AS/NZS 2980: A Summary of Changes

Transcription

1 TGN-SG03 Weld Australia Technical Guidance Note AS/NZS 2980: A Summary of Changes

2 Foreword This Technical Guidance Note contains basic information relevant to the qualification of welders using AS/NZS 2980 for structural applications. It is designed to be read in conjunction with the standard, and, to assist users in the transition from the 2007 edition to the 2018 of the standard. Future Revisions This Technical Guidance Note will be revised from time to time and comments aimed at improving its value to industry will be welcome. This publication is copyright and extracts from this publication shall not be reprinted or published without the Publisher s express consent. Disclaimer While every effort has been made and all reasonable care taken to ensure the accuracy of the material contained herein, the authors, editors and publishers of this publication shall not be held to be liable or responsible in any way whatsoever and expressly disclaim any liability or responsibility for any loss or damage costs or expenses howsoever caused incurred by any person whether the purchaser of this work or otherwise including but without in any way limiting any loss or damage costs or expenses incurred as a result of or in connection with the reliance whether whole or partial by any person as aforesaid upon any part of the contents of this Technical Guidance Note. Should expert assistance be required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Editor Mr Bruce Cannon Technical Publications Manager, Weld Australia Weld Australia ABN Building 3, Level 3, Pymble Corporate Centre 20 Bridge Street, Pymble, NSW 2073 PO Box 197, Macquarie Park BC, NSW 1670 Phone: +61 (0) Weld Australia Technical Guidance Note AS/NZS 2980: A Summary of Changes

3 About Weld Australia Who We Are Weld Australia represents the welding profession in Australia. Our members are made up of individual welding professionals and companies of all sizes. Weld Australia members are involved almost every facet of Australian industry and make a significant contribution to the nation s economy. Our primary goal is to ensure that the Australian welding industry remains both locally and globally competitive, both now and into the future. A not-for-profit, membership-based organisation, Weld Australia is dedicated to providing our members with a competitive advantage through access to industry, research, education, certification, government, and the wider industrial community. Weld Australia is the Australian representative member of the International Institute of Welding (IIW). Our Mission Our mission is to represent the interests of members and safeguard the public by ensuring the integrity of in-service welds, and to promote the use of best practice technology and quality systems. Our Value Proposition Weld Australia generates revenue through its commercial activities which is then reinvested back into the welding community for the benefit of members. Weld Australia brings individual and company members together to deliver: A forum for the exchange of ideas and the sharing of resources A voice to promote the interests of the welding community and shape the market for welding services Specialist technical problem solving and a conduit between industry and research organisations A pathway for learning and career development and the opportunity to benchmark against world s best practice Our Services Weld Australia provides: Events and Seminars Technical Publications Technical Support and Advisory Services Project Management Professional Development Qualification and Certification Real Solutions to Real Problems Weld Australia has a team of highly qualified welding engineers and technologists available to provide expert advisory services on all welding related matters. With expertise in a wide range of industries, ranging from biotechnology to heavy engineering we have a unique capability to solve your welding problems. Our advice can help you substantially increase the operational life of your plant and equipment and thereby reduce your maintenance and repair overheads. Further Information For further information about Weld Australia and how we can help your business, please visit: Weld Australia Technical Guidance Note AS/NZS 2980: A Summary of Changes

