karelia), 1 autonomous region (Nenets), 1 city of federal value (Saint Petersburg). 3. Southern FD - 13 subjects, including 2 territories (Krasnodar, Stavropol), 8 republics (Adygea, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkariya, Kalmykia, Karachaevo - Circassia, Northern Ossetia, the Chechen Republic), 3 areas (Rostov, Astrakhan, Volgograd). 4. Privolzhsky FD - 14 subjects, including 1 territory (Perm), 6 republics (Bashkortostan, Marii El, Mordovia, Tatarstan, Udmurtiya, Chuvashia), 7 areas (Kirov, Nizhniy Novgorod, Orenburg, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk). 5. Ural FD - 6 subjects, including 4 areas (Kurgan, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Chelyabinsk), 2 autonomous regions (Hunts - Mancy, Yamal-Nenets). 6. Siberian FD - 12 subjects, including 4 republics (Altai, Buryatiya, Tyva, Khakassia), 3 territories (Altay, Krasnoyarsk, Transbaikalian), 5 areas (Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk). 7. Dalne-Vostochny (Far East) FD - 9 subjects, including 1 republic (Saha - Yakutia), 3 territories (Seaside - Primorsky, Khabarovsk, Kamchatka), 3 areas (Amur, Magadan, Sakhalin), 1 autonomous region (Chukchi), 1 autonomous region (Jewish - Evreyskaya autonomous region). We have collected complete sets of data for the majority of landfills, but some landfills do not have complete information on the year of beginning the filling and the area. The data on the amount of waste, especially the official ones, are, to our mind, underestimated in some cases. The created database is the first attempt of inventory of landfills in Russia, it is maximum full for today and includes all large landfills. The total of the registered landfills is 865. Of which 292 are located in Central FD, 74 in Northwest FD, 41 in Southern, 148 in Volga District, 171 in Ural, 107in Siberian, 27 in Dalne- Vostochny. The total of the waste products placed on landfills submitted in a database, makes 122,4 million m3, or 24,6 mln tons per year. The amount of the accumulated waste on the registered 6

7 landfills is 354 million tons, but this figure is underestimated, as, firstly for some landfills the information has not been received, and secondly the official information in some cases is underestimated. According to published data the total of annually formed household waste in cities and settlements of Russia makes about 190 million m3 per year (38 million tons). Thus, the landfills included in a database collect 65 % of formed waste. Part of waste is burnt at incineration factories in Moscow and Vladivostok, the other part of Saint Petersburg waste is processed into compost at a waste processing factory, and some waste is disposed on landfills which are not included into the database. 4 SUMMARY AND THE RESULTS OF LANDFILLS INVENTORY ANALYSIS 4.1 General characteristic of landfills In Russia practically there are no objects of waste disposal that can be sanitary landfills. All landfills lack systems of leachate gathering and treating and systems of gathering and recycling of landfill gas. The overwhelming majority of landfills are the authorized (legal) dumps which do not meet the existing sanitary norms. Practically all the existing landfills in Russia are organized spontaneously without a project (except for the new ones constructed after 2000). Years of the beginning of filling are various: more often 70s-80s, also 50s-60s, 30s, 90s. Territories of landfills are not bordered, the sanitary - protective zone is not organized, the technology of disposal is not observed (absent or insufficiently interlarded by an inert material, insufficient compression of waste), the water-proof basis is not prepared, there are no antifiltration screens, leachate collection and treating is not conducted, rain waters taking is not provided, landfill gas is not collected. The overwhelming majority of landfills are subject to spontaneous combustion. Landfills are typically located in abandoned open pits, sometimes in clay, frequently - in sandy ones. Some landfills are placed in the abandoned mines. The overwhelming majority of landfills have no systems of monitoring; no control over a condition of underground and surface waters, ambient air, soil. Many landfills are overfilled and subject to closing. The most modern landfills that meet Russian sanitary and ecological requirements are: - Landfill "Salarjevo", the Moscow area has a treating system for rain waters - Landfill "Khmetjevo", the Moscow area has a clay water-proof basis - Landfill "Zhiroshkino", the