TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Transcription

1 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. ABSTRACT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iii xv xx xxiii 1 INTRODUCTION GENERAL NEED FOR THE PRESENT STUDY OBJECTIVES SCOPE OF THE PRESENT STUDY ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS 7 2 LITERATURE REVIEW INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF NATURAL FIBRES BACKGROUND OF CFF CHEMISTRY AND PROPERTIES OF JUTE FIBRE COMPARISON OF NATURAL FIBRES Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Fibres Applications of Natural Fibres MATRICES FOR COMPOSITES Polypropylene PERSPECTIVES OF COMPOSITES 26

2 ix CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO Influential Factors of Bio-Composites BACKGROUND OF COMPRESSION MOULDING ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTIC OF COMPOSITIES Performance of Sound Absorbing Materials SUMMARY 45 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS INTRODUCTION MATERIALS Chicken Feather Fibre (CFF) Jute Fibre Polypropylene Fibre METHODS Properties of CFF Fibre length Fibre fineness Tensile properties Fibre moisture content and regain Fibre density Burning characteristics Morphological structure Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) X-ray Diffraction Studies (XRD) 52

3 x CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO Analysis of Samples for Amino Acids by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) Sample digestion Test solution preparation Manufacture of Composite Boards Fibre volume fraction Mechanical and Water Absorption Testing Tensile strength test Impact strength test Flexural strength test Water absorption test Fracture surface of composite by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis Acoustic Testing Impedance tube method Design of Experiment Statistical Analysis ANOVA Response optimization Experimental Approach 64 4 CHARACTERIZATION OF CHICKEN FEATHER FIBRE (CFF) INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Physical Characteristics of CFF Chemical Characteristics of CFF 68

4 xi CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO Burning Characteristics of CFF Structural Characteristics of CFF X-Ray Diffraction Pattern of CFF Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) of CFF Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) of CFF Composition and Amino acid Sequence of CFF CONCLUSION 76 5 EFFECT OF PROCESSING CONDITIONS ON TENSILE STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF CFF AND ITS HYBRID COMPOSITES INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Tensile Strength and Response Surface Regression Equations of CFF and its Hybrid Composites Effect of Processing Conditions on the Tensile Strength of CFF and its Hybrid Composites Tensile Fracture Surface Analysis of CFF and its Hybrid Composites Water Absorption Character of CFF and its Hybrid Composites CONCLUSION 90

5 xii CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 6 EFFECT OF PROCESSING CONDITIONS ON IMPACT STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF CFF AND ITS HYBRID COMPOSITES INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Impact Strength and Response Surface Regression Equations of CFF and its Hybrid Composites Effect of Processing Conditions on the Impact Strength of CFF and its Hybrid Composites Impact Fracture Surface Analysis of CFF and its Hybrid Composites CONCLUSION EFFECT OF PROCESSING CONDITIONS ON FLEXURAL STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF CFF AND ITS HYBRID COMPOSITES INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Flexural Strength and Response Surface Regression Equations of CFF and its Hybrid Composites Effect of Processing Conditions on the Flexural Strength of CFF and its Hybrid Composites 109

6 xiii CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO Flexural Fracture Surface Analysis of CFF and its Hybrid Composites CONCLUSION ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF CFF AND ITS HYBRID COMPOSITES INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION NRC value of the CFF and its hybrid composites Effect of Processing Conditions on NRC Value of CFF and its Hybrid Composites Sound Absorption Coefficient of CFF and its Hybrid Composites Manufactured with Low Processing Condition Effect of CFF and its Hybrid Composites Thickness on Sound absorption co-efficient Effect of CFF and its Hybrid Composites Density on Sound absorption co-efficient CONCLUSION SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK 133

7 xiv CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. APPENDIX 1 : RESPONSE SURFACE REGRESSION, SIGNIFICANCE TEST ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA) RESPONSE OPTIMIZATION FOR TENSILE STRENGTH 134 APPENDIX 2 : RESPONSE SURFACE REGRESSION, SIGNIFICANCE TEST ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA) RESPONSE OPTIMIZATION FOR IMPACT STRENGTH 145 APPENDIX 3 : RESPONSE SURFACE REGRESSION, SIGNIFICANCE TEST ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA) RESPONSE OPTIMIZATION FOR FLEXURAL STRENGTH 156 APPENDIX 4 : EFFECT OF PROCESSING CONDITIONS, THICKNESS AND DENSITY ON NRC VALUE OF CFF AND ITS HYBRID COMPOSITES 167 REFERENCES 169 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 186 CURRICULUM VITAE 188

