The addition of cement, duplicates the compressive strength, in all compositions (Comp. AS12, BS15, CS18).

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1 TEST S RESULTS

2 Kg/cm^2 Mechanical Strength The addition of cement, duplicates the compressive strength, in all compositions (Comp. AS12, BS15, CS18). When the ratio B/A is decreased from 1:1 to 1:3 (series A, B), the strength seems to be reduced at about 2%. CASTLE OF SERVIA - COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF REPAIR MORTARS at 28-d age (comparing type of mortar) AS1 AS11 AS12 BS13 BS14 BS15 CS16 CS17 CS18 COMPOSITIONS

3 kg/cm^2 The addition of superplasticizer, increases the compressive strength, in all compositions at about 2%. The addition of air-entraining agent, decreases the compressive strength, in all compositions at about 1%. CASTLE OF SERVIA - COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF REPAIR MORTARS at 28-d age (Comparing the same compositions w ith the addition of admixtures) B4 B5 B6 BS13 BS14 BS15 BE22 BE23 BE24 w ithout admixtures superplasticizer air-entraining agent COMPOSITIONS

4 Kg/cm^2 The same remarks concerning the compressive strength are defined in the flectural strength as well. CASTLE OF SERVIA - FLECTURAL STRENGTH OF REPAIR MORTARS at 28-d age (w ith the addition of superplasticizer) AS1 AS11 AS12 BS13 BS14 BS15 CS16 CS17 CS18 COMPOSITIONS

5 kg/cm^2 CASTLE OF SERVIA - FLECTURAL STRENGTH OF REPAIR MORTARS at 28-d age (Comparing the same compositions with the addition of admixtures) B4 B5 B6 BS13 BS14 BS15 BE22 BE23 BE24 without admixtures superplasticizer air-entraining agent COMPOSITIONS

6 kg/cm^2 The same remarks concerning the compressive and flectural strength are defined in the the results of the Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity as well. CASTLE OF SERVIA - DYNAMIC MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF REPAIR MORTARS at 28-d age (w ith the addition of superplasticizer) AS1 AS11 AS12 BS13 BS14 BS15 CS16 CS17 CS18 COMPOSITIONS

7 kg/cm^2 CASTLE OF SERVIA - DYNAMIC MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF REPAIR MORTARS at 28-d age (Comparing the same compositions w ith the addition of admixtures) B4 B5 B6 BS13 BS14 BS15 BE22 BE23 BE24 without admixtures superplasticizer air-entraining agent COMPOSITIONS

8 Porosity By adding white cement it seems that there is a small decrease of the porosity, (Comp. AS12, BS15, CS18) CASTLE OF SERVIA - POROSITY (%) OF REPAIR MORTARS at 28-d age (w ith the addition of superplasticizer) AS1 AS11 AS12 BS13 BS14 BS15 CS16 CS17 CS18 COMPOSITIONS

9 (%) The addition of superplasticizer in the mixtures (series BS), reduces the amount of water demand, about 15% and therefore the porosity at about 5%. CASTLE OF SERVIA - POROSITY (%) OF REPAIR MORTARS at 28-d age (Comparing the same compositions w ith the addition of admixtures) B4 B5 B6 BS13 BS14 BS15 BE22 BE23 BE24 w ithout admixtures superplasticizer air-entraining agent COMPOSITIONS

10 VOLUME CHANGE (%) Shrinkage Deformations By adding a small quantity of cement (Comp. B6), the shrinkage debormation is being reduced. CASTLE OF SERVIA - SHRINKAGE DEFORMATONS OF THE REPAIR MORTARS at 14-d age 1,6 1,4 1,2 1,8,6,4, DAYS B4 B5 B6

11 VOLUME CHANGE (%) The addition of superplasticizer (series AS), also decreases the formations, as it was expected because of the reduction of the water added in the mixture. 3,5 CASTLE OF SERVIA - SHRINKAGE DEFORMATONS OF THE REPAIR MORTARS at 14-d age 3 2,5 2 1,5 1, DAYS A1 AS1 A2 AS11 A3 AS12

12 gr/cm^2 Capillary Suction By adding cement in the mixture (Comp. B6), the capillary suction is being reduced CASTLE OF SERVIA - CAPILLARITY OF REPAIR MORTARS at 28-d age (comparing type of mortar) B4 B5 B minutes

