Minerals Reading with Questions (Pg. 3-7) Properties of Common Minerals Reading (Pg. 8-9 ) Crossword Puzzle (Pg. 17) Flashcard Matching

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1 NAME: Kick Off Activity Classification of Minerals (Pg. 2) MUST DO ALL The Foundation Minerals Reading with Questions (Pg. 3-7) Properties of Common Minerals Reading (Pg. 8-9 ) OR Prop. of Common Minerals Video (On Mr. White s Website) Properties of Common Minerals Question Sheet (Pg ) Mineral Characteristics and ID Video (On Mr. White s Website) Hands On Mineral Identification Lab (Pg ) DO AT LEAST 2 Tune-Up Activities Check For Understanding Quizzes Crossword Puzzle (Pg. 17) Flashcard Matching Minerals Review Sheet (Pg ) Online Mineral Review Games (Complete 2 Different Games) Mineral Review Videos (On Mr. White s Website) SCORE: Quiz 1 Quiz 2 Quiz 3 If you don t get 100% - do more tune-ups!!! *You must get a 100% on a quiz to move on to extension activities. *A 100% on a quiz will earn you a grade of 80% for the workbook. Life Gem (Pg. 20) 10 pts. Extension Activities Mineral Lab Extension (Pg ) 10 pts Regents Diagrams - What are they telling me? (Pg ) 5 pts. Mineral Groups (Pg. 27) 5 pts.

2 Classification of Minerals 1. What properties did you use to classify (group) the mineral samples? 2. What property did you find the most useful? 3. What property was the least useful? 2 P age

3 Minerals Reading Minerals are an important part of our every-day lives. In fact, practically every manufactured product that you might use in a typical day contains materials made from minerals. What is a Mineral? A mineral is a naturally occurring, solid, inorganic substance that has a definite chemical composition and crystal structure. For an Earth material to be considered a mineral, it must have the following characteristics: 1. Minerals are naturally occurring they are not made by humans. 2. Minerals are solids they are not liquids or gases at room temperature. 3. Minerals have an ordered atomic arrangement -- the chemical elements that make up each mineral are arranged in a particular way - this is why minerals 'grow' as crystals. Each mineral has a unique internal arrangement of atoms and crystal structure. 4. Minerals have a definite chemical composition (make-up) each one is made of a particular mix of chemical elements. Quartz crystals 5. Minerals are inorganic they have never been alive and are not made from plants or animals. QUESTIONS: 1. Based on the 5 characteristics of minerals, describe why the following examples are NOT minerals: a. Paper: b. Ice: 2. Graphite and Diamond are both made up of the same element - Carbon. However, they are identified as different minerals. Why? 3 P age

4 The tricky bits atoms, elements and the rest. Minerals are made up of chemical elements. A chemical element is a substance that is made up of only one kind of atom. Have you heard of oxygen, hydrogen, iron, aluminum, gold and copper? These are all chemical elements. But what is an atom? An atom is the smallest unit of any chemical element. They are the building blocks that make up each chemical element, and are far too small to see with the naked eye. Imagine a small piece of copper, for example. Even the tiniest piece of copper is made up of billions and billions of copper atoms. Billions and billions of copper atoms stack together to form a piece of copper. Each mineral has a fixed chemical composition (It is always made of the same elements). Some minerals are made up of just one chemical element - they contain only one type of atom. Native copper is made up of copper atoms only. Most minerals are chemical compounds - they contain atoms of more than one chemical element. For example the mineral halite (salt) is a made up of the elements sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl). All the properties of a mineral - its crystal shape, hardness, color, luster - depend on which chemical elements it is made of and how the atoms of these elements are arranged inside it (internal arrangement of atoms). QUESTIONS: 1. What is a chemical element? Define and give an example. 2. What is a chemical compound? Define and give an example. 3. What determines the properties of a mineral? 4 P age