4 AS/NZS 2980: A Summary of Changes 1.0 Introduction In 2018, AS/NZS 2980 Qualification of welders for fusion welding of steels was revised and published by Standards Australia. This edition of the standard now draws heavily on the requirements of AS/NZS ISO Qualification testing of welders Fusion welding Part 1: Steels upon which it is based, and in most requirements, is now identical. Unfortunately, due to copyright restrictions, the original text from ISO could not be reproduced within the standard, meaning that AS/NZS 2980:2018 Qualification of welders for fusion welding of steels Additional requirements for Australian and New Zealand only contains text and requirements that vary from the original ISO document. The 2007 edition of AS/NZS 2980 whilst being based on ISO requirements at the time of publication was not identical although many of the ISO principles within were followed. It is anticipated that as the original ISO standard is improved, Australia will adopt the changes and as a consequence, it is likely that in the medium term AS/NZS 2980 will be superseded by AS/NZS ISO History AS/NZS 2980 was originally published as AS 2980 in 1987 and its contents were based on the welder qualification requirements of the American Welding Society s AWS D1.1 Structural welding code Steel. A limitation of the standard at the time was that it was not suited for qualifying welders on light gauge steels. In 2004, the standard was revised taking cognisance of ISO , and addressing these limitations. Following a request from New Zealand, the standard was co jointed in 2007 allowing New Zealand to progressively withdraw two of its aging welder qualification standards, NZS 4711 and NZS The contents of NZS 4703 have been retained within a normative appendix of AS/NZS 2980 to provide a specific welder qualification test utilised by the New Zealand dairy industry. NZS 4711 had a similar approach to the 2004 edition of AS 2980 in that both standards allowed for a 2 year validation period, simplifying the standards jointing process and allowing the NZS 4711 qualifications to be validated (prolonged) as defined within AS/NZS 2980:2007. In 2012, ISO completed its revision of ISO , taking cognisance of the objections to earlier drafts by countries including Australia, Canada, and the USA. Whilst some of the changes included in ISO :2012 were included within AS/NZS 2980:2007, other significant changes were made by ISO and are published within AS/NZS ISO and AS/NZS 2980:2018. The followings sections describe the requirements of AS/NZS ISO and AS/NZS 2980:2018, making reference to the key differences of the 2007 edition of AS/NZS General AS/NZS 2980:2018 and AS/NZS ISO are closely aligned for most of their core requirements. AS/NZS 2980:2018 includes an informative Appendix (Appendix A) which provides guidance to the user on the application of AS/NZS ISO for Australian and New Zealand conditions. AS/NZS 2980:2018 defers to AS/NZS ISO for the bulk of its requirements other than in the following instances: 1. Australian standards or Australian/New Zealand standards (including AS/NZS ISO standards) listed may be directly substituted for the referenced ISO standards; 2. Welder qualifications for welds in structural steel (Appendix B) Imperfection and test methods have been retained in modified form from the 2007 edition; 3. Welder qualification test for the New Zealand dairy industry (Appendix C) has been retained in modified form. Weld Australia Technical Guidance Note AS/NZS 2980: A Summary of Changes

5 3.1 Terminology The terminology used in the standards is ISO based and similar in most respects to that used in the 2007 edition of AS/NZS Primary differences are: 1. The generic term gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is used in Australia in lieu of ISO s metal inert gas (MIG) with a solid wire or metal active gas (MAG) with a solid wire. Notes: 1. The term MIG is commonly used in Australia irrespective of the shielding gas type used. 2. Active gases include carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) or argon (Ar) with additions of CO 2 and/or oxygen (O 2 ). 2. The term flux cored arc welding (FCAW) is used in Australia in lieu of the ISO s use of tubular cored arc welding or MAG welding with a flux cored arc electrode. 3. The generic term gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is used in Australia in lieu of ISO s tungsten inert gas (TIG). Note: The term TIG is also commonly used in Australia. 4.0 Essential Variables and Range of Qualification In most respects, the essential variables remain similar across the standards with the exception that the Material group variable has been replaced by the Filler material group giving the user a broader range of qualification within AS/NZS ISO and AS/NZS 2980:2018. A change in arc transfer characteristics (not present in ISO :1994) also applies across the standards consistent with Australian and North American practice. There are some significant changes in the range of qualifications applicable within AS/NZS ISO and AS/NZS 2980:2018 compared with that previously specified within AS/NZS 2980: Welding Processes The welding processes applicable to AS/NZS ISO and AS/NZS 2980:2018 have been expanded beyond those originally specified within ISO :1994 but remain restricted to those where the welding torch (or electrode holder) can be manipulated by the welder. Whilst AS/NZS 2980:2007 referenced the automated processes such as submerged arc (SAW) and electroslag (ESW) in keeping with previous editions of AS 2980, AS/NZS ISO and AS/NZS 2980:2018 refer to ISO for the qualification of operators of automated processes. Joints may be welded as single process or multi process joints in all standards. In multi process joints, each process also qualifies as individual single process joints based on the thickness of weld metal deposited for each process. Single process joints may also be used in combination to qualify multi process joints. 4.2 Product Type Two types of product are included within the standards, these being plate (including angles and rolled sections) and pipe (including rolled hollow sections and tubulars). 4.3 Type of Weld The standards describe three types of welds butt welds, fillet welds and branch connections. Whilst welders who qualified on butt welds were also deemed qualified to weld fillet welds in AS/NZS 2980 in keeping with European and ISO practice at the time, this allowance was withdrawn in ISO standards in 2012 due to observed difficulties by welders qualified for butt welds achieving root penetration in fillet welds. AS/NZS ISO and AS/NZS 2980:2018 provides two options for welders to qualify for a butt weld in combination with a fillet weld, these being either: a) Welding a 3-pass fillet in the joint shown below prior to completion of the butt joint; or b) Welding a supplementary fillet weld test piece in the PB (i.e. HV or 2F) position. Weld Australia Technical Guidance Note AS/NZS 2980: A Summary of Changes