Moscow area has antifiltration screens - Sterlitamak city landfill has antifiltration screens. Some landfills are bordered; there are channels for interception of rain drains. The owners of the majority of landfills are local Administrations (city and rural), departments of municipal economy incorporated in their structure (PTO GH) or municipal enterprises (MUP, MPP, MP). Much less often the owners of landfills are private companies companies with limited liability, open joint-stock companies, closed joint-stock companies. Currently a number of cities undertake designing, construction, and putting into operation the so-called landfills which do not meet modern requirements, but at the same time they serve to provide nature protection actions (water-proof basis, ground interlarding, rain drains collection and treating), and also weighing and the control of the coming waste. The most appropriate term 7

8 for such objects would be enhanced dumps; their owners are mostly commercial companies, for example: Novokuznetsk JSC " Ecoland " Slavyansk - на-kubany JSC Ecological landfill» Voronezh JSC ltd. " Voronezh - SW " Tomsk Administration of Tomsk in collaboration with JSC " Ecosystema " 4.2 Evaluation of the total number of authorized and non-authorized landfills of solid waste on the territory of Russian Federation and federal districts The exact evaluation of the total of landfills in Russia is complicated owing to the absence of any record. Though the database of 865 landfills is currently the most complete, in our opinion it does not reflect the total of landfills on the territory of Russia. Russian reality is that almost each inhabited locality has got a landfill: large cities have some landfills, small cities and settlements could have one landfill. These landfills, as a rule, are authorized, that is legal. Besides on the territory of all Russian regions there is a set of the non-authorized landfills of much smaller sizes, usually fewer than 1 hectare. The structure and volume of these landfills was not studied. Illegal landfills are formed basically along the rivers, in the ravines, abandoned pits, in suburban woods. The largest nonauthorized landfills as a rule are formed in abandoned open pits and ravines in rural areas. We have done an additional estimation of the total of landfills presented in our database and the collected information on the quantity of the authorized and non-authorized landfills by regions. For this estimation an additional database was created which included the characteristics of the regions of Russia, the area, population, number of cities, the largest ones as well (with population over 50 thousand), number of the authorized and non-authorized landfills (table 2). The analysis of the collected and systematized information resulted in the following conclusions. According to the published data the total amount of annually formed household waste in cities and settlements of Russia makes about 190 million in m3 per year (38 million tons). The aggregate population of Russia is 143million people. The average norm of waste formation in Russia makes about 1,3 m3 per person per year (260 kg). The actual norm of household waste differs by regions: from 0,96 m3 per person per year (192 kg) up to 2,3 m3 per person per year (460 kg). The average norm of waste formation is used for calculation of the quantity of formed waste products in regions which lack the actual information. There are 998 cities on the territory of Russia cities with the population of over 50 thousand people, 80 large cities with the population of over 200 thousands, 11 largest cities have the population over 1 million. (Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Ekaterinburg, Nizhni Novgorod, Samara, Omsk, Kazan, Chelyabinsk, Rostov - on-don, Ufa). We have got the information on the amount of formed waste, number of landfills from the majority of large cities. For small cities, if the actual information was absent, it was accepted that 1 city has got 1 landfill. It is established, that the total number of authorized solid waste landfills on the territory of Russian Federation is 15023, the number of registered non-authorized landfills is Thus, the total of landfills makes about 25 thousands. Of which on the territory of Central FD authorized landfills and 793 non-authorized, Northwest FD and 973 accordingly, Southern 8

