The Effects of TIG Welding Rod Compositions on Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar AISI 304L and 420 Stainless Steel Welds

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1 s Article Effects Weldg Compositions on Microstructural Mechanical Properties Dissimilar AISI Staless Steel Welds Aziz Barış Başyiğit 1, * Mustafa Gökhan Murat 2 1 Metallurgical Material Engeerg Department, Faculty Engeerg, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey 2 Department Defense Technologies, Institute Science, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey; m.gokhanmurat@gmail.com * Correspondence: abbasyigit@kku.edu.tr; Tel.: Received: 17 October 2018; Accepted: 19 November 2018; Published: 21 November 2018 Abstract: usage AISI/SAE austenitic martensitic staless s is receivg greater terest especially defence navy dustries. staless s exhibit excellent resistance to oxidizg media, while martensitic alloy provides high strength values besides satisfactory corrosion properties at ambient atmospheres. In this work; quality martensitic staless is (Tungsten Inert Gas) ed with quality low carbon austenitic staless plates. As filler domantly determes s chemical compositions fal microstructures, 3 different g rods ER312, ER316L ve ER2209 are used g operations order to obta 3 discrete contents under high purity argon shieldg gas. Microstructural spection, microhardness survey Charpy V-notch impact tests are applied to all jots after g operations. specimen ed by ER2209 g rod executed highest impact test results besides exhibitg lowest micro-hardness priles at heat affected zones s. All ed specimens region hardness priles were determed to be lower than uned martensitic staless base. Keywords: quality staless s; Weldg; strength staless s 1. Introduction quality martensitic staless s are preferred various dustries where medium corrosion resistance mildly aggressive ambients is adequate besides y are demed especially for ir high strength values as compared to or groups staless s [1]. quality austenitic staless s are used especially oxidizg corrosive medias y exhibit high toughness from cryogenic up to high temperature applications [2,3]. While austenitic staless alloys are not transformation hardenable, martensitic alloys on or h are hardenable, refore jog se two groups staless s requires some precautions before, durg after fusion g techniques [2 5]. Many authors proposed studies about staless s s with or groups alloys but g dissimilar with is not reported. This research is distctive at this stpot. decision to toger different types material groups is commonly due to economic considerations. second ma reason is takg advantage chemical /or physical properties both separate groups altoger one uniform structure to meet optimum requirements ments [2]. Metals 2018, 8, 972; doi: /met

2 Metals 2018, 8, In this study; se two different groups staless s are joed by (Tungsten Inert Gas) fusion g. jots microstructural developments are spected by lographic techniques as dicated literature [2,3,6,7]. ed samples are mached after g operations accordg to TS EN ISO [8] stard for performg test specimens cludg; Charpy V-notch impact test [9,10], micro-hardness surveys [11] microstructural vestigations. ability se two different staless alloys is analysed. 2. Materials Methods AISI/SAE (S30403) austenitic AISI/SAE martensitic (S00) staless plates with 3 mm thicknesses are prepared for g. Weldg operation is applied with two passes. chemical composition base s from spectral analysis that applied laboratories by AMETEK Spectromax Optical Argon Emission Spectrometer is given Table 1. Both base s chemical compositions are with required limit values as dicated ASTM A240/A240M Stard [12]. Material Table 1. Spectral analysis staless plates. Elements (weight %) C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni V N Fe Ors effects chemical compositions on s microstructural mechanical properties are tended to be vestigated. Three different (ER312, ER316L ER 2209) g rod compositions from manufacturers production analysis are listed Table 2. AWS A5.9 [13], EN ISO A [14] s Table 2. Elemental production analysis values g rods. Elements (weight %) C Mn Si Ni Cr Mo Cu N ER ER316L ER specimen couples are given 1. All martensitic staless plates are heat treated at 300 C 45 m just before g operation order to decrease coolg rates region uniformly. As coolg rate decreases region just after g, hard brittle s like can have less opportunity to form. Authors dicated that if amount creases region, hardness creases but also failures cracks occur at same time ir research [15]. staless plates were not heat treated before g so that se alloys cannot be hardened by transformation to s as a result ir low carbon contents [1 4].