6 4.4 Filler Material Groupings A major change incorporated within AS/NZS ISO and AS/NZS 2980:2018 was the change from a parent material based grouping as used within AS/NZS 2980:2007, to a 6-tier filler material system providing the welder with the opportunity to access a broader range of qualification based upon consumable useability factors. The groups are: FM1 Non-alloy and fine grain steels FM2 High-strength steels FM3 Creep-resisting steels Cr < 3.75% FM4 Creep resisting steels 3.75 Cr 12% FM5 Stainless and heat-resisting allows FM6 Nickel and nickel alloys 4.5 Filler Material Types Range of qualification types remains unchanged from that published within AS/NZS 2980:2007. Specifically: Cellulosic covered consumables qualifies cellulosic coverings only Rutile and other non-basic coverings qualifies all non basic coverings (except cellulosic coverings) Basic covering qualifies for all coverings other than cellulosic Solid wire (and rod) qualifies for solid wire and metal cored wire and vice versa. Rutile and other non-basic cored electrodes qualifies all non basic cored electrodes Basic cored electrode qualifies for all other cored electrodes (other than metal core) 4.6 Dimensions The basis of thickness range qualified has changed from the thickness of material welded within AS/NZS 2980:2007 to the thickness of weld metal deposited within AS/NZS ISO and AS/NZS 2980:2018. The actual ranges qualified remain largely unchanged. This change provides better clarity around the range qualified particularly for multi process joints and for incomplete penetration butt welds for example. 4.7 Welding Positions The weld positions qualified have been modified from that published in AS/NZS 2980:2007. Whilst the fillet weld positions qualified are largely unchanged within AS/NZS ISO and AS/NZS 2980:2018, overhead butt welds (position PE or 4G) no longer qualify vertical up (PF or 3G) welds. Likewise, butt and fillet welded joints require separate qualification. 4.8 Weld Details Qualifications regarding backing materials have been expanded from the limited options within AS/NZS 2980:2007 to now include options for gas backing, consumable inserts and flux backing within AS/NZS 2980:2018 and AS/NZS ISO Range of qualification based on layer technique for fillet welds remains unchanged. 4.9 Examination & Testing Examination The examination requirements within AS/NZS 2980:2018 (and AS/NZS ISO ) in terms of supervision and general requirements remains similar to those within AS/NZS 2980: Test Pieces Minimum test piece length for butt welds in plates has decreased from 300mm within AS/NZS 2980:2007 to 200mm for AS/NZS 2980:2018 and AS/NZS ISO The change in length from that in the 2007 edition of AS/NZS 2980 is due to the longer length of test piece typically associated with the use of automatic and fully mechanised welding processes. A longer length may be used if required (or specified). Test piece requirements for fillet welded joints and pipe joints remains unchanged from that originally published within AS/NZS 2980: Welding Conditions All standards require that the test weld be made by the welder following a suitably qualified weld procedure (WPS), or draft procedure (pwps), provided that the latter is successfully qualified in conjunction with the weld test. Whilst Weld Australia Technical Guidance Note AS/NZS 2980: A Summary of Changes