9 FD and 1384, Privolzgsky FD and 3479, Ural FD and 1289, Siberian FD and 1442, Far East FD and 456. The total calculated amount of waste makes 142,7 million in m3, or 28,5 million tons. Not all rural landfills are taken into account. The total of waste on landfills submitted in a database, makes 122,4 million in m3, or 24,6 million tons per year. Thus, the comparison of the received and calculated data shows, that the database takes into account the basic bulk of waste products (86%) and landfills on which they are disposed. The major amount of waste is disposed on 92 landfills of the Moscow oblast - 15,2 million in m3, or 3,04 million tons per year that makes about 12 % from the total waste. 4.3 Identification of the largest landfills On the basis of the collected information landfills are ranged by the area, the amount of coming and collected waste. The received results are presented in tables 3-8. As a result of ranging the largest landfills which can be prime candidates for realization of projects on extraction of methane are identified Identification of large landfills by the area (tables 3, 6) It is established, that 25 landfills have the largest area - over 50 hectares; 74 landfills from 20 up to 50 hectares; 117 landfills - from 10 up to 20 h, the other landfills (649) have the area less than 10 hectares. The main bulk of waste comes to landfills over 10 h 78,4 %, including landfills from 10 to 20 hectares receive 21,3 % of waste, from 20 to 50 h - 35,5 %, over 50 h - 21,6 %. Thus about 80 % of all waste products are disposed on 216 large landfills, the other 20 % - on small landfills. 7 of 25 largest landfills over 50 h are located in Central FD (the Moscow area «Iksha, "Domodedovski", "Salarjevo", "Sherbinka", "Timohovo", "Khmetjevo" and Yaroslavl - landfill "Skokovo"), 7 - in Privolzgsky FD (Penza, Perm, Samara, Pugachev, Balashov, Nizhni Novgorod, Ufa), 6 - in Siberian FD (Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Nazarovo Krasnoyarsk area, Slavgorod Altay territory), 2 - in Northwest FD (Leningrad region), 2 - in Ural FD (Chelyabinsk), 1 - in Southern FD (Krasnodar). Out of 74 large landfills from 20 to 50 h 14 landfills are located in Central FD (the Moscow area, Lipetsk, Kostroma, Orel, Ryazan, Tula, Tambov, Tver), 7 - in Northwest FD (Saint Petersburg, Arkhangelsk, Petrozavodsk, Syktyvkar, Vologda, Murmansk), 5 - in Southern FD (Novorossiysk, Makhachkala, Nazran, Astrakhan, Volgograd), 14 - in Privolzhsky FD (Kazan, Chistopol, Saransk, Cheboksary, Izhevsk, Kirov, Saratov, Balakovo, Ulyanovsk, Ioshkar Ola), 5 - in Ural FD (Tyumen, Dzerzhinsk, Ekaterinburg, Kurgan), 23 - in Siberian FD (Novokuznetsk, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Mezhdurechensk, Kiselevsk, Jurga, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Abakan, Chernogorsk, Barnaul, Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, Berdsk, Chita), 6 - in Dalne-Vostochny FD (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Khabarovsk, Yakutsk, Peetropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Blagoveshchensk). 9

10 Table 6 - Landfills by areas Area, hectares Number of landfills Share of total number of landfills, % Amount of coming waste, thousand tons/year Share of total amount of waste coming to landfills, % > ,9 5328,3 21, ,5 8751,7 35, ,5 5253,7 21,3 < ,0 5301,3 21,6 TOTAL , Identification of large landfills by the amount of coming waste (table 4, 7) It is established that 76 % of all waste in Russia come to 118 landfills, or 14 % of all authorized landfills. The largest by the quantity of waste flows over 250 thousand tons per year - are 19 landfills which cover 34 % of all waste: Central FD 4 landfills, including 3 landfills in Moscow Region "Kuchino", "Iksha", "Zhiroshkino", 1 in Tula; Northwest FD 2 landfills, including 1 to St.-Petersburg "PTO-3 Novoselki", 1 to Kaliningrad; Southern FD 1 landfill to Rostov-on-Don; Privolzhsky FD 6 landfills, including in Nizhni Novgorod (Igumnovsky landfill), Kazan (Samosyrovskaya landfill), Ufa, Izhevsk, Samara ( "Preobrazhenka" landfill), Ioshkar Ola; Ural FD 2 landfills, including Chelyabinsk and Ekaterinburg ("Shirokorechnaja"); Siberian FD 3 landfills, including Novokuznetsk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk; Dalne-Vostochny FD 1 Khabarovsk ("Berezovsky"). The large landfills having 100 to 250 thousand tons per year are 41 landfills: Central FD 12 landfills, including 4 in Moscow Region ("Salarevo", "Shcerbinka", "Timohovo", "Hmetevo"), and also in Bryansk, Kursk, Vladimir, Voronezh, the Oryol, Ryazan, Tver; Northwest FD 4 landfills, including 2 to St.-Petersburg («ПТО-1 Volhonsky», JSC landfill «Noviy Svet»), and also in Arkhangelsk, Vologda; Southern FD 4 landfills, including in Krasnodar, Makhachkala, Stavropol, Volgograd; Privolzhsky FD 9 landfills, including in Naberezhnye Chelny ("Togaevsky"), Kirov "Kostino", Orenburg, Penza, Perm "Sofrony", Saratov ("Guselsky"), Balashov, Ulyanovsk (city landfill Barataevsky"); Ural FD 4 landfills, including Magnitogorsk, Tyumen (landfill on the Moscow high road), Nizhniy Tagil, Nizhnevartovsk; Siberian FD 8 landfills, including in Kemerovo, Omsk (a landfill in Kirovsk district), Novosibirsk (Verhnya Tula village), Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Barnaul, Irkutsk, Angarsk, Bratsk. 10

