Index. Blake, R. A. Jr., 161 Brittleness of hybrid composites, 17 Browning, C. E., 104 Buckling, 71, 162, 209 Bump impact test, 18

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1 STP836-EB/Sep Index AF-R-E350 resin, 105 Ahmad, J., 237 Anisotropic fracture mechanics, 237 Approximate superposition analysis, 177 ASI/3502 Hercules laminate, 113 AS-3501/graphite/epoxy, 163 AS-3502 graphite/epoxy, 209 ASTM Recommended Practice for In-plane Shear Stress-Strain Response of Unidirectional Reinforced Plastics (D ), 109 Symposium on Damage in Composite Materials, 195 Test for Apparent Horizontal Shear Strength of Reinforced Plastics by Short Beam Method (D ), 110 Test for Tensile Properties of Oriented Fiber Composites (D ), 107 Test for Tensile Properties of Plastics (D a), 105 Axial stiffness, 189, 206 Axial strain variation, 182 B Batdorf, S. B., 56 Beamiest, 9, 112, 163 Bend test, 5, 72 Benzeggagh, M. L., 84 Blake, R. A. Jr., 161 Brittleness of hybrid composites, 17 Browning, C. E., 104 Buckling, 71, 162, 209 Bump impact test, 18 C-scan, 73, 161 C6000/H205 (Hexcel) graphite/epoxy laminates, 125 Carbon-epoxy (see Graphite/epoxy laminate materials) Characteristic damage states, 196, 198 Chatterjee, S. N., 161 Chi-square test, 258 Chopped strand mat, 3 Cleavage delamination, 85 Compression buckling, 72 Compression-compression fatigue, 194, 209 Computer codes and languages DELAM, 164 EAL (Engineering Analysis Language), FLAW, 171 SAP IV (Structural Analysis Program), WAVETEC (WAVE Thermal and Elastic Constants), 218 Concrete, reinforced, 3, 245 Contact forces, 180 Continuum approach to failure prediction, Copyright 1984 byaslm International "

2 268 EFFECTS OF DEFECTS IN COMPOSITE MATERIALS Crack(s) Face overlap, 179 Fiber direction cross, 203 Longitudinal, 28 Microcracks, 39 Penny-shaped, 208 Ply, 42, 104, 133, 143, 250 Saturation, 26, 215 Transverse (matrix), 104, 194, 203 Crack-like flaw, 238 Cracked-lap-shear specimens, 143 Critical energy release rate {see Strain energy release rate) Critical fiber fracture localization, 209 Critical stress-intensity factor, 117 Cyclic work rate, 196 Cyrogenic tension load fixture, 256 D DDS (Ciba-Geigy), 105 Death option of element, 242 De Charentenay, F. X., 84 Dehydrated laminates, 250 DEL AM, computer code, 164 Delamination Across-the-width, 175 Carbon-epoxy, 84 Cleavage, 85 Cyclic growth, 175 Edge, 85, 125, 210 Effect of absorbed moisture on, 260 Effect on stiffness-controlled behavior, 71 Free-edge, 104, 119, 143 Instability-related, 177 Shear, 84 Transverse-crack-tip delamination, 148 Tests (see Tests) Diethyl ether, 199 Disbonds, criticality of, 161 Discount scheme, 195 Double cantilever beam specimen tests, 85, 104, 131, 143, 190 Ductility index, 17 E E-glass laminates, 3, 198 EAL (Engineering Analysis Language), Edge delamination, 85, 125, 210 Edge replication, 25 Elasticity analysis, 58, 162, 173, 217 Electric analogue, 56, 59 Electron microscopy (see Scanning electron microscopy) Element death option, 242 Energy dissipation rate, 241 Energy release-rate (see Strain energy release rate) Engineering Analysis Language (EAL), Extensometer, 256 Fiber fracture, 44, 200 Fiberglass/wood laminates, 215 Fick's law, 90 Finite-element analysis Calculating strain energy release rates, 129, 145, 177 Plane-strain model, 250 Quasi-three-dimensional LHR model, 237 Wrinkled region, 217, 235 FLAW, computer code, 171 Flexural-to-axial stiffness, 189 Free-edge delamination, 104, 119, 143 Fringe density, 74, 197, 205 Gage length, 26, 215 Ghaffarian, R., 56 Glass fiber reinforced plastics, 90