5 How Minerals Form Minerals form nearly everywhere on Earth under different conditions. There are three major processes by which minerals form: crystallization from magma, precipitation, and formation from hydrothermal solutions. For example, minerals called silicates often form deep in the crust or mantle where temperatures and pressures are very high crystallization from magna. Most of the minerals known as carbonates form in water at or near Earth s surface when existing minerals are exposed to weathering precipitation. Crystallization from magma: Magma is molten (melted/liquid) rock. It forms deep within Earth. As magma cools, elements combine to form minerals such as feldspar and hornblende. The first minerals to crystallize from magma are usually those rich in iron, calcium, and magnesium. Halite Precipitation: The water in Earth s lakes, rivers, ponds, oceans, and beneath its surface contains many dissolved substances. If this water evaporates, some of the dissolved substances can react to form minerals. The minerals are left behind, or precipitated, out of the water. Two common minerals that form in this way are halite (salt) and calcite. Quartz Hydrothermal solutions: A hydrothermal solution is a very hot mixture of water and dissolved substances. Hydrothermal solutions have temperatures between about 100ºC and 300ºC. When these solutions come into contact with existing minerals, chemical reactions take place to form new minerals. Also, when hydrothermal solutions cool, some of the elements in them combine to form minerals such as quartz and pyrite. QUESTIONS: 1. How is the process of forming minerals from magma different from the formation of minerals through the process of precipitation? 5 P age

6 Mineral Properties Have you ever heard of fools gold? It looks like gold, but it is another mineral. Many people have been fooled by it. Unfortunately, it is worth far less than gold. Many minerals have look-alikes. That is why scientists have come up with different properties and tests to identify minerals. Some properties are more reliable than others when identifying minerals. The properties of minerals are: Color: Most minerals cannot be identified by color alone. Many minerals, such as gold and pyrite, have the same color. Other minerals, such as quartz, have many different colors. Streak: When you rub a mineral on a piece of tile, it may leave a streak of powder. Streak is the color of the powder left by the mineral. The color of a mineral s streak is very important. A mineral may have different colors, but it always leaves the same color streak. For example, hematite can be silver or red, but it will always leave a red-brown streak. Luster: The way a mineral reflects light is called its luster. Luster can be metallic or nonmetallic. Minerals with metallic luster shine like polished metals. Those with nonmetallic luster have no metallic shine. Hardness: The hardness of a mineral is its resistance to being scratched. To find out how hard a mineral is, we test it against other minerals of known hardness. Minerals are often compared to the hardness of glass which is 5.5. If a mineral scratches glass, it has a hardness greater than 5.5. If it does not scratch glass, it has a hardness less than 5.5. Cleavage and Fracture: The way a mineral breaks can also be used to identify the mineral. Some minerals split along smooth, flat surfaces. These minerals are said to have cleavage. Other minerals break into pieces with uneven (jagged) surfaces. These minerals are said to have fracture. Cleavage Fracture Special Properties: Some minerals have special properties that can be used to identify them. For example, calcite will bubble when a drop of hydrochloric acid is placed on it. The mineral halite tastes salty, magnetite is magnetic, and talc feels slippery. 6 P age

7 QUESTIONS FOR MINERAL PROPERTIES: 1. Why is it not possible to identify minerals using color alone? 2. Why is streak a good property to use when identifying a mineral? 3. How will a mineral with a metallic luster look different from a mineral with non-metallic luster? 4. What is a mineral s hardness? 5. How would you determine the hardness of a mineral by using a piece of glass? 6. What is the difference between a mineral that has cleavage and one that has fracture? 7 P age