11 Table 7 Landfills by the amount of coming waste Amount of coming waste, thousand tons/year Number of landfills Share of the total number of landfills, % Amount of coming waste, thousand tons/year Share of the total amount coming to landfills, % Quantity of generated methane, mln.м 3 per year > , , , , , , , ,7 153 < , ,2 47 TOTAL , Identification of large landfills by the amount of the collected waste (table 5, 8) It is necessary to note, that there is no inventory of the collected waste products on the Russian landfills. Therefore this information is inexact and incomplete. In most cases the official information on the amount of the collected waste products is underestimated. The lump of the collected waste on the taken into account landfills makes 354 million tons. 94 % of waste products are collected on 117 landfills which receive 64,5 % of all waste annually. It is revealed, that the largest by the collected amount of waste landfills - having over 10 milion tons - are 5 landfills - "Kuchino" in the Moscow area, Sofrony in Perm, Tomsk city landfill in Tomsk, "Shirokorechnaja" landfill in Sverdlovsk area, Chelyabinsk landfill in Chelyabinsk. Large 11 landfills with the amount from 5 to 10 mln tons are located in the cities of Penza, Samara ("Preobrazhenka"), Nizhni Novgorod ("Igumnovskii"), Ufa (a landfill in the settlement Cherkassy), Naberezhnye Chelny ("Togajevskii"), Tula, Saint Petersburg (ПТО-1 "Volkhonski", ПТО-3 "Novoselki"), Tyumen (landfill on a Moscow high road), Izhevsk, Novosibirsk ("Gusinoborodskaya"), Novokuznetsk. Large landfills with the amount from 2,5 to 5 mln tons - 16 landfills - are located in the Moscow area ("Salarjevo", "Timokhovo", "Sherbinka"), in the cities of Kursk, Tver, Ioshkar Ola, Krasnodar (in area of village Kopanskoe), Magnitogorsk, Barnaul, Irkutsk. Landfills with amount from 1 to 2, 5 mln tons - 43 in number, from 0, 5 to 1 mln tons - 42, the others are less than 0, 5 mln tons. 11

12 Table 8 Landfills by the amount of the collected waste Amount of the collected waste, mln tons Number of landfills Share of the total number of landfills, % Amount of the coming waste, thousand of tons/year Share of the total amount of waste coming to landfills, % Total amount of the collected waste, mln tons Share of the total number of the collected waste, % > , , , , , , , ,5 43 5, , , , , < 0, , , TOTAL A VISIT OF THE PROJECT ADVISERS TO LANDFILLS All the necessary documents for obtaining the visa for advisers have preliminary been prepared. The process took 3 months. As the majority of landfills in Russia belong to municipalities, during preparation for visit we sent official written inquiries and had preliminary talks with the Heads of some local Administrations about an opportunity of visiting the landfills located on their territory. In response we ve got official refusals. It is obvious, that the main reason was the unwillingness to show ecologically unsuccessful landfills. On October, 29-31, 2008 there was a visit of a program manager Swarupa Ganguli (Environmental Protection Agency) and a chief engineer Aleksandra Puhnjuk (The Iinstitute of Technical Thermophysics NANU, Ukraine) to Novokuznetsk. The visit schedule: 1. Discussion of the project promotion and the results of landfills inventory in the Ecological regional center. 2. Visiting the old Central solid waste landfill in Novokuznetsk. 3. A meeting with the deputy director of the Kuzbass technopark Proshuninym J.E. and discussion of opportunities of realization of projects on extraction of methane from landfills in Kemerovo area. 4. A meeting with the chief engineer of a JSC «Ecoland» - the company which has constructed a new landfill. 5. Visiting new landfill in Novokuznetsk. 12