8 xv LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 2.1 Chemical composition and properties of plant fibres Summary of advantages and disadvantages of thermosets and thermoplastic polymer Natural Natural fibre hybrid composite Comparison of tensile properties for natural fibre Reinforced LDPE composites Grouping of amino acids Formulation of composites and fibre volume fraction Technical specifications of miniature carding machine Technical specifications of compression moulding machine Levels of variables chosen for the research Box-Behnken design for the three independent variables Physical properties of CFF and Wool fibre Chemical properties of CFF and Wool fibre Burning characteristics of CFF and Wool fibre Amino acid content in CFF Tensile strength (Newton) of CFF and its Hybrid composites 79

9 xvi TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 5.2 Response surface regression equations for the tensile strength of CFF and its Hybrid composites Impact strength (Joules) of CFF and its Hybrid composites Response surface regression equations for the Impact strength of CFF and its Hybrid composites Flexural strength (Newton) of CFF and its Hybrid composites Response surface regression equations for the flexural strength of CFF and its Hybrid composites NRC values of CFF and its Hybrid composites Thickness (mm) of CFF and its Hybrid composites Density (g /cc) of CFF and its Hybrid composites 128 A 1.1 Estimated Regression Coefficients for Tensile Strength of 100 % CFF Composite 134 A 1.2 Estimated Regression Coefficients for Tensile Strength of 75/25 CFF/Jute Composite 135 A 1.3 Estimated Regression Coefficients for Tensile Strength of 50/50 CFF/Jute Composite 135 A 1.4 Estimated Regression Coefficients for Tensile Strength of 25/75 CFF/Jute Composite 136 A 1.5 Estimated Regression Coefficients for Tensile Strength of 100 % Jute Composite 136

10 xvii TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. A1.6 Effect of pressure * temperature, pressure * time and temperature * time on tensile strength of 100% CFF composite 137 A1.7 Effect of pressure * temperature and pressure * time on tensile strength of 75:25 CFF/Jute composite 138 A1.8 Effect of pressure * temperature and pressure * time on tensile strength of 50:50 CFF/Jute composite 139 A1.9 Effect of pressure * temperature and pressure * time on tensile strength of 25:75 CFF/Jute composite 140 A1.10 Effect of pressure * temperature and pressure * time on tensile strength of 100% Jute composite 141 A 2.1 Estimated Regression Coefficients for Impact Strength of 100 % CFF Composite 145 A 2.2 Estimated Regression Coefficients for Impact Strength of 75/25 CFF/Jute Composite 146 A 2.3 Estimated Regression Coefficients for Impact Strength of 50/50 CFF/Jute Composite 146 A 2.4 Estimated Regression Coefficients for Impact Strength of 25/75 CFF/Jute Composite 147 A 2.5 Estimated Regression Coefficients for Impact Strength of 100 % Jute Composite 147 A 2.6 Effect of pressure * temperature, pressure * time and temperature * time on impact strength of 100% CFF composite 148

11 xviii TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. A 2.7 Effect of pressure * temperature, pressure * time and temperature * time on impact strength of 75:25 CFF/Jute composite 149 A 2.8 Effect of pressure * temperature, pressure * time and temperature * time on impact strength of 50:50 CFF/Jute composite 150 A 2.9 Effect of pressure * temperature, pressure * time and temperature * time on impact strength of 25:75 CFF/Jute composite 151 A 2.10 Effect of pressure * temperature, pressure * time and temperature * time on impact strength of 100% Jute composite 152 A 3.1 Estimated Regression Coefficients for flexural strength of 100 % CFF Composite 156 A 3.2 Estimated Regression Coefficients for flexural strength of 75/25 CFF/Jute Composite 157 A 3.3 Estimated Regression Coefficients for flexural strength of 50/50 CFF/Jute Composite 157 A 3.4 Estimated Regression Coefficients for flexural strength of 25/75 CFF/Jute Composite 158 A 3.5 Estimated Regression Coefficients for flexural strength of 100% Jute Composite 158 A 3.6 Effect of pressure * temperature, pressure * time and temperature * time on flexural strength of 100% CFF composite 159 A 3.7 Effect of pressure * temperature, pressure * time and temperature * time on flexural strength of 75:25 CFF/ Jute composite 160