8 Properties of Common Minerals Reading (ESRT Pg. 16) Mineralogists have identified over 3,000 minerals, but only 100 minerals are common and only about ten elements make up most minerals. So, how do we identify minerals? By testing their physical and chemical properties. These tests might include the mineral s appearance, the crystal shape, luster, hardness, streak, acid test, their form of breakage cleavage or fracture, and at times how the mineral feels or smells. These properties and others, along with the mineral composition (what it is made up of) can be found in the Properties of Common Minerals Chart in the Earth Science Reference Tables. THE CHART: MATCH THE NUMBERS BELOW WITH THE NUMBERS ON THE NEXT PAGE 1. The twenty-one minerals in the chart are classified first by their luster the way it reflects light. This classification, metallic or nonmetallic, is given on the far left of this chart. (See #1 on the chart) 2. The next identifying property is hardness, based on a scale of 1 to 10. (See #2 on the chart) 3. Following this is whether the mineral shows cleavage or fracture. If the mineral shows at least one smooth face (side) it has cleavage. (See #3 on the chart) 4. Common color is also given, but we need to be careful since many minerals show more than one color due to impurities within the mineral. (See #4 on the chart) 5. The Distinguishing Characteristics column gives additional information about the mineral. Look in this column for unusual properties. (See #5 on the chart) 6. The Uses(s) column is how man has found a use for a particular mineral. (See #6 on the chart) 7. a.) The Composition column shows the element or chemical formula for the mineral. (See #7a on the chart) b.) Use the bottom of this chart to identify any chemical symbols you need help with. (See #7b on the chart) 8. In the Mineral Name column locate Potassium Feldspar, it also goes by the name orthoclase. Two other minerals are shown to be identified by other names. (See #8 on the chart) 8 P age

9 a 8 7b 9 P age

10 Properties of Common Minerals Question Sheet 10 P age

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13 Mineral Identification Flowchart Luster Cleavage or Fracture Streak Hardness Mineral Name Cleavage Color Soft Hard Galena NONE Metallic Colorless or white Soft Hard NONE NONE Fracture Color Colorless or white Soft Hard Soft Hard Hematite Pyrite NONE NONE Color Soft Biotite Mica Cleavage Hard NONE Nonmetallic Colorless or white Soft Hard Halite NONE Color Soft Sulfur Hard NONE Fracture Colorless or white Soft Hard NONE Olivine 13 P age

14 Mineral Identification Data Table Mineral 1 Breakage Streak Hardness Luster Cleavage Color Doesn t scratch glass (soft) Metallic Nonmetallic Fracture White or Colorless Scratches glass (hard) Mineral Name: Mineral 2 Breakage Streak Hardness Luster Cleavage Color Doesn t scratch glass (soft) Metallic Nonmetallic Fracture White or Colorless Scratches glass (hard) Mineral Name: Mineral 3 Breakage Streak Hardness Luster Cleavage Color Doesn t scratch glass (soft) Metallic Nonmetallic Fracture White or Colorless Scratches glass (hard) Mineral Name: Mineral 4 Breakage Streak Hardness Luster Cleavage Color Doesn t scratch glass (soft) Metallic Nonmetallic Fracture White or Colorless Scratches glass (hard) Mineral Name: 14 P age

15 Mineral 5 Breakage Streak Hardness Luster Cleavage Color Doesn t scratch glass (soft) Metallic Nonmetallic Fracture White or Colorless Scratches glass (hard) Mineral Name: Mineral 6 Breakage Streak Hardness Luster Cleavage Color Doesn t scratch glass (soft) Metallic Nonmetallic Fracture White or Colorless Scratches glass (hard) Mineral Name: Mineral 7 Breakage Streak Hardness Luster Cleavage Color Doesn t scratch glass (soft) Metallic Nonmetallic Fracture White or Colorless Scratches glass (hard) Mineral Name: Make sure to complete the lab questions on the next page!!! 15 P age

16 Lab Questions: 1. Both Sulfur and Galena are softer than glass. Using just the minerals, how can you determine which of the two minerals is harder. 2. Describe why Galena breaks along flat surfaces (cleavage) while Pyrite breaks along uneven surfaces (fracture)? 3. Using page 16 of the ESRT, what is the best physical property that could be used to identify the difference between Selenite Gypsum and Potassium Feldspar. 16 P age

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18 Minerals Review Sheet Mineral Characteristics 1. What are the 5 characteristics of a mineral? Mineral Properties 2. Is the following sentence true or false? Circle T or F. Because color is unique to all minerals, it is always useful in mineral identification. (T / F) 3. What is a mineral s cleavage? 4. When a mineral breaks unevenly it shows. 5. What is a mineral s luster? 6. Type of luster that makes minerals look like metals: a. earthy b. nonmetallic c. metallic d. glassy 18 P age