13 For a field visit a Central city landfill of Novokuznetsk was chosen as one of the largest old landfill. 5.1 The description of the Central city landfill of Novokuznetsk The Central solid waste landfill is located in the Central district of Novokuznetsk near residential areas in water-meadow the river Tom'. The landfill is in operation since 1930s, it is registered in The landfill is in the location of the oldest metallurgical steel works - Kuznetsk metallurgical combine, next to industrial dumps of metallurgical slag and slurry. The Central landfill of Novokuznetsk is one of the largest landfills of Russia. The area of a landfill is about 22,5 (more precisely 22,48) hectares, height - 20 m. The landfill has 90 % of the waste products formed in Novokuznetsk - 1, 0 million in m3 annually (299, 8 thousand tons). About 70 % of the disposed waste is waste from inhabitants, the other 30 % - from the city enterprises and the organizations. According to the official data on the amount of the collected waste is 6, 514 mln tons. The owner of a landfill is the Administration of Novokuznetsk. The landfill is run by Municipal agency «Management of common customer». The location of a landfill is characterized by extremely high level of subsoil waters - 1-1,5м. The old sites of a landfill are constantly subject to spontaneous combustion. 5.2 The results of inventory and the ecological study of Solid waste landfills in Novokuznetsk In an Ecological regional center developed a project «Complex solving of a problem of household waste in Novokuznetsk and Novokuznetsk area». The financial support was provided by the Institute of Sustainable Communities (USA) and the USA Agency for International Development (USAID). The inventory of the authorized and non-authorized landfills in Novokuznetsk and suburban territory (Novokuznetsk area) has been performed. With the use of satellite navigator GPS the landfills located in city were put on an electronic map of the city and ecological study on the territory of two authorized landfills was carried out. It is established, that on the territory of the region there are 2 authorized landfills - the Central city landfill, the area of 22, 48 h and Bajevskaya landfill, the area is 12 h. Besides on the territory of the city there are 151 non-authorized landfills with the area 15 to m2. So nonauthorized landfills occupy 20, 7 hectares of the city territory. The total amount of disposed waste products is over 370 thousand in m3. 15 landfills are registered in suburbs with the area from 25 to m2, the total area is 2, 7 hectares, and the total amount of disposed waste is over 50 thousand in m3. Besides in Novokuznetsk area there are 222 garden communities, each having a landfill. We have studied the impact of the two largest landfills in Kemerovo oblast - the Central city landfill in Novokuznetsk and Bajevskaja landfill in Novokuznetsk area - on ambient air pollution, surface waters, soil and vegetation on the adjoining territory. The results of the study have been presented at 3 research conferences and published. The list of publications: 1) Volynkina E.P., Zhuravleva N.V., Yegorova L.N. Solid waste landfill. - A source of bacteriological and chemical environmental contamination. // Cooperation for the decision of a problem of waste products: abstracts, International conference, February, Kharkov: НГО "Ecoinform", pp ) Volynkina E.P., Halaman N.A., Atapina I.G., Volynkin A.S. Development of technology of extraction and recycling of landfill gas of a solid waste landfill of Novokuznetsk. // 13

14 Cooperation for the decision of a problem of waste products: abstracts. International conference, February, Kharkov: НГО " Ecoinform ", pp ) Volynkina E.P., Halaman N.A., Egorova L.N. The study of the degree of impact of solid waste landfills on environmental contamination (by the example of Novokuznetsk). // the Waste management - a basis of restoration of ecological equilibrium in Kuzbass: Papers of the first international research - practical conference, October, 4-6, Novokuznetsk: SIBGIU, pp The conducted study included sanitary-and-hygienic, radiological and chemical investigation of soils in a zone of landfills impact, biological monitoring of a condition of vegetation on the territory and in a zone of influence of landfills, sanitary-and-hygienic and chemical studies of underground and surface waters, the air analysis. The results have shown that soils of both landfills are essentially polluted with heavy metals (lead, arsenic, tin, manganese, chrom, zinc, copper, nickel), have a category "polluted" on sanitary parameters, and are radiation safe. Surface waters in the area of the Central landfill are polluted by sanitary parameters, and