13 gr/cm^2 The addition of superplasticizer, seems to reduce the capillarity, in all compositions (Comp. BS15), while The addition of air-entraining agent, seems to increase the capillarity, in all compositions (Comp. BE27) CASTLE OF SERVIA - CAPILLARITY OF REPAIR MORTARS at 28-d age (com paring adm ixtures) B6 BS15 BE minutes

14 CORROSION TESTS RESULTS

15 Weight (gr) Wetting-Drying cycles In relation to the influence of humidity on the repair mortars, specimens of each series show that their behavior is in agreement with that of the capillary absorption. The total absorption, is obtained after the first cycle CASTLE OF SERVIA - INFLUENCE OF HUMIDITY OF REPAIR MORTARS (comparing type of mortar) Β4 Β5 Β Cycles

16 Weight (gr) CASTLE OF SERVIA - INFLUENCE OF HUMIDITY OF REPAIR MORTARS (com paring adm ixtures) Cycles Β6 BS15 BE24

17 DW (%) Salt Crystallization cycling The compositions with the higher proportion of cement, resist better than the others (Comp. B6). CASTLE OF SERVIA - INFLUENCE OF SALTS CRYSTALLIZATION on repair mortars at 28-d age (comparing type of mortar) B4 B5 B Cycle

18 DW (%) The addition of superplasticizer, increases the resistance of all compositions (Comp. BS15) The addition of air-entraining agent, seems to increase the resistance, in some compositions (Comp. BE24) CASTLE OF SERVIA - INFLUENCE OF SALTS CRYSTALLIZATION on repair m ortars at 28-d age (com paring adm ixtures) Cycle B6 BS15 BE24

19 DW (%) Freezing - thawing cycles The compositions with the higher proportion of cement, resist better than the others (Comp. BS15) CASTLE OF SERVIA - INFLUENCE OF FROST on repair mortars at 28-d age (comparing type of mortar) BS13 BS BS15-5. Cycle

20 DW (%) The addition of superplasticizer, increases the resistance of all compositions (BS15). The addition of air-entraining agent, increases the resistance, in all compositions (BE24). CASTLE OF SERVIA - INFLUENCE OF FROST on repair mortars at 28-d age (com paring adm ixtures) BS15 BE Cycle

21 GENERAL REMARKS After testing the repair mortar mixtures, it seems that the required 28-d strength level of 3-5kg/cm 2, can be easily achieved with a corresponding porosity of 15-2%, by all the series that contain a small quantity of white cement. According to the design of repair mortars, the desirable long-term strength was 1-15kg/cm 2 and the porosity 12-15%.

22 Taking into account the results from the corrosion tests, the compositions which resisted better to the tests were: Wetting Drying cycles: The series with the superplasticizer. (series AS, BS, CS) Salt crystallization cycling: The series with the superplasticizer. (series AS, BS, CS) Freezing thawing cycles: The series with the superplasticizer and those with the air-entraining agent. (series AS, BS, CS / AE, BE, CE)

23 Taking into account the color hue of the old structural mortars of the Castle, the series that approach it better is the one that contains a small quantity of local clay as a substitute. Therefore, the composition that fulfills all the requirements of mechanical properties and resists to the environmental conditions, is the mixture numbered CS18. Repair mortar Old mortar

24 The composition CS18 has the following characteristics: Binder / Aggregates ratio: 1:3 Materials Parts by weight Hydrated Lime (powder) 1 Ground natural pozzolana from Milos island.2 (Retained on 45μm sieve 1%) White cement.4 Local clay from Aliakmon river.4 Superplasticizer 1% by weight of the binders Compressive strength (at 28-d age): 39.5 kg/cm 2 Porosity: 14.5%

25 GROUTS

26 For filling the cracks of the old structure and stabilize the corpus of the masonry, a number of grouts mixtures were prepared and tested for their suitability. The 15 series of the grout mixtures were submitted to all tests, as in the case of repair mortars. The composition, that was finally chosen, fulfilled all the requirements of the mechanical properties and of the resistance to environmental conditions, while being compatible to the old structure of the castle.

27 The characteristics of the Composition with the code N r 11 are: Materials Parts by weight Hydrated Lime (powder) 1 Ground natural pozzolana from Milos island.8 (Retained on 45μm sieve 1%) White cement.4 Clay.3 Superplasticizer 1% by weight of the binders Fluidity time:1.15 sec Compressive strength (at 28-d age): 21.5 kg/cm 2