3 Glass-polyester composites, 3, 84 Global anisotropic homogeneous continuum region, 237 Gold chloride, 47, 199 "Goodness of fit," 258 Graphite/epoxy laminate materials tested AS-3501, 163 AS-3502, 209 C600/H205 (Hexcel), 125 T300 (Brochier), 91 T300/914C (Ciba-Geigy), 21 T300/934, 143 T300/5208 (Narmco), 21, 71, 90, 125, 181, 199, 204 T300/BSL914 (Ciba-Geigy), 90 K Kanninen, M. F., 237 Kapton film, 181 Kevlar-epoxy, 84 Kriz, R. D., 250 INDEX 269 Laminated plate theory, 26, 37, 127, 162, 252 Law, G. E., 143 Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT), 74, 131 Load-deflection curves, 11 Local heterogeneous region (LHR), 237 H Haag, R. S., 71 Halpin-Tsai equations, 108 Harry, J. M., 84 Hedgepeth and Van Dyke equation, 56, 200 Heterogeneous material behavior, 237 Highsmith, A. L., 194 Hooke's law for the ideal material, 225 Hybrid composite system, 3 I In-plane shear test, 104 In situ first-play failure test, 104 Instability-related delamination growth, 177 Instron load frame, 163 Interfacial bond adhesion, 3 Interlaminar fracture {see Delamination) Interlaminar shear test, 104 Jamison, R. D., 21 Joneja, S. K., 3 Jortner, J., 217 M Materials, types tested AF-R-E350 resin, 105 AS-3501 graphite/epoxy, 163 AS-3502 graphite/epoxy, 209 C6000/H205 (Hexcel), 125 DDS (Ciba-Geigy), 105 Diethyl ether, 199 E-glass laminates, 3, 198 Glass/epoxy tabs, 256 Glass fiber reinforced plastics, 90 Glass-fiber/sand/polyester, 3 Gold chloride, 47, 199 MY-720 (Ciba-Geigy), 105 Polyester resin E-737, 4 Poly sulfone, 105 Stainless steel mesh, 256 T300/914C (Ciba-Geigy), 22 T300/934, 143 T300/5208 (Narmco), 21, 71, 90, 125, 181, 199, 204 T300/BSL914 (Ciba-Geigy), 90 TX 1040 fiberglass fabric, 73 Matrix cracking, 104, 194, 203 Matrix dominated failure modes, 104 Mechanical plate load, 260 Micromechanical analysis, 220, 237

4 270 EFFECTS OF DEFECTS IN COMPOSITE MATERIALS Mixed-mode tests, 86, 125, 143, 161 Mode I delamination test, 84, 114, 175 Mode II delamination test, 86, 175 Mode of gripping, 210 Moire-fringe technique, 74, 197, 205 Moisture, effects on fracture strength, 250 Monoclinic property matrix, 229, 235 MY-720 (Ciba-Geigy), 105 Mylar film, 204 N Newaz, G. M., 3 Nondestructive evaluation, 161 O O'Brien, T. K., 125 Papaspyropoulos, V., 237 Pipes, R. B., 161 Plane-strain finite-element model, 250 Ply cracks, 42, 104, 133, 143, 250 Poisson contraction, 203 Poisson's ratio, 131, 205, 245 Polyester concrete, 3 Polyester resin E-737, 4 Polysulfone, 105 Prel, Y. J., 84 Quasi-isotropic laminates, 250 Quasi-static tension tests, 207 R R ratio, 171, 194 Rail shear test, 109 Reddy, A. D., 71 Rehfield, L. W., 71 Reifsnider, K. L., 21 Repeating volume element, 224 Residual response of laminates, 194 Resin systems, 4, 105 Resistance curves (R-curves), 88 Rheometrics High Rate Impact Tester, 7 Robinson's closed-form low-bound solutions, 222, 231 Rule of mixtures, 37, 127, 178, 241 Sand polyester laminates, 3 SAP IV (Structural Analysis Program), Saturation cracks, 26, 215 Scanning electron microscopy Delaminated carbon/epoxy, 102 Graphite/epoxy, 21, 28, 199 Sand/polyester concrete, 7 Schulte, K., 21 Secant modulus values, 23 Shear coupling, 232 Shear delamination, 84 Shear lag theory, 58, 200 Shear stress-strain response, 109 Specimen deply, 25 Splitting Horizontal, 112 Longitudinal, 35, 203 Static tests, 129 Stereo X-ray radiography, 21, 201 Stiffness Axial, 189, 206 Loss, 215, 242 Reduction, 21 Wavy composites, 221 Stiffness-controlled behavior, 71 Stinchcomb, W. W., 21, 194 "Stop and go" test, 23 Strain energy release rate, 117, 125, 143, 161, 175, 241 Strength tests {see Tests)