3 Metals 2018, 8, Metals 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW dimensions specimen couples for g (mm). 1. dimensions specimen couples for g (mm). Argon Argon with with purity purity % % is used is used as as shieldggas gas g operations. ments are are also shielded also shielded by argon by argon gas from gas from root root sides. sides. gis is applied by by ESAB ESAB 4300i-AC/DC. 4300i-AC/DC. In g operation, net heat put is estimated for both passes by Hnet = In η E g I operation, net heat put is estimated for both passes by Hnet = V equation [3,4]. equation [3,4]. symbols: η dicates g efficiency; E is g voltage (volts); I dicates g symbols: current η (Amperes); dicates V g is g efficiency; speed E (mm/seconds). is g voltage (volts); I dicates g current η value (Amperes); is 70% (0.7) V is g application speed (mm/seconds). for DC( ) current type [4]. η value As is 70% g (0.7) operation g is applied application with twor passes; DC( ) H net current is estimated type [4]. for both root fal As passes g separately. operation is applied with two passes; Hnet is estimated for both root fal V 67.5 A passes separately. Hnet root pass = = 186 Joule/mm 2.29 (mm/ sec) V 67.5 A Hnet root pass= = 186 Joule/mm (mm/sec) V 92.5 A Hnet f al pass = = 327 Joule/mm 2.18 (mm/ sec) V 92.5 A g parameters Hnet fal are listed pass= Table 3. = 327 Joule/mm 2.18 (mm/sec) g parameters are listed Table 3. g parameters. Weldg Current Pure Argon Weldg Weldg Heat Weldg Weldg Weldg DC( ) Table 3. Shieldg g Gasparameters. Speed Input Voltage (Volts) Electrode Type (Amperes) Flow (l/m) (mm/sec.) (Joule/mm) (Ø2.0 Root 2nd. Root 2nd. Pure Root Argon 2nd. Root 2nd. Root 2nd. mm) Pass Pass Weldg Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Weldg Pass PassWeldg Heat Weldg ER312 Weldg Current Shieldg WT 20 (red) Weldg Voltage Speed Input Electrode ER316L DC( ) (Amperes) Gas 10 Flow (2% Thoriated) ER2209 (Volts) 2.25 (mm/sec.) 2.20 (Joule/mm) Ø2.4 mm Type (l/m) Root 2nd. Root 2nd. Root 2nd. Root 2nd. Root 2nd. (Ø2.0 mm) Pass front Pass back side Pass views Pass joed Pass samples Pass are given Pass Pass 2. Pass Pass ER WT 20 (red) ER316L (2% Thoriated) ER Ø2.4 mm front back side views joed samples are given 2.

4 Metals 2018, 8, Metals Metals 2018, 2018, x FOR 8, x FOR PEER PEER REVIEW REVIEW Welded 2. Welded specimens specimens (a) front (a) front sides; sides; (b) back (b) back sides. sides. After After g g operation operation all all ments ments are are post- post- heat heat treated treated for for rmal rmal stress stress relievg relievg at 360 at 360 C C C 45 m 45 m side side a furnace a furnace as dicated as dicated literature literature [2]. [2]. After After post- post- heat heat treatment, treatment, jots jots are are mached mached for for microstructural spections, microhardness surveys surveys impact impact tests tests accordg accordg to ISO to ISO stard stard as scheduled as scheduled Test 3. Test schedule schedule on ments on ments accordg accordg to ISO to ISO Stard. Stard. Three Three impact impact test test samples, samples, one one microstructural vestigation with with micro-hardness test test specimen Three impact test samples, one microstructural vestigation with micro-hardness test specimen specimen are are prepared prepared prepared as as given given as given Microstructural Microstructural vestigations vestigations were were were applied applied applied by by Leica Leica by Leica Br Br Br optical optical optical microscope microscope that that that can can can magnify magnify up up to to up X to 1000X capacity. capacity. etchant etchant is is prepared is prepared by 20% by 20% NaOH NaOH solution solution as as dicated as dicated literature literature [2,3,6]. [2,3,6]. Samples Samples were were were electrolytically electrolytically etched etched NaOH NaOH NaOH solution solution by by applyg by applyg volts volts volts amperes amperes amperes current current current values. values. values.