19 7. The hardest mineral shown in the table to the right is: a. talc b. diamond c. topaz d. quartz 8. Which mineral is harder than apatite? a. talc b. calcite c. fluorite d. orthoclase 9. Which mineral can scratch topaz? a. gypsum b. apatite c. calcite d. corundum 10. Streak is the color of a mineral s. 11. Which property could you use to tell the difference between talc and graphite? (Page 16: reference tables) a. hardness b. luster c. feel d. smell 12. What two things determine the properties a mineral will have? a. b. 19 P age

20 LifeGem Extension Activity To Start: To learn more about diamonds, do a little research. What is a diamond? What are the 4Cs of diamonds? Specifically, what does carat mean for diamonds? To Continue: Open Browse the website to view information about the product LifeGem makes. Answer the questions below by clicking on the correct links at the top of the page. Questions: 1. Click on the TOURS & THE PROCESS link and find the 4 steps for creating a LifeGem diamond. In the space below, write a summary of how a LifeGem diamond is created in a laboratory. Be specific, writing the titles of the steps will not be enough! 2. Is a LifeGem diamond a true mineral based on the definition you learned in class? Explain your answer. Use the PRICES link to determine the price of the following diamonds: carat yellow diamond: milligram blue diamond: (Hint: What is the weight of one carat?) milligram red diamond: (Hint: What is the weight of one carat?) Click on the WHY CHOOSE A LIFEGEM link. Read this page and then answer question This is an Earth Science topic that can have an emotional impact in real life. Do you agree or disagree with the product that LifeGem is producing? Why or why not? 20 P age

21 Mineral Lab Extension Introduction: Minerals are the naturally occurring inorganic solid elements and mixtures from which rocks are made. Minerals have physical properties determined by their chemical composition and internal arrangement of atoms. Minerals can be identified by well-defined properties, such as cleavage, fracture, color, density, hardness, streak, luster, crystal shape, and reaction with acid. Materials: ESRT, minerals, streak plate, glass plate, magnet, nail, penny, mineral hardness flowchart Procedure: 1. Use your ESRT and tools to identify the minerals in this lab. Mineral # Color Luster (Metallic/ Nonmetallic) Hardness # Breakage (Cleavage/ Fracture) Streak Color Mineral Name DON T FORGET TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS ON PAGE 23! 21 P age

22 MINERAL HARDNESS FLOWCHART Use this page to help you test the hardness of a mineral! 1. It can be scratched by a fingernail Hardness = less than 2.5 Or It cannot be scratched by a fingernail go to #2 2. It cannot scratch a penny Hardness = ( ) Or It can scratch a penny go to #3 3. It can be scratched by an iron nail Or Hardness = ( ) It cannot be scratched by a nail go to #4 4. It cannot scratch glass Or It can scratch the glass Hardness = (5.0) Hardness = ( 5.5) 22 P age

23 Mineral Lab Extension Challenge Questions: 1. Suppose you were contracted to manufacture a protective lead vest to be worn in hospitals by patients receiving x-rays. Which mineral would you need to obtain (get) in order to start manufacturing? 2. Quartz is one of the main components of beach sand in New England. What property of Quartz allows it to survive transport by rivers over long distances? 3. Which mineral from among those you ve observed would not hold up well to acid rain? 4. Use the chart of densities below to answer the following questions. Mineral Density Diamond 3.5 Flourite 3.2 Quartz 2.7 Halite 2.2 a) A colorless mineral has been found with a mass of 10.8g and a volume of 4ml. According to the chart above, what is this mineral? Identity of Mineral 1: b) A sample of Halite has a volume of 12 cm3. What is its mass? c) If a diamond has a mass of 6g what is its volume? Page 23

24 Regents Diagrams - What are they telling me? For each of the following diagrams, give an explanation of what you think the diagram is showing. Then write one question the regents exam might ask you based on the diagram. Diagram #1 Explanation: Question: Page 24

25 Diagram #2: Explanation: Question: Diagram #3 Explanation: Question: Page 25

26 Diagram # 4 Explanation: Question: Diagram #5 Explanation: Question: Page 26

27 Mineral Groups Extension Activity Directions: Use the Earth Science textbook to group each of the minerals located on page 16 of the ESRT into the correct mineral group below. Silicates Carbonates Oxides Sulfates Halides Native Elements Page 27