subsoil waters in a zone of Bajevskaja landfill are products of decomposition of waste products, heavy metals and chlorides. Harmful substances with surface and subsoil waters are coming into the rivers - from Central to Tom', from Bajevskaja into Talmzhinka, polluting them bacterially and chemically. The air of both landfills is considerably polluted with ammonia. The air in a zone of burning at the Central landfill contains metane (28 mg / m3), carbon oxide ( mg / m3), sulfur oxide (2-10 mg / m3), nitrogen oxide (2 mg / m3), benzene (4,2 mg / m3), fenantren (15,2 mg / m3), (antracen (3,1 mg / m3), etan (7,0 mg / m3), etilen (2,0 mg / m3), propane (2,0 mg / m3), propylene (2,0 mg / m3) and other hydrocarbonic compounds. The received results have shown that the Central landfill is a powerful source of pollution of an atmosphere of the city, and also a source of fire and explosions as landfill gas contains a lot of combustible gases, including methane. The study included measurements of the temperature of the landfill body and CO concentration on the depth of 20 sm. Measurements were made in November when it is snowing and the temperature was below 0 in Novokuznetsk. The received results are presented on fig. 1 and 2. It is established, that the temperature of a landfill grows deep into landfill from 38 0 to 85 0 С, and CO concentration increases over 15 times - from 49 to 756 mg / m3 that testifies a process of burning inside a landfill. 14

15 Concantration, mg/m Depth, sm Fig.1. Dependence concantration CO - landfill depth Temperature, С Depth, sm Fig.2. Depedence temperature - landfill depth 15

16 5.3 The description of a new landfill in Novokuznetsk During the visit a new landfill was under preparation for putting into operation which has taken place on December, 5. On the 29 th of October in the office of the Ecological regional center there was a meeting with the chief engineer of a JSC «Ecoland " - the company which will be engaged in the operation of the landfill - Dmitry Graule. He told about the technology of a burial and commented on an advertising video clip. According to Mr. Graule the landfill is a hi-tech waste processing factory which has been constructed for 7 months. Its productivity is 230 thousand tons per year. Not sorted waste products coming to the landfill from inhabited and uninhabited sector of Novokuznetsk are unloaded to the bunker, then to the conveyor, pass manual sorting for sample of 15 % of utilized components (polymers, paper, cardboard, glass, black and nonferrous metals). Then waste products go to the automatic press with effort of pressing of 180 tons. The press provides 5-7 times condensation of waste products and automatic stud of bales with metal wire. Further bales (briquettes) go to a line of automatic packing where they are wound with a stretch film. Ready briquettes are buried on a landfill. According to Mr. D. Graule packing of bales with a stretch film provides isolation of waste products from penetration of an atmospheric precipitation, excludes probability of formation a filtrate and its penetration into subsoil waters. Besides by D.Graule's words isolation of bales with a stretch film excludes formation and allocation of landfill gas. The landfill provides interception and collection of storm waters by bordering and the channel for storm drains. The collected drains from the channel are supposed to be taken out in automobile tanks to the city treating facilities. Collection and treating of leachate and recycling of landfill gas - are not stipulated. The landfill represents a natural ravine, has the natural basis from loams, from below and from above waste products a geomembrane is provided. The area of range is 52, 4 hectares, the capacity is 12, 1 million tons, service life - 75 years. On December, 5, 2008 the first unit of the landfill with the area of 16 h was put into operation. The advisors and the project manager Ekaterina Volynkina have given the following comments: 1. Conditions inside the bales isolated from air by a stretch film do not block but on the contrary even promote formation of landfill gas. 2. The formed landfill gas will break off bales and segregate outside. 3. The leachate will be formed in bales as a result of self-condensation of waste products and caking of waste products even if atmospheric precipitation will not get inside the bales. 4. As a result of tightness infringement of bales the leachate will get into the ground and subsoil waters. 