5 Metals 2018, 8, Metals 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 15 microvickers hardness test is applied to both base s also with three microvickers hardness test is applied to both base s also with three dividual places on s heat affected zones separately accordg to EN ISO dividual places on s heat affected zones separately accordg to EN ISO stard [11] by 0.3 kg loadg for 15 s at 22 C constant laboratory temperature. stard [11] by 0.3 kg loadg for 15 s at 22 C constant laboratory temperature. Welded martensitic staless s exhibit 4 distct regions ir heat affected zones accordg Welded martensitic staless s exhibit 4 distct regions ir heat affected zones to distances to fusion zone from HAZ. se four regions exhibit different microstructures accordg to distances to fusion zone from HAZ. se four regions exhibit different hardness consequence temperature distribution due todue g. first region, microstructures values hardness values consequence temperature distribution to g. just adjacent to fusion boundary consists maly some ferrite first region, just adjacent to fusion boundary consists maly some ferriteatatelevated temperatures durg g. Upon coolg fishes,domant domant elevated temperatures durg g. Upon coolgasassoon soonas asg g fishes, transforms to delta ferrite remas mor quantities. Hence, maximum transforms to delta ferrite remas mor quantities. Hence, maximumhardness valuesvalues are determed first region. As gettg far far away from fusion zone toto hardness are determed first region. As gettg away from fusion zone base base temperature decreases. So Soor next next threethree zoneszones HAZ consists decreasg amounts temperature decreases. or HAZ consists decreasg amounts that should transformed to upon coolg [2]. [2]. that be should be transformed to upon coolg In this study, micro hardnesses on each is recorded by scanng maximum In this study, micro hardnesses onhaz each sample HAZ sample is recorded by scanng maximum values micro hardnesses throughout measurg le accordg to EN ISO Stard. values micro hardnesses throughout measurg le accordg to EN Stard. ISO first dentation HAZ is applied distanceatamimum mm away from fusion lefrom first dentation HAZ at is aapplied distance 0.3 mimum 0.3 mm away fusion le followg each or dentations are applied with mimum 0.3 mm tervals. refore, followg each or dentations are applied with mimum 0.3 mm tervals. refore, maximum three values microhardnesses are recorded HAZ as shown maximum threevalues microhardnesses are recorded HAZ as shown Microhardness test pots 4. Microhardness test pots

6 Metals 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 15 Metals 2018, 8, Metals 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 15 width s HAZ are approximately determed by macro imagg like shown middle width width macrograph s s HAZ 4 as HAZ are example. approximately are approximately width determed determed heat by affected macro byimagg zones macro are like imagg measured shown like approximately shown middle macrograph between middle macrograph 2 3 millimetres 4 as example. 4dependg as example. width on width heat locations affected heat zones affected are regions. measured zones are approximately measured approximately width between value 2 between HAZ 3 millimetres 2 3 millimetres dependg is estimated dependg on as 2.5 locations mm on locations 8.5 mm respectively. regions. regions. approximate Impact approximate energy width width value tests value are HAZ applied HAZ on each two is base estimated iss estimated as 2.5 as mm also 2.5 mm on 8.5 all mm ed 8.5respectively. mmspecimens cludg Impact Impact energy energy s tests tests accordg are are applied to on ASTM on each each two A370 two base [9] base s s ASTM E23-12c also also on on [10] all all ed stards specimens at 22 C cludg laboratory constant s s temperature. accordg to Charpy to ASTM impact ASTMA370 A370 test [9] specimen [9] ASTM ASTM is mached E23-12c [10] to [10] 2.5 stards at mm at C C laboratory sub-sized with constant a V-notch temperature. as given Charpy impact 5. impact test test specimen is is mached to to mm mm sub-sized with with a V-notch a as as given given Impact test specimen. 5. Impact 5. Impact test test specimen. specimen. 3. Results 3. Results 3. Results 3.1. Microstructural Investigations 3.1. Microstructural Investigations 3.1. Microstructural Investigations Base Base Metals Metals Domant Base Metals Domant austenitic austenitic structure structure is is identified identified staless staless base base micrograph micrograph as shown as shown Domant 6. austenitic 6. structure is identified staless base micrograph as shown base microstructure. 6. base microstructure. White (brighter) is 6. base darker microstructure. (as dots strgers) is gra boundary White (brighter) 6. is darker (as dots strgers) is gra boundary White staless (brighter) s 6. uned is base darker microstructure (as dots is given strgers) 7. is gra boundary staless s 6. uned base microstructure is given 7. staless s uned base microstructure is given 7.