5 INDEX 271 Stress Distribution in damaged composites, 56 In hybrid composites, 15 In-plane, 205 Intensity factor, 117, 241 Nucleation model, 32 Residual, 250 Tensile, 203 Stress-strain curves, 105, 109, 246 Structural Analysis Program (SAP) IV, 72 Structural Dynamics Analyzer, 78 Superposition techniques, 177 TCTD (Transverse-crack-tip delamination), 148 T300/914C (Ciba-Geigy) graphite/ epoxy laminate, 21 T300/934 graphite/epoxy laminate, 143 T300/5208 (Narmco) graphite/epoxy laminates, 21, 71, 90, 125, 181, 199, 204 T300/BSL914 (Ciba-Geigy) graphite/ epoxy laminate, 90 Temperature of laminates, 149, 250 Tension-compression fatigue, 194,210 Tension-tension fatigue, 21, 194 Tests ASTM Test for Apparent Horizontal Shear Strength of Reinforced Plastics by Short Beam Method (D ), 110 ASTM Test for Tensile Properties of Oriented Fiber Composites (D ), 107 ASTM Test for Tensile Properties of Plastics (D a), 105 Beam, 9, 112, 163 Bend, 5, 72 Buckling, 71 Bump impact, 18 Chi-square test, 258 Double-cantilever beam, 85, 104, 131, 143, 190 Free-edge-delamination, 104, 119 In-plane shear, 104 In situ first-play failure test, 104 Interlaminar shear, 104 Mixed-mode delamination, 86, 125, 143, 161 Mode I delamination, 84, 114, 175 Mode II delamination, 86, deg center-notch tension, 104 Quasi-static tension, 207 Rail shear, 109 Rheometrics High Rate Impact Tester, 7 Short beam shear, 104 Static, 127, 135 "Stop and go," 23 Transverse tension, 104 Vibration, 71 Theorem of Minimum Complementary Energy, 221 Theorem of Minimum Potential Energy, 221 Thermal constants, 217 Thermal loading, 151 Thin-laminate-plate theory, 256 Transverse-crack-tip delamination, 148 Transverse cracking, 104, 194, 203 Transverse tension test, 104 TX 1040 fiberglass fabric, 73 U Ultrasonic C-scan, 73, 161 Vibration test, 71 Virtual crack closure method, 179 V

6 272 EFFECTS OF DEFECTS IN COMPOSITE MATERIALS Viscoelastic models for damage development, 195 Voids, in polyester concrete, 3 W WAVETEC (WAVE Thermal and Elastic Constants), 218 Waviness, 185, 217 Weak link effect, 258 Weibull's formula, 56, 258 Wet laminates, 256 Whitcomb, J. D., 175 Whitney, J. M., 104 Wilkins, D., 1 Wires, composite reinforced with, 221 Wood/fiberglass laminates, 215 Wrinkled regions, 217 X-ray radiography, 21, 201 Young's modulus, 218, 231