7 AS/NZS 2980:2007 is primarily aligned with the requirements of the AS/NZS 1554 series of standards (unless otherwise specified), AS/NZS 2980:2018 and AS/NZS ISO requires that the procedure be prepared in accordance with ISO or ISO This does not necessarily require the procedure to be qualified to ISO standards, rather these ISO standards specify the parameters that must be recorded on the WPS once qualified. Provided that the procedure being followed by the welder contains all requirements needed by the welder to reproduce the weld as specified within the appropriate application standard (e.g. AS/NZS 3992, AS/NZS etc), the only additional parameters that need to be reported are the parent material group numbers (including subgroup numbers) set out within ISO/TR 15608, and the welding process numbers as these details are recorded on the welders certificate of test. To assist users of AS/NZS 2980, an informative appendix containing the ISO/TR based group numbers of common steels welded in Australia is included in the standard Test Methods Test requirements specified remain unchanged across the standards and are summarised as follows: a. Butt welds: VT + RT; or, Note: If RT used with GMAW, FCAW (metal core only) or oxy-acetylene processes, additional bend or fracture tests required (Cl ). VT + UT ( 8mm ferritic steel only); or, VT + bend tests; or, VT + fracture tests; or, VT + notched tensile test (pipe with OD 25mm only). b. Fillet and branch welds: VT + fracture tests; or, VT + macros; or; VT + RT (pipe only). Notes: 1. The Australian test methods for bend testing, fracture testing, macro testing and visual examination (VT), are similar to the ISO methods specified within AS/NZS ISO , and provide similar technical outcomes. In some cases, the ISO test methods provide for alternative test details not available under AS 2205 or other test methodologies. 2. For radiographic (RT) and ultrasonic (UT) examinations, the specified ISO methods must be utilised if the weld procedure being followed by the welder is qualified to ISO standards. If the procedure was qualified to standards such as AS/NZS , AS/NZS 3992 or other Australian standards then the Australian RT or UT test method must be used. The appropriate standard for the method of test will vary. In most cases, the AS 2205 Method for destructive testing of welds in metal series tests should be utilised where AS/NZS 2980 (2007 and 2018 editions) are being followed. Where radiography or ultrasonic examination is required, the acceptance requirements for imperfections associated with the specified weld test acceptance criteria must be followed. For example, if either AS/NZS or AS/NZS 3992 is specified, the Australian non destructive test methods referenced within must be used. If ISO 5817 is specified for test acceptance, then the ISO non destructive test methods referenced within ISO must be used Acceptance Requirements Default test acceptance criteria within each of the standards are as follows unless otherwise specified: 1. AS/NZS 2980:2007 Requirements based on AS/NZS and AWS D AS/NZS 2980:2018 Requirements based on AS/NZS and AWS D AS/NZS ISO Requirements based on ISO All of the above standards allow alternative acceptance criteria when specified. For example, AS/NZS ISO can utilise AS/NZS for structural applications, and as specified within AS/NZS 3992 for pressure equipment applications Re-tests Whilst AS/NZS 2980:2007 is silent on the retests in the event of a weld test failure, AS/NZS ISO (and similarly AS/NZS 2980:2018) allows for the welder to repeat the test once without additional training. Weld Australia Technical Guidance Note AS/NZS 2980: A Summary of Changes

8 4.12 Period of Validity Confirmation of Validity All standards provide a method of confirmation of validity every six months and in all cases, the basic requirements are similar. The period of validity may be extended every six months up to the limits as indicated below. Extending the period of validity every six months is also consistent with the requirements of application standards such as the AS/NZS1554 series and AS/NZS Revalidation/Prolongation of Qualification AS/NZS ISO and AS/NZS 2980:2018 offer three methods of revalidation of the welder s certificate of test, with AS/NZS 2980:2007 offering only one method. In summary, the methods are: 1. The welder s qualification certificate of test remains valid for up to three years after which the welder must be retested. 2. The welder s qualification certificate of test remains valid for up to two years. To revalidate the certificate, two welds produced in the previous 6 months must be tested as per the original requirements, reproducing the original test conditions other than thickness and pipe outside diameter. Note: A similar method was used within AS/NZS 2980:2007 that did not require the original position of test to be reproduced. 3. The welder s qualification test is valid indefinitely provided that the certificate is reconfirmed every six months, the employers quality program is verified as compliant with ISO or ISO , and the welder has not changed employer Welder s Qualification Test Certificate All standards require a certificate of test to be issued the welder. An electronic certificate is also acceptable. Requirements that need to be specified are similar however the format used is at the discretion of the examining body. Usually only one certificate is issued per test, but in the case of a multi process joint, certificates for each process may be issued as well as the certificate for the joint as a whole Designation AS/NZS 2980:2007 did not include the option to generate a qualification designation as computerised systems for welder qualifications were not widely available in Australia at the time. Whilst a designation can easily be generated if required, AS/NZS ISO and AS/NZS 2980:2018 requires that the designation be recorded on the welder s certificate of test. The designation enables the certificate reviewer to ascertain the basis of qualification of the welder from the coding used, or alternatively, it enables the fabricator to rapidly search for welders with specific attributes of test Job Knowledge Job knowledge requirements across all standards are optional, and are similar in terms of syllabus items. AS/NZS 2980:2007 does not define the syllabus other than to state that welders who have successfully completed the AS 1796 theory examination are deemed to comply. Whilst AS/NZS ISO (and by reference and AS/NZS 2980:2018) defines the syllabus items within its Annex B, these items remain consistent with the AS 1796 theory syllabus competency requirements. 5.0 Transition Requirements Welders who have valid AS/NZS 2980:2007 qualification test certificates are able to transition to either AS/NZS ISO or AS/NZS 2980:2018 when prolongation (or validation) falls due. The following apply: 1. AS/NZS ISO (and AS/NZS 2980:2018) allows welders to transition directly from national standards however the terms and conditions of AS/NZS ISO apply for the transition process. In situations where the welder may not have had two welds tested that reproduce the original weld test conditions (excluding thickness and pipe diameter (where relevant)), it may be simpler (and cheaper) for the fabricator to simply opt to retest the welder. 2. Welders qualified to weld both butt and fillet welds under AS/NZS 2980:2007 will need undertake a fillet weld test to maintain both the fillet and butt weld qualifications, unless the welder can demonstrate the ability to satisfactorily produce fillet welds from those produced and tested in the previous six months see item 1 above. Weld Australia Technical Guidance Note AS/NZS 2980: A Summary of Changes