7 Metals 2018, 8, 972 Metals 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW Metals 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW base base microstructure. base microstructure microstructure. darkest darkest(black (black pots pots or isischromium rich carbides, dark s are (black pots or orregions) regions) ischromium chromium rich carbides, dark s darkest regions) rich carbides, dark s are are white (bright) is 7. white (bright) white (bright) isis Samples Welded by ER Welded bybyer Samples Samples Welded ER312 microstructures staless specimens joed with ER312 Weldg microstructures staless specimens joed with ER312 Weldg microstructures staless specimens joed with ER312 Weldg is given given 8. isis given Cont.

8 Metals 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 15 Metals 2018, 972PEER REVIEW Metals 2018, 8, x 8, FOR sample ed by ER312 (a) side-haz (Heat Affected Zone) 8. sample ed by ER312 (a) side-haz (Heat Affected Zone) ; (b) ; (c) HAZ- side (scale: 100 µm). sample by ER312 HAZ- (a) side-haz Affected Zone) 8. ; (b) ;ed (c) side (scale:(heat 100 µm). ; (b) ; (c) HAZ- side (scale: 100 µm). left h side 8a consists (bright) with a few amount gra left h side 8a consists (bright) with a few amount gra boundary delta ferrite (darker) as a result ER312 rod chemical compositions reaction to NaOH left h 8aas consists (bright) with a few amount gra boundary deltaside ferrite (darker) a result ER312 rod chemical compositions reaction to NaOH etchant. right side 8a is region. white dendritic-like is boundary as a result ER312 rod chemical compositions reaction to NaOH is etchant.delta ferrite right (darker) side 8a is region. white dendritic-like brown is. Weld consists etchant. right sidebrown 8a is is. Weld region. consists white dendritic-like is 8b. NaOH reacts with but needs much more time to react with brown is. Weld consists 8b. NaOH reacts with but needs much more time to react with NaOH so that is not attacked (white contrast) as given 8a. Also is not 8b. so NaOH reacts with but as needs much more time to react with is not NaOH that given 8a. Also attacked from NaOH, so thatisitnot hasattacked exhibited(white white contrast) contrast like that seen s 8a NaOH so that is not attacked (white contrast) as given 8a. Also is not attacked from NaOH, so that it has exhibited white contrast like that seen 8a,c. 8c. attacked from NaOH, so that it has exhibited white contrast like that seen s 8a While gettg closer to zone from HAZ region that is shown 8c, While gettg closer to zone from HAZ region that is shown 8c. grasas asaaconsequence consequencecreasg creasg g heat 8c, rollg rollgstructure structuretransforms transforms to to dendritic-like dendritic-like gras g While gettg closer to zone from HAZ region that is shown put towards to to centre heat put towards centrele. le. 8c, rollg structure transforms to dendritic-like gras as a consequence creasg g heat put towards to centre Welded le Samples by ER316L Samples Welded by ER316L microstructures staless specimens ed with ER316L Weldg Samples Welded by ER316L microstructures staless specimens ed with ER316L Weldg given is is given microstructures staless specimens ed with ER316L Weldg is given Cont.

9 Metals 2018, 8, 972 Metals 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW Metals 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW sample ed by ER316L (a) HAZ- side; (b) 9. sample ed by ER316L (a) HAZ- side; (b) ; (c) side-haz by (scale: 50 µm). 9. sample ed ER316L (a) HAZ- side; (b) ; (c) side-haz (scale: 50 µm). ; (c) side-haz (scale: 50 µm). Domant (brownish) with a few amount (brighter ) is Domant (brownish) with a few amount also (brighter ) is observed right h side 9a. Chromium carbides are visible like darker) les is Domant (brownish) with a rich few amount are (brighter observed right h side 9a. Chromium rich carbides also visible like darker les dots. At left h side 9a, as a result ER316L g rod, domant observed right h side side 9a, 9a.asChromium rich carbides are alsorod, visible like darker les dots. At left h a result ER316L g domant austenitic austenitic with a mority is observed. In 9b,, dark dots.with At left h side observed. 9a, as a result ER316L, g domant a mority In 9b, regions rod, dark fields are gra fields are gra boundary delta ferrite is brighter (white) dicates austenitic with a mority is observed. In 9b,, dark boundary delta ferrite brighter (white) regions dicates.. rollg direction plate is visible 9c but as gettg closer to rollg fields are gra boundary delta ferrite asbrighter (white) regions dicates structure direction visible 9c but gettg closer to rollg rollg structure plate lesis transforms to lamellar delta ferritic structure with white contrasted. rollg direction plate is visible 9c but as gettg closer to les transforms. to lamellar delta ferritic structure with white contrasted. rollg structure les transforms to lamellar delta ferritic structure with white contrasted Samples Welded ER Samples Welded by by ER2209 microstructures microstructures staless specimens ed with ER2209 Weldg staless specimens Samples Welded by ER2209 ed with ER2209 Weldg isisgiven given microstructures staless specimens ed with ER2209 Weldg is given Cont.