5. Pressing and packing of waste products in a stretch-film before burying on the landfill are not used in the western countries. Such technology is considerably more expensive, than the widespread technologies providing condensation of waste products by rollers. It is also much more ecologically dangerous, than the known and widespread technologies of collecting and treating leachate and collecting and recycling of landfill gas. D.Graule has told that after putting the landfill into operation the management of the company can consider our comments in details and has invited us to visit a landfill under construction. On October, 30 th the advisers, and also employees of the Ecological regional center have visited the landfill. During the visit and additional conversations it has been revealed, that the landfill is located in a huge natural hollow near Markino stream. In this location a high level of 16

17 subsoil waters - 0,5 m from a level of the ground is observed. The bottom part of a hollow is boggy, there is a spring. The project stipulates a protective dam from the side of Markino stream. For prevention of rains and thawed snow an intercepting drain is provided. Under the basis of the landfill there is a layer of loam of 8,8-19,8 m thick with a factor of water filtration 0, ,00078 м/24 hrs. Under the existing Russian requirements the founding of a landfill should have a layer of the connected ground with the factor of water filtration of no more than 0,0086 м/24hrs. Thus, the layer of loam in the foundation will provide protection of underground waters against pollution. According to the chief engineer the removal of leachate is provided on a layer from rubble 0,3 m thick, the waterproof foundation is stacked from above. The leachate will flow down and accumulate in the bottom point of a site of storage, here the drainage well is placed to control the level and roll-out of leachate. A roll-out will be carried out with the help of sewage machines at the level of leachate 1 m. The leachate will be taken out for the city treating facilities or will be pumped on the surface of the stacked waste products. 6 CALCULATION OF THE VOLUMES OF LANDFILL GAS (LDG) AND METHANE FORMATION ON THE LANDFILLS OF RUSSIA A tentative estimation of landfill gas (LDG) and methane formation has been performed on each landfill from which the information on the amount of disposed waste products has been received. Calculations are made on the basis of the approach suggested by the research-andproduction center "Expert" (Nefedjev N.B. Organizational and methodical problems of the estimation of the amounts of greenhouse gases on the Russian solid waste landfills. Materials of the international seminar «Commercial use of landfill gas. May, 28-29, 2007, Moscow. WasteTech 2007, pp ) A general algorithm of an estimation of methane formation included the following stages: 1) An estimation of a share of organic components in the structure of waste products - it is accepted 0,65; 2) An estimation of a share of the organic waste products generating landfill gas - it is accepted 0,6; 3) An estimation of the volume of formed landfill gas from organic waste products - it is accepted 180 m3 / t of waste products; 4) An estimation of the volume of formed methane - 50 % from the amount of landfill gas is accepted. The results of the preliminary calculations are presented in tables 1 and 4. The total amount of landfill gas on the authorized landfills is 1715 million м 3 per year, methane million м 3 per year. 118 authorized landfills (14 % from the total) produce 75 % of landfill methane. It is known, that landfill methane is used as the energy carrier for generating of thermal andor electric energy at gas formation of m3 /h. Roughly such volumes of methane are formed on landfills with the coming amount of waste over 100 thousand т per year. The total number of such landfills is 118. The greatest volumes of methane (in the sum of 292 million in m3 per year) are formed on 19 largest landfills with the amounts of coming waste over 250 thousand tons: 1. Landfill "Shirokorechnaja", Ekaterinburg - 30 mln м 3 (3424 m3 / h) 17