9 3. In cases where the welder qualifications are transitioning from AS/NZS 2980:2007, fabricators who are required to routinely radiograph or ultrasonically examine their welds may prefer to remain with the two year validation method, or, in all other cases, transition to the three year retest method during the transition period irrespective of the application of AS/NZS ISO or AS/NZS 2980: Summary Essential variables and significant changes to major items for the standards are summarised in Table References Standards referenced in this note include the following: 1. AS 1796 Certification of welders and welding supervisors 2. AS 2205 Method for destructive testing of welds in metal 3. AS 2980:1987 Qualification of arc welders for welding of steels 4. AS/NZS 2980:2007 Qualification of welders for fusion welding of steels 5. AS/NZS 2980:2018 Qualification of welders for fusion welding of steels Additional requirements for Australian and New Zealand 6. AS/NZS ISO Qualification testing of welders Fusion welding Part 1: Steels 7. AS/NZS 3992 Pressure equipment Welding and brazing qualification 8. NZS 4703 Welder qualification tests for stainless steel pipe for the dairy industry 9. NZS 4711 Qualification tests for metal arc welders 10. AWS D1.1 Structural welding code Steel 11. ISO 5817 Welding Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (beam welding excluded) Quality levels for imperfections 12. ISO :2012 Qualification testing of welders Fusion welding Part 1: Steels 13. ISO Welding personnel Qualification testing of welding operators and weld setters for mechanized and automatic welding of metallic materials 14. ISO Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials Welding procedure specification Part 1: Arc welding 15. ISO Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials Welding procedure specification Part 1: Gas welding 16. ISO/TR Welding Guidelines for a metallic materials grouping system Weld Australia Technical Guidance Note AS/NZS 2980: A Summary of Changes

10 Table 1: Summary of essential variables and main changes Variable AS/NZS 2980:2007 AS/NZS ISO & AS/NZS 2980:2018 Welding process Arc transfer characteristics Multi process joint Processes include: GMAW, GTAW, MMAW, FCAW, PAW, OW Mechanised SAW ESW, EGW Change in arc transfer mode Root process qualifies, root process and fill/cap process qualifies as ssmb; both in combination and singly Two single process as per above qualify in combination Changes are: FCAW (metal core) added, additional GTAW variants Part mechanised SAW only ESW, EGW removed Short arc qualifies other modes but not vice versa No change Product type Plate & pipe (tube) No change Type of weld Butt welds qualify all types except branch welds Butt welds qualify butt and fillet welds Fillet welds qualify fillet welds Special welds option Butt welds qualify all butt welds except branch welds Options to qualify butt and fillet welds at the same time Fillet welds qualify fillet welds Special weld option Material groups Qualification linked to material groups 11 basic groups based on ISO/TR Not essential variable Record details of material welded on certificate of test Filler material group Not an essential variable Six groups FM1 to FM6, based on composition Groups with similar or better useability qualifies for similar or more useable types Filler material type MMAW cellulosic qualifies cellulosic only Basic types qualifies basic, rutile and variants Rutile and variants qualifies rutile and variants Solid wire and metal core qualifies solid wire and metal core No change Dimensions Butt joints plate thickness <3mm qualifies t to 2t 3 to 12mm qualifies 3 to 2t 12mm qualifies 3mm Pipe 25Ø qualifies D to 2D >25Ø qualifies 0.5D (25mm minimum) Fillet welds (plate thickness) <3mm qualifies t to 2t 3mm qualifies 3mm Butt joints deposited metal thickness <3mm qualifies greater of s to 3mm or s to 2s 3 to 12mm qualifies 3 to 2s 12mm qualifies 3mm Pipe 25Ø qualifies D to 2D >25Ø qualifies 0.5D (25mm minimum) Fillet welds (plate thickness) <3mm qualifies t to 2t 3mm qualifies 3mm Weld Australia Technical Guidance Note AS/NZS 2980: A Summary of Changes