10 Metals Metals 2018, 2018, 8, 8, 972 x FOR PEER REVIEW Metals 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW sample sample ed ed by by ER2209 ER2209 (a) (a) side, side, HAZ HAZ ; ; 10. sample ed by ER2209 (a) side, HAZ ; (b) (b) ; ; (c) (c),, HAZ HAZ side side (scale: (scale: µm). µm). (b) ; (c), HAZ side (scale: 100 µm). In 10, as compared to 9, re has been no major differences noted about specimen In that 10, ed as compared by ER2209 to. Hence, 9, re especially has been no major differences 10c, noted s about gra boundaries specimen that (left ed h side) by ER2209 seemed like. more Hence, globular especially structure agast to to 10c, 9c. 9c. s gra boundaries (left h side) seemed like more globular structure agast to 9c Micro-Hardness Inspections 3.2. Micro-Hardness Inspections Micro-Hardness Values Base Metals Micro-Hardness Values Base Metals Base s both staless plates microvickers hardness values are determed Base s as 211 HV HV0.3 both 500 HV HV0.3 respectively. staless dents plates microvickers hardness testg strument values are screen determed views as 211 base HV0.3 s are 500 given HV0.3 respectively as as examples. dents microvickers testg strument screen views base s are given 11 as examples. (a) (b) (a) (b) 11. Microvickers test screen views base s (a) ; (b) (scale: 30 µm). 11. Microvickers test screen views base s (a) ; (b) (scale: 30 µm). Hardness values 11. Microvickers base s test screen are views determed base s after (a) g ; (b) (scale: stress 30 µm). relievg heat treatment Hardness operation. values base s are determed after g stress relievg heat treatment operation. Hardness values base s are determed after g stress relievg heat treatment Microvickers hardness quality staless was recorded as higher than staless operation. Microvickers as shown hardness 11a,b. quality austenitic staless staless was expressed recorded raw as higher material than hardness staless values Microvickers as shown s hardness 11a 11b. quality staless austenitic staless was recorded expressed as higher raw than material hardness staless after g so that it cannot be strengned by transformation s. values as after shown g s so that 11a it cannot 11b. be strengned austenitic staless by transformation expressed s. raw material hardness values Micro-Hardness after g so Values that it cannot Welded be Samples strengned by transformation s Micro-Hardness Values Welded Samples Micro-Hardness microvickers hardness Values test Welded resultssamples specimens ed with ER312, ER316L ER2209 g rods microvickers are given hardness Table 4. test results specimens ed with ER312, ER316L ER2209 g microvickers rods are given hardness Table test 4. results specimens ed with ER312, ER316L ER2209 g rods are given Table 4.