12 xix TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. A 3.8 Effect of pressure * temperature, pressure * time and temperature * time on flexural strength of 50:50 CFF/ Jute composite 161 A 3.9 Effect of pressure * temperature, pressure * time and temperature * time on flexural strength of 25:75 CFF/ Jute composite 162 A 3.10 Effect of pressure * temperature, pressure * time and temperature * time on flexural strength of 100% Jute composite 163 A 4.1 Effect of low processing conditions and reinforcement fibre wt% on NRC value of CFF and its hybrid composites 167 A 4.2 Effect of run order and reinforcement fibre wt% on thickness of CFF and its hybrid composites 167 A 4.3 Effect of run order and reinforcement fibre wt% on density of CFF and its hybrid composites 168

13 xx LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 2.1 Contour feather Five primary types of chicken feathers: (a) contour, (b) bristle (c) semi plume (d) down (e) filoplume Diagrammatic representation of the diamino acid Plant fibre applications in automobile sector Illustration of four stages of deformation of fibres, matrix and composite Picture of chicken feather DSC spectra of bulk polypropylene sample as received Miniature carding machine Compression moulding (Hot Pressing) machine Work flow chart Longitudinal view of a) CFF and b) Wool fibre Cross sectional view of a) CFF and b) Wool fibre Diffraction pattern of a) CFF and b) Wool fibre Diffraction intensities of CFF and Wool fibre 72

14 xxi FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 4.5 DSC curve of CFF TGA graph of CFF D Display of all tracks of amino acid present in CFF Contour plots of process conditions vs. tensile strength of CFF and its Hybrid composites Tensile fracture surfaces of CFF and its Hybrid composites Water absorption % of CFF and its hybrid composites Contour plots of processing conditions vs. impact strength of CFF and its Hybrid composites Impact fracture surfaces of CFF and its Hybrid composites Contour plots of process conditions vs. flexural strength of CFF and its Hybrid composites Flexural fracture surfaces of CFF and its hybrid composites Contour plots of process conditions vs. NRC value of CFF and its hybrid composites Sound absorption coefficient of CFF and its hybrid composites (Manufactured with low Process conditions) 124 A 1.1 Response Optimization for Tensile Strength of 100% CFF Composite 142 A 1.2 Response Optimization for Tensile Strength of 75:25 CFF/Jute Composite 142

15 xxii FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. A 1.3 A 1.4 A 1.5 A 2.1 A 2.2 A 2.3 A 2.4 A 2.5 A 3.1 A 3.2 A 3.3 A 3.4 A 3.5 Response Optimization for Tensile Strength of 50:50 CFF/Jute Composite 143 Response Optimization for Tensile Strength of 25:75 CFF/Jute Composite 143 Response Optimization for Tensile Strength of 100% Jute Composite 144 Response Optimization for Impact Strength of 100% CFF Composite 153 Response Optimization for Impact Strength of 75:25% CFF/Jute Composite 153 Response Optimization for Impact Strength of 50:50% CFF/Jute Composite 154 Response Optimization for Impact Strength of 25:75% CFF/Jute Composite 154 Response Optimization for Impact Strength of 100% Jute Composite 155 Response Optimization for Flexural Strength of 100% CFF Composite 164 Response Optimization for Flexural Strength of 75:25 CFF/ Jute Composite 164 Response Optimization for Flexural Strength of 50:50 CFF/ Jute Composite 165 Response Optimization for Flexural Strength of 25:75 CFF/ Jute Composite 165 Response Optimization for Flexural Strength of 100% Jute Composite 166

16 xxiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS PP - Polypropylene Wt% - Weight Percentage CFF - Chicken Feather Fibre DSC - Differential Scanning Calorimetry TGA - Thermo Gravimetric Analysis SEM - Scanning Electron Microscopy NRC - Noise Reduction Coefficient ANOVA - Analysis of Variance HPTLC - High performance Thin Layer Chromatography