18 2. Landfill "Igumnovskii", Nizhni Novgorod - 28 mln м 3 (3196 m3 / h) 3. Landfills "Kuchino" and "Iksha", Moscow area and the city landfill of Tomsk - 21 mln м 3 (2397 m3 / h) 4. Landfill "Berezovskaja", Khabarovsk - 20 mln м 3 (2283 m3 / h) 5. A city landfill, Chelyabinsk - 19 mln м 3 (2169 m3 / h) 6. A landfill at a village Cherkassy, Ufa and landfill "Preobrazhenka", Samara 14 million 3 (1598 m3 /?) 7. City landfill, Tula, a city landfill, Ioshkar-Ola and landfill "Samosyrovskaya", Kazan - on 12 mln м 3 (1370 m3 / h) 8. Landfill «PTO-3 Novoselki», Saint Petersburg and the Central landfill, Novokuznetsk - 10,5 mln м 3 (1200 m3 / h) 9. A city landfill, Rostov-na-Dony and landfill Gusinobrodskiy, Novosibirsk - 10 mln м 3 (1140 m3 / h) 10. Landfill "Zhiroshkino", the Moscow area, the city landfill, Izhevsk and a city landfill, Kaliningrad - 9 mln м 3 (1027 m3 / h) The rough volume of methane on 41 landfills with the coming waste from 100 to 250 thousand tons is 217 million in m3 per year, including: 11. A landfill in the village Kopanskoje, Krasnodar and a landfill "Togajevskii", Naberezhnye Chelny - 8,4 mln м 3 (959 m3 / h) 12. Landfill «PTO-1 Volkhonskii», Saint Petersburg and landfill "Guselskii", Saratov - 7,7 mln м 3 (879 m3 / h) 13. Landfill "Sofrony", Perm and a city landfill, Irkutsk - 7 mln м 3 (800 m3 / h) 14. A city landfill, Krasnoyarsk - 6,8 mln м 3 (776 m3 / h) 15. A city landfill, Vologda - 6,6 mln м 3 (753 m3 / h) 16. A city landfill, Magnitogorsk and landfill of JSC New light», Saint Petersburg - 6,4 mln м 3 (730 m3 / h) 17. City landfill, Kemerovo and a city landfill in Penza - 6,3 mln м 3 (719 m3 / h) 18. City landfill, Ulyanovsk and a landfill "Timokhovo", the Moscow area - 5,7 mln м 3 (650 m3 / h) 19. City landfill Balashov - 5,4 mln м 3 (616 m3 / h) 20. A city landfill, Angarsk - 5,3 mln м 3 (605 m3 /h) 18

19 21. Landfill "Salarjevo", the Moscow area and landfill Verhnya Tula village, Novosibirsk - 5,2 mln м 3 (594 m3 /h) 22. Landfill "Baratajevskaja", Ulyanovsk, city landfills to Kursk, Ryazan, Orenburg and Barnaul - on 5,1 mln м 3 (582 m3 / h) 23. A landfill «Maiskaja gorka», Arkhangelsk - 4,7 mln м 3 (536 m3 / h) 24. Landfill "Khmetjevo", the Moscow area - 4,5 mln м 3 (514 m3 /h) h) 25. City landfills to Voronezh and Kirov (landfill "Kostino") - 4,3 mln м 3 (490 m3 / 26. City landfills to Tyumen (landfill on Moscow high road»), Omsk (the Kirov district) and Bratsk - 4,2 mln м 3 (480 m3 / h) 27. A city landfill in Vladimir - 3,9 mln м 3 (445 m3 / h) 28. City landfills of Bryansk, Orel and Makhachkala - on 3,8 mln м 3 (434 m3 / h) 29. A city landfill, Nizhnevartovsk and landfill "Scherbinka". The Moscow area - 3,7 mln м 3 (422 m3 / h) 30. City landfills of Volgograd and Stavropol - 3,6 mln м 3 (411 m3 / h) The results show that 34 landfills have the potential of methane formation over 600 m3 / h. Thus, the analysis has shown that the Russian landfills possess significant potential of landfill methane. Now there is a tendency of closing of old landfills and opening new ones constructed according to the project. In this connection, it is expedient to organize methane extraction on closed landfills and to begin practice of designing the decontamination systems for new landfills. 7 EXPERIMENTS ON COLLECTING LANDFILL GAS ON THE LANDFILLS OF RUSSIA There are no landfills in Russia which collect landfill gas or plan to do it in the existing projects. During the period of on the three landfills in the Moscow area pilot projects on extraction and recycling of landfill gas have been realized: landfills "Kuchino" , "Dashkovka" , "Kargashino" The first project was completely based on the Russian equipment, the other two on the Dutch equipment. Projects on landfills " Dashkovka " and " Kargashino " have been realized by the firm " Geopolicy " in collaboration with the company " Grontmay " (Netherlands). On each landfill a test and recycling system of the landfill gas has been mounted. It included a network of the vertical chinks incorporated by a collector, the block of vacuuming, and the motor-generator. Operation of the test systems was conducted from 1500 till 9616 hours. The carried out experiments led to the following conclusions: 1. During operation on a typical Russian landfill m3 / hour of gas is formed. 2. There are not any methodical and technological difficulties for duplicating of installations of extraction and recycling of landfill gas on the Russian landfills. 19

20 3. For the existing Russian landfills auger boring of vertical chinks in diameter of mm. is most expedient. Besides the landfill "Preobrazhenka" in Samara in installed a network of 13 chinks, with depth from 11 to 23 m of plastic pipes. It is planned to increase the total number of chinks to 24 on the areas of 2 hectares with spacing of 30-40m. Gas is burnt on a torch. It is planned to install motor-generators which will allow to utilize landfill gas and to generate electric power at the amount of 500 kw. 20