11 Metals 2018, 8, Test No. Table 4. Micro-hardness values ments. Microvickers Hardness (HV 0.3 ) Specimen ed by ER312 HAZ Weld Metal HAZ Mean value Stard Deviation Test No. Specimen ed by ER316L HAZ Weld Metal HAZ Mean value Stard Deviation Test No. Specimen ed by ER2209 HAZ Weld Metal HAZ Mean value Stard Deviation As given Table 4, alloy base sides-haz exhibited maximum micro hardness values (480 HV) samples ed by both ER312 ER316L, consequence higher carbon values also s. Wher carbon content coolg rates region are high, hardness values HAZ result also high values just after g operation. coolg rates are provided with equal conditions ensured by pre-heatg operation on all alloy samples. Thus, amount elements basically like carbon that supports hardeng is key factor determg fal hardness this research. staless has no opportunity to get hardened via transformation to upon coolg g operations because chemical composition. Hence, hardness values side-haz are detected maximum 220 HV 0.3. base hardnesses are determed 210 HV 0.3 among all samples ed by each three rod types. Besides, hardness samples ed with ER312 rod exhibited highest mean value as 265 HV 0.3. That is result ER 312 havg highest carbon chromium contents that directly effects hardenability. effect rod type on microhardness values zones is given as graphical scheme 12.

12 Metals Metals 2018, 2018, 8, 8, 972 x FOR PEER REVIEW effect rod typeon on microhardness values values zones. zones. Samples Samples ed ed by (a) by (a) ER312; (b) (b) ER316L; (c) (c) ER2209 s. s ER2209 Impact Energy rod Tests has least amounts alloyg elements primarily carbon manganese related to hardenability as compared with ER312 ER316L rods. refore lowest hardness Charpy V-notch impact energy test results base s are listed Table 5. 4 values ment are determed samples joed with ER2209 rod as graphically compared dividual impact energy test samples are prepared for each base. 12. Table 5. Charpy impact energy values base specimens Impact Energy Tests Base Metal Specimen No. kgm JOULE (kg m 2 /s 2 ) Charpy V-notch impact energy test 1 results 3.80 base s are listed Table dividual impact energy test samples 2 are prepared for 4.20 each base ,221 Table 5. Charpy impact 4 energy values 4.00 base specimens Average Value Base Metal Specimen No. kgm JOULE (kg m 2 /s 2 ) Stard Deviation , Average 3 Value Stard 4 Deviation Average Value Stard Deviation As alloy is transformation hardenable as a result havg hardeng elements compared to Average Value , base exhibited Stard higher hardness Deviation lower 0.05 impact energy 0.49 values than alloy. Wher hardness values creases impact energy values decreases. 8 specimens are prepared for each g rod order to verify test results. Impact energy As test alloy results is transformation ed jots are hardenable listed Table as a result 6. havg hardeng elements compared to, Accordg baseto impact exhibited energy higher test results hardness Table lower 6, impact maximum energy impact values energy than is obtaed alloy. Wher from specimen hardnessed valueswith creases ER2209 impact energy while values lowest decreases. impact energy is determed specimen 8 specimens ed are with prepared ER312 for each. None g impact rod test order samples to verify has broken testaway results. to Impact two energy pieces. test results ed jots are listed Table 6. Accordg to impact energy test results Table 6, maximum impact energy is obtaed from specimen ed with ER2209 while lowest impact energy is determed specimen ed with ER312. None impact test samples has broken away to two pieces.

13 Metals 2018, 8, Specimen No. Table 6. Charpy impact energy values ed specimens. Weldg Type ER312 ER316L ER2209 kgm JOULE (kg m 2 /s 2 ) Specimen No. kgm JOULE (kg m 2 /s 2 ) Specimen No. kgm JOULE (kg m 2 /s 2 ) Mean Value Mean Value Mean Value Stard Deviation Stard Deviation Stard Deviation ER312 rod cludes a larger amount carbon chromium content as compared with ER2209 ER316L rod so that dendritic carbides have a greater opportunity to occur region. As amounts carbides (especially chromium-carbides) creases, hardness HAZ creases besides impact energies decreases. ER 2209 s chemical composition ensures fal to be primarily as austenitic delta ferritic structure. 4. Discussion samples joed with ER312 g rods exhibited a dendritic austenitic structure as it cludes no nitrogen, nitrogen makes austenitic structure become more globular stead a needle-like structure. ER312 rod has higher amounts carbon chromium than or two rod types, so that after g operation with coolg effects, has highest strength values by formg carbides as compared with or samples. samples joed with ER316L ER2209 g rods have exhibited globular austenitic microstructure zones as a consequence cludg nitrogen se rods. microhardness values uned base s are determed as 211 HV 500 HV, respectively. alloy base sides-haz exhibited maximum microhardness values (480 HV) samples ed by all three types s as a consequence higher carbon values alloy as compared to base sides-haz regions. As region carbon contents coolg rates crease, hardness values HAZ also crease. staless alloy cannot be hardened by formg from upon coolg g operations because its chemical composition. refore, hardness values side-haz are determed maximum as 220 HV 0.3. samples ed by ER312 rod exhibited maximum microhardness mean value as 265 HV 0.3 consequence ER 312 havg highest carbon chromium contents that effects hardeng performance. samples joed with ER2209 rod exhibited mimum microhardness values due to composition rod. alloys uned base s impact energy tests are resulted approximately 39 joules 24 joules respectively. samples joed with ER2209 displayed highest impact energy values with all s as this result is close to origal raw impact energy values. In jog dissimilar staless alloys by or or fusion g techniques, corrosion behaviours ments will be vestigated future studies.