11 Table 1: Summary of essential variables and main changes (continued) Variable AS/NZS 2980:2007 AS/NZS ISO & AS/NZS 2980:2018 Welding position OH (PE) qualifies all except VD (PG) Other positions provided including pipe, fixed and rotated Note: Positions as per AS 3545 OH (PE) + VU (PF) or H-L045 qualifies all butt position OH (PD or PE) fillet qualifies all fillets except VU (PF) & VD (PG) VU (PF) fillet qualifies F (PA), HV (PB) and VU (PF) fillets VD (PG) fillet qualifies VD (PG) fillet only Pipe positions simplified Weld details Backing options limited to single sides and material backing Single layer fillet only qualifies single layer fillet. Multilayer qualifies multilayer and single layer Backing options expanded to include ceramic, flux, gas backings and consumable inserts. Single layer fillet only qualifies single layer fillet. Multilayer qualifies multilayer and single layer Test method options Based on ISO options but uses AS 2205 and Australian RT and UT methods Both standards use same options as AS/NZS 2980:2007 AS/NZS ISO test methods ISO based. Australian RT and UT methods used if Australian acceptance criteria specified. AS/NZS 2980:2018 uses AS 2205 and Australian RT and UT methods Acceptance criteria Based on AWS D1.1 unless otherwise specified AS/NZS ISO ISO unless specified otherwise AS/NZS 2980:2018 as per AS/NZS 2980:2007 unless specified otherwise Retests Not considered Retest once without additional training if failed Period of validity 2 years validity prolonged based on 2 tests reproducing original conditions other than position, thickness and pipe OD. Requires confirmation every 6 months Welder may change employer 3 options: 3 years retest required 2 years - validity prolonged based on 2 tests reproducing original conditions other than thickness and pipe OD Indefinite if employer s quality program verified to AS/NZS ISO or AS/NZS ISO All options require confirmation every six months Welder may change employer other than for indefinite option Weld Australia Technical Guidance Note AS/NZS 2980: A Summary of Changes

12 Weld Australia Technical Notes TN 1 - The Weldability of Steels Gives guidance on the preheat and heat input conditions (run size, current, voltage) required for acceptable welds and to avoid cold cracking in a wide variety of steels. The Note is applicable to a wide range of welding processes. TN 2 - Successful Welding of Aluminium This note covers the major welding processes as they are used for the welding and repair of aluminium and its alloys. Information is given on the processes, equipment, consumables and techniques. It also provides information on the range of alloys available and briefly covers safety, quality assurance, inspection and testing, costing and alternative joining processes. TN 3 - Care and Conditioning of Arc Welding Consumables Gives the basis and details for the correct care, storage and conditioning of welding consumables to control hydrogen and to ensure high quality welding. TN 4 - The Industry Guide to Hardfacing for the Control of Wear Describes wear mechanisms and gives guidance on the selection of hardfacing consumables and processes for a wide range of applications. Includes Australian Hardfacing Suppliers Compendium TN 5 - Flame Cutting of Steels Gives a wealth of practical guidance on flame cutting including detailed procedures for efficient cutting, selection of equipment and gases, practices for identifying and curing defective cutting, methods of maximising economy and other important guidance on the use of steels with flame cut surfaces. TN 6 - Control of Lamellar Tearing Describes the features and mechanisms of this important mode of failure and the means of controlling tearing through suitable design, material selection, fabrication and inspection. Acceptance standards, repair methods, specification requirements and methods of investigation are proposed. Four appendices give details on the mechanism, material factors, tests for susceptibility and the important question of restraint. TN 7 - Health and Safety in Welding Provides information on all aspects of health and safety in welding and cutting. Designed to provide this information in such a way that it is readily useable for instruction in the shop and to provide guidance to management. Recommendations are given for safe procedures to be adopted in a wide variety of situations in welding fabrication. TN 8 - Economic Design of Weldments Principles and guidance are given on methods and procedures for optimising design of weldments and welded joints and connections to maximise economy in welding fabrication. Factors influencing the overall cost of weldments which need to be considered at the design stage are discussed. TN 9 - Welding Rate in Arc Welding Processes: Part 1 MMAW Gives practical guidance and information on the selection of welding conditions to improve productivity during manual metal arc welding (MMAW). Graphs are provided showing rates as a function of weld size. The graphs enable a direct comparison of different types of welding electrodes when used for butt and fillet welds in various welding positions. TN 10 - Fracture Mechanics Provides theory and gives practical guidance for the design and fabrication of structures, planning of maintenance and assessment of the likelihood of brittle or ductile initiation from flaws in ferrous and non-ferrous alloys. Engineering critical assessment case histories are discussed. TN 11 - Commentary on the Structural Steel Welding Standard AS/NZS 1554 The Note complements AS/NZS 1554 parts 1 to 7, by presenting background information which could not be Weld Australia Technical Guidance Note AS/NZS 2980: A Summary of Changes

13 included in the Standard. It discusses the requirements of the Standard with particular emphasis on new or revised clauses. In explaining the application of the Standard to welding in steel construction, the commentary emphasises the need to rely on the provisions of the Standard to achieve satisfactory weld quality. TN 12 - Minimising Corrosion in Welded Steel Structures Designed to provide practical guidance and information on corrosion problems associated with the welding of steel structures, together with possible solutions for minimising corrosion. TN 13 - Stainless Steels for Corrosive Environments (A Joint publication with ACA) Provides guidance on the selection of stainless steels for different environments. Austenitic, ferritic and martensitic stainless steels are described together with the various types of corrosive attack. Aspects of welding procedure, design, cleaning and maintenance to minimise corrosion are covered. TN 15 - Welding and Fabrication of Quenched and Tempered Steel Provides information on quenched and tempered steels generally available in Australia and gives guidance on welding processes, consumables and procedures and on the properties and performance of welded joints. Information is also provided on other fabrication operations such as flame cutting, plasma cutting, shearing and forming. TN 16 - Welding Stainless Steel This Technical Note complements Technical Note Number 13 by detailing valuable information on the welding of most types of stainless steels commonly used in industry. TN 18 - Welding of Castings Provides basic information on welding procedures for the welding processes used to weld and repair ferrous and non-ferrous castings. It also provides information on the range of alloys available and briefly covers non-destructive inspection, on-site heating methods and safety. TN 19 - Cost Effective Quality Management for Welding Provides guidelines on the application of the AS/NZS ISO 9000 series of Quality Standards within the welding and fabrication industries. Guidance on the writing, development and control of Welding Procedures is also given. TN 20 - Repair of Steel Pipelines Provides an outline of methods of assessment and repair to a pipeline whilst allowing continuity of supply. TN 21 - Submerged Arc Welding Provides an introduction to submerged arc welding equipment, process variables, consumables, procedures and techniques, characteristic weld defects, applications and limitations. Describes exercises to explore the range of procedures and techniques with the use of solid wire (single and multiple arcs) and provides welding practice sheets, which may be used as instruction sheets to supplement demonstrations and class work, or as self-instruction units. TN 22 - Welding Electrical Safety Provides information and guidance on welding electrical safety issues: welding equipment, the body and the workplace. TN 23 - Environmental Improvement Guidelines Provides information and guidance on how to reduce consumption in the Welding and Fabrication industry, while reducing the impact on the environment at the same time. TN 25 Welding Specification for the Water Industry Published with the Water Services Association of Australia. Applies to all metal fabrication and repair work involving welding, carried out by a Water Agency (WA) and its Contractors/Subcontractors. Prescribes weld preparation, qualification of welding procedures and personnel, workmanship and inspection requirements for welds related to the arc welding by manual metal arc and other processes approved by the WA responsible Welding Coordinator. Weld Australia Technical Guidance Note AS/NZS 2980: A Summary of Changes

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