14 Metals 2018, 8, Conclusions ER2209 rod exhibited maximum Charpy V-notch impact energy test values lowest microhardness test results among three types rods as a consequence its chemical composition. As compared to or two types rods, ER2209 rod havg maximum nitrogen content made austenitic microstructure become more globular after g. Globular structure gas more ductile properties stead dendritic lamellar needle-like microstructures. ER2209 g rod can be selected g dissimilar staless alloys for safely qualified jog. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, A.B.B; methodology, A.B.B.; validation, A.B.B; formal analysis, A.B.B. M.G.M.; vestigation, A.B.B. M.G.M.; resources, A.B.B. M.G.M.; data curation, A.B.B. M.G.M.; writg origal draft preparation, A.B.B M.G.M.; writg review editg, A.B.B; visualization, A.B.B. M.G.M.; supervision, A.B.B.; project admistration, A.B.B. Fundg: This research received no external fundg. Acknowledgments: authors express ir thanks to Gazi University Kırıkkale University, Metallurgical Materials Engeerg Departments Laboratories for ir precious supports about testg struments. Conflicts Interest: authors declare no conflict terest. References 1. ASM Hbook, Volume 1: Properties Selection: Iron, Steel High Performance Alloys; ASM International: Geauga, OH, USA, 2005; pp Lippold, J.; Kotecki, D. Weldg Metallurgy Weldability Staless Steels; Wiley Interscience Publications: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2005; pp. 56, 67 79, , ASM Metals Hbook Volume 6: Weldg Brazg Solderg; ASM International: Almere, Nerls, 1993; pp. 37, , 1170, Kou, S. Weldg Metallurgy, 2nd ed.; Wiley Interscience Publications: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2002; pp. 37, ASM Metals Hbook Volume 4, Heat treatg; ASM International: Almere, Nerls, 1991; pp. 1694, Ver Voort, G.F. ASM Hbook Volume 9: Metallography ; ASM International: Materials Park, OH, USA, 2004; pp Bres, E.A.; Brook, G.B. Smills Metals Reference Book, 7th ed.; Butterworth, Heemann, Reed Elsevier Plc Group: Oxford, UK, 1999; pp ISO Specification Qualification Weldg Procedures for Metallic Materials-Weldg Procedure Test-Part 1: Arc Gas Weldg Steels Arc Weldg Nickel Nickel Alloys; International Organization for Stardization: Geneva, Switzerl, ASTM A370. Stard Test Methods for Mechanical Testg Steel Products; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, ASTM E23-12c. Stard Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testg Metallic Materials; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, EN ISO Destructive Tests on Welds Metallic Materials, Hardness Testg, Part 2: Micro-Hardness Test on Arc Welded Jots; International Organization for Stardization: Geneva, Switzerl, ASTM A240/A240M. Stard Specification for Chromium Chromium-Nickel Staless Steel Plate, Sheet Strip for Pressure Vessels for General Applications; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, AWS A5.9. Specification for Bare Staless Steel Weldg Electrodes s; American Weldg Society: Miami, FL, USA, EN ISO Weldg Consumables, Wire Electrodes, Strip Electrodes, Wires s for Arc Weldg Staless Heat Resistg Steels, Classification; International Organization for Stardization: Geneva, Switzerl, Tavares, S.S.M. Failure super 13Cr staless due to excessive hardness ed jot. Eng. Fail. Anal. 2018, 51, [CrossRef] 2018 by authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerl. This article is an open access article distributed under terms conditions Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (